Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Digital Commons Network™

Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Discipline
Keyword
Publication Year

Articles 3541 - 3570 of 5817

Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network

The Lived Experience Of Personnel Adversely Impacted By Toxic Leadership: A Phenomenological Study, Jeremy B. Piasecki Oct 2022

The Lived Experience Of Personnel Adversely Impacted By Toxic Leadership: A Phenomenological Study, Jeremy B. Piasecki

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this qualitative phenomenological study was to understand the lived experience of personnel adversely impacted by toxic leadership. This topic is important to study because the harassment, bullying, and narcissistic behavior exhibited by toxic leaders and negative environments have severe adverse implications for personnel, such as reduced accomplishments, mental health, lack of trust, and overall wellbeing. In order to further understand the phenomenon, the following research questions guided the study: (a) What is the lived experience of personnel adversely impacted by toxic leadership? (b) How were the personnel impacted by the change in the culture and environment? (c) …


College Instructor's Experiences In Designing Online Courses For Student Learning Opportunities: A Transcendental Phenomenological Approach, Sherry Kay Birdwell Oct 2022

College Instructor's Experiences In Designing Online Courses For Student Learning Opportunities: A Transcendental Phenomenological Approach, Sherry Kay Birdwell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand the experiences that college instructors face when designing online courses to facilitate learning opportunities for students at Gotham University (a pseudonym). This study was guided by the E-learning theory developed by Mayer et al. (2016), which introduced the importance of understanding how to create learning environments that are engaging and motivating. The E-learning theory was used to answer the following central research question: What is the experience of college instructors in designing online college courses? The central research question allowed the participants to describe their experiences designing online courses that offer …


Exploring The Correlation Between Family And The Church: Integrating The Family Into A New Church By Implementing Group Psychoeducation Counseling, Korey A. Tucker Oct 2022

Exploring The Correlation Between Family And The Church: Integrating The Family Into A New Church By Implementing Group Psychoeducation Counseling, Korey A. Tucker

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This action research project addressed the problem of families not fully integrating into a new church community. The research used the implementation of group psychoeducation counseling to help integrate families into a new church system. Exploring the correlation between the family and church revealed that healthy families help to create a healthy church. The rationale for implementing group psychoeducation counseling is that other forms of engaging the family could not address all the needs and challenges families experience when attempting to assimilate fully into a new church system. The research method utilized was a mixed-method approach, using pre- and post-assessment …


Upper Elementary Teachers' Experiences Supporting Struggling Readers Using Morphological Awareness Instruction: A Phenomenology, Keyshaze Michelle Ward Oct 2022

Upper Elementary Teachers' Experiences Supporting Struggling Readers Using Morphological Awareness Instruction: A Phenomenology, Keyshaze Michelle Ward

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This transcendental phenomenological study aimed to examine teachers’ lived experiences with supporting struggling readers using morphological awareness in a public school district in the metropolitan Washington, D.C. area. The central research question guiding this study was, “How do upper elementary educators describe their experiences with morphological awareness instruction to support struggling readers?” The theories guiding the study were the lexical quality hypothesis (LQH) and self-efficacy. This transcendental phenomenological study sampled upper elementary grade educators (4-6 grades) in a public school setting, and data were gathered via interviews, journal prompts, and focus groups. Data were analyzed using steps outlined by Moustakas …


Gatekeepers Of Family And Consumer Sciences: A Quantitative Study Exploring Factors Influencing Administrator And Counselor Perceptions Of Family And Consumer Sciences, Amber Nicole Tiernan Oct 2022

Gatekeepers Of Family And Consumer Sciences: A Quantitative Study Exploring Factors Influencing Administrator And Counselor Perceptions Of Family And Consumer Sciences, Amber Nicole Tiernan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative study was to identify which factors may predict the perception of family and consumer sciences curriculum (FCS) programs by administrators and school counselors. The study was centered around Kurt Lewin’s Gatekeeper theory, in which an individual or group acts as a gate through which information passes. Principals and school counselors were chosen as the sample for this study because of their role as gatekeepers in a school, deciding which programs are offered and which information is conveyed to students. A Likert-scale survey was sent to all Virginia public high school principals and school counselors. Data …


Communicating The Value Contributions Of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine (Palm) To Healthcare Administrators, Evidence Of Value From A Multiple Cases Study, Susan K. Edralin Oct 2022

Communicating The Value Contributions Of Pathology And Laboratory Medicine (Palm) To Healthcare Administrators, Evidence Of Value From A Multiple Cases Study, Susan K. Edralin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Hospital administrators were interviewed to explore their perceptions of the strategic alignment of PaLM value-based activities (VBAs). Hospital based PaLM leaders were interviewed to explore their communication of the VBAs. This study identified a misalignment between the assessments utilized by healthcare administrators for PaLM services and the value contributions of laboratorians. PaLM leaders offered insight into the laboratory’s value chain. Three themes emerged from the data: PaLM VBAs, PaLM communication efforts, and PaLM VBA strategic alignment. Together these findings suggest that hospital laboratorians offer untapped value in healthcare, and hospital administrators failing to recognize this value miss opportunities to improve …


Certified Nursing Assistant Turnover In The Long-Term Care Facility Industry, Michael Leroy Gregory Oct 2022

Certified Nursing Assistant Turnover In The Long-Term Care Facility Industry, Michael Leroy Gregory

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Employee turnover in long-term care facilities results in increased operational costs and a reduction in the quality of care delivered. The purpose of this correlational study was to investigate the relationships between employee turnover intention of certified nursing assistants working in long-term care facilities and employee compensation, engagement, job satisfaction, motivation, perceived work stress during the COVID-19 pandemic, and work environment. The population of interest consisted of CNAs over the age of 17, with at least two years of experience working in the central Texas long-term care industry. Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory served as the theoretical framework underpinning this study. Multiple …


Resiliency And Buffering Contrasts Between Military And Civilian Families As Factors In Suicidality, Kenneth Earl Dempsey Oct 2022

Resiliency And Buffering Contrasts Between Military And Civilian Families As Factors In Suicidality, Kenneth Earl Dempsey

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Much has been discussed and researched regarding suicide in the general population as well as among military members and veterans, but far less attention has been given to the subject of suicide among military family members. The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore and describe the phenomena experienced by families who have lost someone to death by suicide, with the most salient point and objective being offering insights that may lead to preventing further suicide deaths. The scope of this study encompassed survivors of suicide loss, some selected for their affiliation with the U.S. uniformed services and others …


Phenomenological Content Analysis Of Information-Seeking Individuals On Healthcare Decision-Making In Facebook, Alexis Joy Woerishofer Oct 2022

Phenomenological Content Analysis Of Information-Seeking Individuals On Healthcare Decision-Making In Facebook, Alexis Joy Woerishofer

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

In the tradition of social construction theory and phenomenology, this content analysis describes the impact of Facebook community groups on individuals with HIV and their activities seeking healthcare information. The central research question was as follows: How are individuals living with HIV utilizing Facebook community groups to seek healthcare information? Sub questions addressed the reasons individuals sought healthcare information and how the information they found influenced their decision-making. The study occurred within a public Facebook group for individuals living with HIV and through a series of online questionnaires. The sample included 20 online questionnaires being completed, with 36 members being …


Improving Parents' Knowledge Of The Iep Process: An Applied Study, Rhonda Clanton-Davis Oct 2022

Improving Parents' Knowledge Of The Iep Process: An Applied Study, Rhonda Clanton-Davis

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this applied study was to examine the problem of parents’ insufficient knowledge about the Individualized Education Plan (IEP) process in a central Texas elementary school and to design training to improve parental IEP knowledge and involvement. The central research question was: How can the problem of parents’ insufficient knowledge of the IEP process be solved at Brown Elementary School in central Texas? In a virtual setting, I used content analysis of the following participants: parents of children with disabilities, general and special education teachers, and public education administrators. I collected data collected using quantitative and qualitative approaches …


Culture-Building Through Online Communication: A Case Study On The Rabbit Room Nonprofit Organization, Kate Elizabeth Mead Oct 2022

Culture-Building Through Online Communication: A Case Study On The Rabbit Room Nonprofit Organization, Kate Elizabeth Mead

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Communication patterns and techniques have been changed by the continuous evolution of online technology. Research has found that online communities may unify through a myriad of communication techniques. To date, however, there is limited research over the online communication patterns of faith-based organizations, particularly faith-based nonprofits that operate separately from traditional religious bodies. The purpose of this case study was to develop a deeper understanding of how communication presents itself online and thus develops culture within a Christian nonprofit organization. This qualitative case study analyzed the Rabbit Room organization and its online artifacts from November 1, 2021 through April 30, …


Heart, Soul, Mind, And Strength: Understanding Spirituality's Transformative Impact As Assisted By Intradisciplinary Integration, Christopher Taylor Stokes Oct 2022

Heart, Soul, Mind, And Strength: Understanding Spirituality's Transformative Impact As Assisted By Intradisciplinary Integration, Christopher Taylor Stokes

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Spirituality is an essential and deeply embedded part of Black Americans’ psyche. The counseling field has largely overlooked the roles of spirituality and religious beliefs in the development of the consciousness of this demographic. In the treatment of Black Americans, particularly Black churchgoers, this can be a serious oversight. The purpose of this DMin action research thesis is to provide sufficient intradisciplinary integrative spiritual teaching to effect holistic coping strategies for Lake Providence’s Mid-Week Bible Study Service members. The goal is to bring healing through an intradisciplinary integrative teaching approach utilizing psychology, theology, and spirituality. If the members of Lake …


Academic And Social Acculturation Experiences Of Underschooled Latin American English Learners: A Phenomenological Study, Deborah Kay Blackledge Oct 2022

Academic And Social Acculturation Experiences Of Underschooled Latin American English Learners: A Phenomenological Study, Deborah Kay Blackledge

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to explore the acculturation experiences of underschooled Latin American English Learners (ELs) in a secondary school in the southern part of the United States. The underschooled ELs are defined as English learners ranging in ages from 13-17 years old who have come from another country in Latin America within a three-year time span having three years or less of educational schooling in their native country. The sampling size for this study consisted of eight EL students in grades seventh through tenth grade. The subsequent central question guided the study: What are the …


The Impact Of Virtual Technology On Discipleship Training In A Small Group Context, Austin Stephen Mansfield Oct 2022

The Impact Of Virtual Technology On Discipleship Training In A Small Group Context, Austin Stephen Mansfield

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Many contemporary churches face the difficulty of implementing the Great Commission’s mandate for making disciples (Matt 28:19-20). Occasional church attendance and a lack of participation in fellowship and ministries beyond the Sunday worship service reflect this difficulty. Discipleship has become even more challenging in the current climate of social distancing that has resulted from COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. Being separated physically from others exacerbates a growing predisposition to spiritual isolation, which in turn hinders development of discipleship; physical interaction has always been the main model for making disciples. The Great Commission’s description of discipleship (making disciples through going, baptizing, and teaching) …


Examining Associations Between Servant Leadership, Job Burnout, And Job Satisfaction In The Iowa Probation And Parole Job Profession, Alfredo Rodriguez Ordaz Oct 2022

Examining Associations Between Servant Leadership, Job Burnout, And Job Satisfaction In The Iowa Probation And Parole Job Profession, Alfredo Rodriguez Ordaz

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The following research paper investigated the associations between servant leadership, job burnout, and job satisfaction in the Iowa probation and parole profession. There is extensive literature examining job burnout and job satisfaction in many disciplines, including the field of corrections. Leadership literature examining the servant leadership model remains limited. The leadership literature suggests that probation and parole agencies operate through a traditional paramilitary command and control hierarchy of strict adherence to rules, policies, and procedures. The importance and significance of this study are that it examined the extent to which probation and parole leaders practiced and engaged in servant leadership …


Growing Up In A Time Of War: Exploring The Psychological Flexibility Of Adults Raised In The Military Community, Margaret Catherine Benjamin Oct 2022

Growing Up In A Time Of War: Exploring The Psychological Flexibility Of Adults Raised In The Military Community, Margaret Catherine Benjamin

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Significant research and focus are aimed toward service members and their families. Children in military families are exposed to an atypical lifestyle. As children grow into adulthood, there are decreased resources, and this cohort of individuals is missing from the research. The literature review will discuss the available research about children raised in military families and the reported effects of being raised in a military family during formative years. The psychological flexibility and trauma-related symptoms of service members will be addressed and reviewed. Furthermore, there will be a discussion about behavioral and familial concerns during the first and subsequent deployments …


Incarcerated Mothers And Their Children's Caregivers: How Their Relationship Impacts The Mother-Child Relationship, Jodi Simmons Ford Oct 2022

Incarcerated Mothers And Their Children's Caregivers: How Their Relationship Impacts The Mother-Child Relationship, Jodi Simmons Ford

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Mass incarceration has impacted much of the population in the United States over the last several decades. One of the most significantly impacted groups is women. Over half of incarcerated women are mothers. Mothers are typically the primary caregiver of their children at the time of their incarceration, and most want to maintain a relationship and have contact with their children throughout their incarceration. However, the children’s caregiver controls their relationship and contact with their incarcerated mother. The primary purpose of this research was to examine how the incarcerated mother’s relationship with her children’s caregiver impacts her relationship with her …


School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions And Support (Pbis) And The Effects On The Academic Success Of Students, Denise Taylor Sims Oct 2022

School-Wide Positive Behavioral Interventions And Support (Pbis) And The Effects On The Academic Success Of Students, Denise Taylor Sims

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this quantitative, causal-comparative study was to determine the effect of School-Wide Behavioral Interventions and Supports (SWPBIS) on students’ academic success, specifically in reading and math. There is a growing problem with accountability on teachers to ensure their students’ success. However, one of the many barriers of ensuring this success is the behavioral aspects of the student. This study took a look at one particular framework, Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS), designed to help students overall academic success to determine if there is a relationship between the framework and student achievement data (Mississippi Academic Assessment Program) by …


The Shared Experiences Of Privilege And Oppression Among Black Females In Counselor Education And Supervision Programs: A Thematic Analysis, Kimberly Spellman Oct 2022

The Shared Experiences Of Privilege And Oppression Among Black Females In Counselor Education And Supervision Programs: A Thematic Analysis, Kimberly Spellman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Because the United States has one of the most complex cultural identities in the Western world, it is essential that counselors and counselor educators develop the multicultural and social justice competencies needed to work within this diverse society. To this end, counselor educators must have awareness of their own knowledge, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors related to privilege, oppressions, social group status, etc., as well as to be aware of the intersectionality of privilege and oppression across one’s various identities. This is particularly important given that research suggests that the intersectional privilege and oppression dynamics often experienced by Black females facing …


Wildfire & Sacred Flame: Enthusiasm In American Revivalism 1734-1944, Randy Lee Darnell Oct 2022

Wildfire & Sacred Flame: Enthusiasm In American Revivalism 1734-1944, Randy Lee Darnell

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The First and Second Great Awakenings were momentous events in American history. The developments that occurred from these movements forever influenced religion in the United States. Many participants in these revivals either witnessed or took part in an emotional religious experience often dubbed “enthusiasm,” which critics dismissed as fanaticism or the work of the devil. Advocates averred that these behaviors were genuine experiences brought about by the Holy Spirit. What can be demonstrated by the historical sources left behind from America’s great revivals is a continuity of this religious behavior from the First Great Awakening to revivals in the early …


Exploring Public Perceptions Of The Recovery Response As A Result Of Hurricane Michael’S Landfall, David Lovett Oct 2022

Exploring Public Perceptions Of The Recovery Response As A Result Of Hurricane Michael’S Landfall, David Lovett

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Hurricanes remain among the most frequent and costliest natural disasters to impact the United States both in terms of loss of property and life (Rudden, 2022; NOAA, 2021a; NOAA, 2022a, 2022b, 2022c). Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria brought renewed attention to the subject of disaster recovery as they collectively cost the nation over $373 billion dollars in damage and over 3,200 lives lost in the 2017 hurricane season (NOAA, 2022a, 2022b; Reguero et al., 2018; USNHC, 2018). Property and lives are at most risk during the first 72 hours following a major hurricane (Col, 2007; Kohn et al., 2012; Dourandish, …


What Screening Schedule Or Algorithm Has Shown To Be Beneficial In Early Identification Of Perinatal Depression: An Integrative Review, Olivia Grace Hull Oct 2022

What Screening Schedule Or Algorithm Has Shown To Be Beneficial In Early Identification Of Perinatal Depression: An Integrative Review, Olivia Grace Hull

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Within the health care industry, mental illness has become a growing national concern, especially within the realm of obstetric care. As a vulnerable population, pregnant and postpartum women require appropriate screening and treatment for depression as warranted. Within the United States, there is an increasing concern around undiagnosed and untreated perinatal depression because of the lack of adequate screening and treatment plans. Perinatal depression that remains unrecognized contributes not only to long-lasting effects on the women, but also to adverse developmental effects in infants and an overall burden on the family unit. In addition, perinatal depression is associated with various …


The Experience Of Teachers Implementing Problem-Based Learning In An English Language Arts Class In Hawaii: A Phenomenological Study, Lavinia Sonia Mikaela Callahan Oct 2022

The Experience Of Teachers Implementing Problem-Based Learning In An English Language Arts Class In Hawaii: A Phenomenological Study, Lavinia Sonia Mikaela Callahan

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to understand teachers’ experiences of implementing problem-based learning (PBL) at Leeward School. The theory guiding this study is Knowles’s self-directed learning (SDL) theory; it explored skills related to SDL. A transcendental phenomenological research approach was to understand how teachers implement PBL experiences, the phenomenon studied. A purposeful sampling method was used to select participants. The central research question was: What are the experiences of teachers implementing PBL in an English language arts classroom in a private school in Hawaii? The setting is Leeward School in Hawaii. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, …


The Moderating Role Of Positive Religious Coping And Workplace Spirituality In The Relationship Between Level Of Traditional And Covid-19 Related Stressors Encountered And Mental Health In Hospitality Workers, Danielle Grace Defacci Oct 2022

The Moderating Role Of Positive Religious Coping And Workplace Spirituality In The Relationship Between Level Of Traditional And Covid-19 Related Stressors Encountered And Mental Health In Hospitality Workers, Danielle Grace Defacci

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

Higher levels of workplace and COVID-related stressors appear clearly linked to poorer mental health outcomes, and evidence is emerging that suggests positive religious coping (PRC) and workplace spirituality (WS) are both related to better mental health outcomes. It could be that PRC and WS buffer the impact of high stress levels on mental health. However, only one study exists that has explored the moderating effect of PRC in the stress-mental health relationship, and no studies exist exploring the moderating effect of WS in the stress-mental health relationship. Therefore, this study looked at the moderating role of PRC and WS in …


Childhood Maltreatment And Post-Traumatic Growth: Shifting Perception Of Adversity From The Past, Leigh Anne Reynolds Oct 2022

Childhood Maltreatment And Post-Traumatic Growth: Shifting Perception Of Adversity From The Past, Leigh Anne Reynolds

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this phenomenological study is to better understand the transformational experience from identifying as a victim of childhood maltreatment (CM) to self-perceived post-traumatic growth (PTG). Some adults who were abused and/or neglected in childhood report continued struggles in adulthood that they perceive to be directly related to the maltreatment they experienced, while other adults have found beneficial aspects, such as positive psychological change, from past adverse experience(s). Identifying the constructs that differentiate these two outcomes, either feeling “stuck” in one’s past or self-perceived growth, are essential to further establish the relevance of PTG in trauma-related research. PTG, a …


A Qualitative Exploration Of Formation And Change In Attachment To God, Virginia Watson Cashion Oct 2022

A Qualitative Exploration Of Formation And Change In Attachment To God, Virginia Watson Cashion

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

This study consisted of a phenomenological exploration of the lived experience of individuals who identify as Christians, examined within the context of attachment to God. Eleven Ph.D. students enrolled in an online program at an evangelical institution in the southeastern United States were interviewed. The interviews were conducted online, recorded (audio and video), and transcribed within the MS Teams app. Data was analyzed, codes were established, and themes were identified. Analysis revealed that while one’s relationship with God was meaningful and secure, all indicated the presence of seeking (greater connection to God) language. Second, attachment terms were often used to …


The Impact Of Student-Teacher Interactions On Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological Study Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year University Student-Athletes With Online Education, Shinelle Wallace Oct 2022

The Impact Of Student-Teacher Interactions On Academic Achievement: A Phenomenological Study Examining The Perceptions Of First-Year University Student-Athletes With Online Education, Shinelle Wallace

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this transcendental phenomenological study was to describe the impact of student-faculty interaction and its perceived effects on academic achievement in online education for student-athletes attending a Division I university in Missouri. At this stage in the research, quality of student-faculty interaction in online education is defined as online interaction between teachers and students that leads to better self-directedness, motivation, engagement, student satisfaction, and academic achievement. The theory guiding this study was self-determination theory as it helps to identify and understand the student-athlete’s inherent drive towards action and doing tasks towards growth and proficiency in online education. The …


Learning The Host Nation Language While Living Abroad As A Military Adolescent, A Transcendental Phenomenology, Simone Sweatman Oct 2022

Learning The Host Nation Language While Living Abroad As A Military Adolescent, A Transcendental Phenomenology, Simone Sweatman

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

High mobility in students has been shown to have a negative effect on academic achievement. Military children relocate six to nine times before graduating high school, with at least one of these moves being overseas. This transcendental phenomenology described the lived experience of military-affiliated students who learned the language of their host culture while living overseas. The theory guiding this study was Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory. This study focused on the importance of self-determination for academic attainment, which is thought to be achieved through a feeling of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. Through criterion sampling, 11 participants, ages18 to 23, …


Best Practices For Implementing Critical Care Orientation Programs For Newly Graduated Nurses After Reduced Hands-On Clinical Experience Due To The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review, Anne-Marie Hinish Oct 2022

Best Practices For Implementing Critical Care Orientation Programs For Newly Graduated Nurses After Reduced Hands-On Clinical Experience Due To The Covid-19 Pandemic: An Integrative Review, Anne-Marie Hinish

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The academic-practice gap has been described in the literature for years. Poorly implemented transition to practice can negatively impact patient outcomes, newly graduated nurses, and the nursing profession. Abbreviated prelicensure clinical experiences due to the COVID-19 pandemic have exacerbated the academic-practice gap’s impact on new nurse confidence, competence, safety, and retention. This integrative literature review aimed to identify best practices for developing and implementing a standardized new graduate nurse orientation program in the critical care setting that addresses and supports the transition from student to practitioner in an era of reduced hands-on clinical experiences due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence …


A Process For Training In Godliness: A Team Approach To Personal And Spiritual Growth, Kraig Alan Smith Oct 2022

A Process For Training In Godliness: A Team Approach To Personal And Spiritual Growth, Kraig Alan Smith

Doctoral Dissertations and Projects

The purpose of this thesis is to address a problem relating to spiritual discipleship within a group of local church men. The men of Heritage Baptist Church may not have a process for training in godliness. The thesis will supply a process for training in godliness, developed by the author and based on numerous streams of thought from the literature with regard to spiritual growth. The thesis will also illustrate hindrances to training in godliness, looking at past and current trends which have stymied spiritual growth, particularly in men. This study will suggest that current methods for training in godliness …