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Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

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Rural Teachers’ And School Leaders’ Perceptions Of School Climate And Student Achievement In Math And Reading: A Multiple Case Study, Matthew James Dolegowski Apr 2022

Rural Teachers’ And School Leaders’ Perceptions Of School Climate And Student Achievement In Math And Reading: A Multiple Case Study, Matthew James Dolegowski

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this multiple case study was to investigate teachers’ and school leaders’ perceptions of how school climate affects student achievement in math and reading at rural schools. The conceptual framework guiding this study was Bronfenbrenner’s (1979) ecological systems theory intertwined with the U.S. Department of Education’s School Climate Surveys (EDSCLS) (2019) school climate model to influence student academic achievement. Purposeful criterion sampling was used to select 13 teachers and school leaders from two rural schools in Western New York. Data was collected through a survey, teacher interviews, and school leader interviews. The data was triangulated and analyzed using …


Aging Voices In The American Church Choir: A Study In Ethnomusicology And Ethnodoxology, Shirley Claudeen Ehler Apr 2022

Aging Voices In The American Church Choir: A Study In Ethnomusicology And Ethnodoxology, Shirley Claudeen Ehler

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite American church choirs being a distinct culture across all denominations and independent church entities, this traditional worship community of singers is a minority culture in the United States. Furthermore, existing journal literature frequently features young voices, e.g., children's, middle school, teen, and university choirs and choruses. Aging-voice research literature began to appear in the 1990s for individual voices or voices in community choirs. Aging voices are a unique ethnicity found in every race within the church choir culture. Researched literature on the aging voice in the American church choir is conspicuous by its absence, pushing American church choir aging …


The Greatest Conceived Being: A Trinitarian Response To Islamic Objections, Sherene Nicholas Khouri Apr 2022

The Greatest Conceived Being: A Trinitarian Response To Islamic Objections, Sherene Nicholas Khouri

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The Islamic golden age under the Abbasids opened up the opportunity for Christian thinkers to present several apologies for the doctrine of the Trinity in Islamic context. This study examines the status of the Arabic church in the eighth to tenth centuries, especially the trinitarian apologies of John of Damascus, Theodore Abū Qurrah, and Yaḥyā Ibn ‘Adi against Islamic misunderstanding of the Trinity and its probable cause, in order to come up with trinitarian apologetics that answer Islamic objections and that will be useful for the present day. While both Christians and Muslims agree that human beings will never be …


A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Single Parents Who Are Rearing Elementary-Aged Children Enrolled In A Public School In A Rural Community, Jenine Lavonne Cotman Apr 2022

A Phenomenological Study Examining The Experiences Of Single Parents Who Are Rearing Elementary-Aged Children Enrolled In A Public School In A Rural Community, Jenine Lavonne Cotman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Abstract The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to examine the experiences of single parents who are rearing elementary-aged children enrolled in a public school in a rural community. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of cognitive development was used to guide this study. Vygotsky’s theory focuses on cognitive development being fundamentally framed by social interaction. Vygotsky also believed that cognitive development is strengthened when a child is encouraged to learn within their zone of proximal development, which refers to a person’s current cognitive space that can be further developed with social interaction and help from a teacher, peer, or parent. …


Emotional Disconnection Between Parents And Adolescents: Communication Obstacles Among Immigrant Chinese American Christian Families, Agnes Yinshan Man Apr 2022

Emotional Disconnection Between Parents And Adolescents: Communication Obstacles Among Immigrant Chinese American Christian Families, Agnes Yinshan Man

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand and describe the lived experiences of communication that lead to emotional connection issues between Chinese immigrant parents and their American-born adolescent children, particularly in families attending Chinese American Christian churches in Massachusetts. The theory guiding this study was social constructivism, which posits that family members may interpret and experience the same interactions differently from one another. The research questions of the study include: (1) How do first-generation Chinese American Christian parents and second-generation Chinese American Christian adolescent children experience their interaction with each other? (2) How do American-born Chinese Christian …


Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Teacher Age, And Years Of Experience Of Teachers Of Languages Other Than English And Their Perceived Leadership, Maryna Svirska-Otero Mar 2022

Relationship Between Self-Efficacy Beliefs, Teacher Age, And Years Of Experience Of Teachers Of Languages Other Than English And Their Perceived Leadership, Maryna Svirska-Otero

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine a relationship between self-efficacy beliefs, age, and years of experience of educators of language other than English and teacher leadership. Language teachers constitute a unique subculture that exhibits varied levels of perceived importance and influence on the local, state, and national levels. The complexity of the academic context of second language acquisition contributed to the persistent shortage of educators nationwide between 1990 and 2017. In addition, the gap in ethnic representativeness of formal school leaders combined with the increased ethnic diversity of students communicates the need to invest in leadership …


The Effects Of Epistemic Beliefs On Undergraduate Students' Emotions And Attitudes Towards Genetically Modified Foods, David Andrew Lee Mar 2022

The Effects Of Epistemic Beliefs On Undergraduate Students' Emotions And Attitudes Towards Genetically Modified Foods, David Andrew Lee

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Much research has explored socio-scientific issues (SSIs) in science instruction, including the connections between conceptions and attitude. Studies have also shown that epistemic beliefs affect epistemic emotions, which are a key component of students’ reaction to complex scientific topics. Correcting misconceptions can also result in emotional and attitude change, particularly surrounding the topic of genetically modified foods (GMFs). However, the impact of epistemic beliefs on emotions and attitude towards GMFs has largely gone unexplored. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of epistemic beliefs on epistemic emotions and attitudes towards GMFs. This quantitative correlational study sampled 78 …


An Examination Of Teachers’ Experiences With The Multi-Tiered System Of Support Process In A Middle School Setting, Martavious Kendrell Johnson Mar 2022

An Examination Of Teachers’ Experiences With The Multi-Tiered System Of Support Process In A Middle School Setting, Martavious Kendrell Johnson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to understand teachers’ experiences when implementing the Multi-Tiered Systems of Support systemic framework in a middle school setting. The problem was teachers’ lack of emotional and tangible support from their schools when exerting time, energy, and resources necessary for successful implementation of the components of the Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) framework. The theory that guided this study was Revans’ action learning theory (ALT), which consisted of four components: (a) problems, (b) clients, (c) self-advisors, and (d) processes. The central research question that guided this study was: what are the experiences …


A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Alternatively Certified Second-Career Educators, Alison L. Harmon Mar 2022

A Phenomenological Study Of The Lived Experiences Of Alternatively Certified Second-Career Educators, Alison L. Harmon

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to explore the perceptions and lived experiences of alternatively certified second-career educators in urban elementary schools in South Carolina. Currently, alternatively certified second-career educators are defined as professionals who have a degree in a field other than education but teach with an alternative license. The central question for this study was: How do alternatively certified educators describe their experiences and perceptions of the teaching profession in the first five years? The phenomenological qualitative approach unveiled the underlying reasons why alternatively certified teachers stay in education past the first five years. The theories guiding …


The Correlation Between Self-Efficacy, Differentiated Instruction, And Gifted Training In Schools Serving Students Originating From Under-Resourced Homes, Amy Dean O'Dell Mar 2022

The Correlation Between Self-Efficacy, Differentiated Instruction, And Gifted Training In Schools Serving Students Originating From Under-Resourced Homes, Amy Dean O'Dell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Teachers face the challenge of meeting diverse learners’ academic needs. Many learners from historically underrepresented student populations enter school with varying exposure to quality learning opportunities creating an academic gap and affecting gifted identification. Differentiation moved to the forefront of education as part of the response to intervention process and to meet gifted learners’ academic needs. However, many teachers may feel ill-equipped to address a wide range of ability levels. The classroom’s diverse and dynamic nature required efficacious teachers prepared to differentiate instruction effectively. The purpose of this bivariate correlational study was to examine the relationship between teachers’ self-efficacy, teachers’ …


An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Evangelical Pastors’ Competencies In Biblical Male Sexuality And Spiritual Formation, Kirby J. Silo Feb 2022

An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis Of Evangelical Pastors’ Competencies In Biblical Male Sexuality And Spiritual Formation, Kirby J. Silo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this interpretative phenomenological analysis study was to understand how Evangelical pastors’ knowledge of biblical male sexuality, pedagogical knowledge, and relational knowledge affected their ministry praxis of teaching, educating, and discipling men in living sexually pure lives from a biblical perspective. Biblical sexuality is a significant component in the spiritual formation of Christian men. Current studies show that sexuality remains an awkward topic in Evangelical churches today. As a result, Christian men are not getting the help they need in this critical part of their spiritual development. Participants (N=7) were male Evangelical pastors serving as senior pastors in …


A Case Study Examining How Teachers And Parents Provide Strategies That Nurture The Academic And Social Development Of Young Black Children In Low-Socioeconomic Communities, Naomi Nyambura Karaya Feb 2022

A Case Study Examining How Teachers And Parents Provide Strategies That Nurture The Academic And Social Development Of Young Black Children In Low-Socioeconomic Communities, Naomi Nyambura Karaya

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this case study was to describe how teachers and parents provided strategies that nurture the academic and social development of young Black children in schools located in low-socioeconomic communities in the United States. The study explored how teachers and parents balance nature with nurture in their instructional and parenting practices to positively impact students' academic growth and behavior. All participants in this case study were Black and included five teachers, four parents, two school counselors, two psychologists, and two social workers. Both males and females from diverse ethnic backgrounds were selected as participants and identified as co-researchers. …


Using Heidisongs Music As An Instructional Tool In The Elementary School Classroom: A Case Study, Leia Denise Jobe Jan 2022

Using Heidisongs Music As An Instructional Tool In The Elementary School Classroom: A Case Study, Leia Denise Jobe

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative multiple case study is to understand how teachers use HeidiSongs music as an instructional tool in the elementary school classroom. HeidiSongs uses multisensory structured language education to teach by engaging multiple senses simultaneously to increase retention. The theories guiding this study include Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences, which involves kinesthetic intelligences among other types of intelligences, and Krashen’s theory of second language acquisition. HeidiSongs uses both musical and kinesthetic activities to enhance literacy. The central research question focused on how teachers use HeidiSongs music as an instructional tool in the elementary school classroom. The sub-questions …


Valuing Personality Type Differences And Maximizing The Artistic Potential Of Early-Career-Stage Singers, Jennifer Nicole Donnell Dec 2021

Valuing Personality Type Differences And Maximizing The Artistic Potential Of Early-Career-Stage Singers, Jennifer Nicole Donnell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Personality type differences color the ways in which voice students learn, practice, interpret music, relate to their teachers and coaches, and choose careers within the field of music. The Singing in Color Research Study is a qualitative study that examines the impact of personality type on the education, leadership, and career decisions of early-career vocal students. The study is built on the premise that individual differences “color” the way in which we as individuals see the world, behave, learn, and thus affect the creativity and artistry of the singer. It is proposed that music educators can leverage personality type theory …


The Perceptions Of High School Choral Students Regarding Sight-Singing Using Solfege Syllables And Hand Signs, Kimberly Moak Costanza Dec 2021

The Perceptions Of High School Choral Students Regarding Sight-Singing Using Solfege Syllables And Hand Signs, Kimberly Moak Costanza

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Despite the theorized benefits of sight-singing in the choral classroom, little research has focused on the changing perceptions of high school choral students regarding sight-singing. The goal of this qualitative study with a historical approach and a grounded theory design is to assess the changing perceptions of high school choral students concerning the task of sight-singing using solfege syllables and Curwen hand signs. The study used a qualitative research approach with a pre-study and post-study questionnaire on sight-singing skills. The students received 1 twenty-minute lesson for four consecutive weeks. The goal of the questionnaire was to assess high school choral …


Assessing The Views Of Haitian Evangelical Leaders Regarding Christ-Centered Preaching From The Old Testament, Stevenson Dorcélus-Cetoute Dec 2021

Assessing The Views Of Haitian Evangelical Leaders Regarding Christ-Centered Preaching From The Old Testament, Stevenson Dorcélus-Cetoute

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Preaching is an absolute necessity, great preaching more so to transform society and advance God’s kingdom. Great preaching is that what points to Christ in every text from Scripture New Testament as well as Old Testament. Based on Luke 24 and other fundamental texts this study shows preaching Christ from the Old Testament is warranted. The purpose of the study however was to find out the attitude of Haitian leaders/pastors/preachers regarding Christocentric preaching and also ascertain if they are willing to know more whatever their knowledge is currently on the issue. This quantitative study uses the survey method, and we …


International School Elementary Educators' Transition To A Revised Mathematics Curriculum: A Case Study, Christine H. Saba Nov 2021

International School Elementary Educators' Transition To A Revised Mathematics Curriculum: A Case Study, Christine H. Saba

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this single instrumental case study was to research how teachers at an organization of international schools transitioned to using a revised mathematics curriculum to understand how to replicate or improve the process for success in the implementation phase in the future. The guiding theories for this research were Schlossberg’s (1981) transition theory, as the aim of the study was to research teachers in a time of transition, and Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning theory, as teachers worked through the cycle of experiencing, reflecting, thinking, and acting. Data was collected through interviews, focus groups, and journaling. The site was …


The Impact Of Repatriation On Third Culture Kids And The Role Higher Education Institutions Play In Supporting Repatriating Students: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Kylee Rae Spangler Nov 2021

The Impact Of Repatriation On Third Culture Kids And The Role Higher Education Institutions Play In Supporting Repatriating Students: A Transcendental Phenomenological Study, Kylee Rae Spangler

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand, as a lived experience, the impact of repatriation on Third Culture Kids (TCKs). For this study, repatriation was generally defined as the transitional process of an individual moving from a host country back to the home country to attend college. The central research question for this study was aimed to gain insight into the lived experiences of TCKs whose lives were impacted by repatriation for higher education. The research sub-questions were designed to gain an understanding of the perceptions TCKs have about the preparedness of higher education institutions to meet …


Effects On The Social-Emotional Learning Of Students Identified As Twice-Exceptional: A Phenomenological Study, Heather Ann Bernau Nov 2021

Effects On The Social-Emotional Learning Of Students Identified As Twice-Exceptional: A Phenomenological Study, Heather Ann Bernau

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of students identified as intellectually gifted and having high functioning autism or Asperger’s syndrome. The study was conducted in participants’ homes or other neutral locations of the participants’ preference. The theory guiding this study was Bandura’s social cognitive theory. The social cognitive theory explains the relationship between personal factors, environmental factors, and behavior. Specifically, the study used multiple sources of data collection including a parent or adult-student questionnaire, self-portrait, three reflection items, and semi-structured interviews to study how learning interventions for students’ learning challenges (autism) affect the …


Difference In Reading Fluency Among Fifth Grade Students Attending Traditional, Stem-Related, Or Dli Programs During Soft School Closures, Patricia Daun Blanton Nov 2021

Difference In Reading Fluency Among Fifth Grade Students Attending Traditional, Stem-Related, Or Dli Programs During Soft School Closures, Patricia Daun Blanton

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative causal-comparative study was to raise awareness of the effects of soft school closures on student reading fluency in traditional, Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM)-related, or Dual Language Immersion (DLI) schools. There is little research on which type of school, whether traditional, (STEM)-related, or (DLI) program is the most effective at helping students retain or improve upon their reading fluency once those students have been in an extended soft school closure. The study used Acadience reading fluency scores from the students' fourth grade mid-year scores as the covariate and their fifth grade mid-year scores as …


Development Of An Observation Skill In Inductive Bible Study In Consideration Of Biblical Genres For Bible Students In The School Of Biblical Studies In Youth With A Mission, Kona, Hawaii, Yohan Shim Nov 2021

Development Of An Observation Skill In Inductive Bible Study In Consideration Of Biblical Genres For Bible Students In The School Of Biblical Studies In Youth With A Mission, Kona, Hawaii, Yohan Shim

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

SBS Kona has been helping Christians to employ the inductive Bible study method to study the Bible for many decades. Some Bible students in SBS Kona superficially observe the biblical text. The project aims to assist the Bible students in developing their observation skills by considering the biblical genres. For this purpose, the project covered eight genres of the Bible: Narrative, Law, Poetry, Wisdom, Prophet, Apocalyptic, Gospel, and Epistle. The project also supplied five essential observation labels for each genre to guide the participants observe the text in light of the biblical genres. The researcher facilitated the project for six …


Understanding Instructional Spelling Practices Of Third And Fourth Grade Teachers: An Embedded Multiple Case Study, Krista Rae Tennefoss Oct 2021

Understanding Instructional Spelling Practices Of Third And Fourth Grade Teachers: An Embedded Multiple Case Study, Krista Rae Tennefoss

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this embedded, explanatory multiple case study was to explain how internal and external factors shape the instructional spelling practices of third and fourth grade educators in Delaware. Internal factors were personal characteristics, such as content knowledge and pedagogy, that have been developed by past experiences and trainings. External factors were environmental and behavioral elements that vary between schools. The theory guiding this study was the social cognitive theory as it provided a theoretical framework that helped to explain influencers behind teacher choices. As an embedded case study, the main units of analysis were the schools (N = …


The Engagement Of Digital Technology And Social Media At Promise Land Church Following Covid-19, Rowevina G. Herring Oct 2021

The Engagement Of Digital Technology And Social Media At Promise Land Church Following Covid-19, Rowevina G. Herring

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This research project aims to explore the full integration of digital technology and social media at a local church following the COVID-19 pandemic. The pandemic formed a global perspective, consisting of so-called "new rules" of churchgoing resulting from different social engagement expectations, cleanliness, and protecting vulnerable populations. During and following the pandemic, the world awaited sheltering-in-place and social distancing to return to some semblance of normalcy. Considering these changes, most churches struggled to understand how to maintain and proliferate the gospel. The focus of this study is based on a local non-denominational church that failed to predict expository preaching and …


Integrative Narrative Therapy In Counseling: Experiencing Strengthened Spiritual Resiliency: A Phenomenological Study, Marcy Lynn Hill Oct 2021

Integrative Narrative Therapy In Counseling: Experiencing Strengthened Spiritual Resiliency: A Phenomenological Study, Marcy Lynn Hill

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The following DMIN action research project is a phenomenological study that evaluates the correlation between integrative Narrative Therapy approaches in non-clinical counseling and the cultivation of spiritual resilience among suffering Christians. Phenomenological data were generated from three case study subjects, who volitionally participated in interviews, questionnaires, and three, one-hour integrative Narrative Therapy intervention counseling sessions facilitated by the researcher. Each intervention session introduced the participants to specific Narrative Therapy exercises to which they had not been exposed before. All case study participants have experienced previous counseling that did not include Narrative Therapy approaches and were evaluated as ineffective by the …


An Examination Of Leadership Development Practices Among Pastors Leading Hispanic Southern Baptist Churches In North Carolina, Dimas Enrique Castillo Oct 2021

An Examination Of Leadership Development Practices Among Pastors Leading Hispanic Southern Baptist Churches In North Carolina, Dimas Enrique Castillo

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The Hispanic population's growth could be an opportunity and source of growth and renewal for many declining churches and denominations. However, accomplishing the God-given task of a church often requires a radical transformation of a church’s mission and operation. The purpose of this quantitative non-experimental descriptive study was to evaluate the understanding and comprehension among Hispanic pastors serving in the Baptist State Convention of North Carolina (BSCNC) of the specified principles of leadership, disciple-making, personal spiritual growth, and evangelism as delineated in the Leadership Development Models utilized in the BSCNC. The study sample was drawn directly from Hispanic pastors serving …


Perceptions Of General Education And Special Education Teachers Towards Inclusion: A Quantitative Study, Charity Leigh Kinneer Sep 2021

Perceptions Of General Education And Special Education Teachers Towards Inclusion: A Quantitative Study, Charity Leigh Kinneer

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study examined the attitudes of general education teachers and special education teacher of the inclusion classroom in the middle and high school levels. Using casual- comparative and survey methodology, the level of agreement or disagreement of these teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusive procedures was assessed in four areas: Planning, Classroom/School Environment, Collaboration/Team Partners, and Resources/Supports/Professional Development. The survey measured general education teachers and special education teachers in the middle and high school levels using a 19- item, five-point Likert scale. To address the research questions, an ANOVA was initially proposed. However, due to the low sample size of administrators …


Response To Intervention And Teachers' Perceptions: A Causal Comparative Study, Misty Howington Cox Sep 2021

Response To Intervention And Teachers' Perceptions: A Causal Comparative Study, Misty Howington Cox

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to assess the perceptions of teachers regarding the Response to Intervention (RTI) initiative and its implementation. Specifically, the researcher was trying to determine (a) if there is a significant difference between the perceptions of general education teachers and those of special education teachers regarding RTI, (b) if there is a significant difference between the perceptions of teachers in the elementary school setting and teachers in the middle school setting, and (c) if there is a significant difference between the perceptions of teachers based on their years of teaching experience. The Bailey-Tarver Survey …


A Phenomenological Study Of High School Academic Subject Teachers’ Experiences Differentiating For English Language Learners, Valerie Jean Campbell Sep 2021

A Phenomenological Study Of High School Academic Subject Teachers’ Experiences Differentiating For English Language Learners, Valerie Jean Campbell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the experiences of core academic subject high school teachers with differentiating instruction and assessment for English language learners (ELLs) in central Virginia. Two theories provided the theoretical framework for this study including the socio-cultural theory by Lev Vygotsky (1978) and the social cognitive theory by Albert Bandura (1989). These two theories explain learning as an interaction of social and cultural experiences between teacher and student and address the role of efficacy in teacher expertise. The central research question that guided this study was “How do select high school academic content …


A Phenomenological Study Of How English Teachers' Beliefs Affect Their Grammar Instruction, Athena Pualeilani Jackson Aug 2021

A Phenomenological Study Of How English Teachers' Beliefs Affect Their Grammar Instruction, Athena Pualeilani Jackson

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe how beliefs about grammar affected the grammar instruction of 10 high school English teachers in central Florida. Fishbein and Ajzen’s (2010) theory of reasoned action guided the study since the theory shows the relationship between beliefs and actions. A phenomenological design with a transcendental approach was used, and data was collected through three methods: interviews, observations, and participant reflections. Data was analyzed according to Moustakas’ (1994) steps for data analysis. Data analysis included horizonalization, theme development, textural descriptions, structural descriptions, composite descriptions, and a synthesized essence of the experience. Many participants …


The Erosion Of Theological Understanding, Thomas Glenn Sleeth Aug 2021

The Erosion Of Theological Understanding, Thomas Glenn Sleeth

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Many Christian churches have been experiencing declines in attendance at Sunday services, Bible studies, and prayer meetings, and have experienced the affects of an apathetic attitude toward Christian community engagement. The lack of teaching scripturally accurate Biblical doctrine and applying scripture to daily life has led to a sharp decrease in discipleship. By examining the attitudes and reasons contributing to this lack of Christian participation and scriptural understanding, pastors and other church leadership can address the specific rationales for not living the scripture in daily life. Through the advent of a discipleship program an increase for the desire of congregants …