Digital Commons Network^™

Remote Attestation To Enhance Email Security, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

According to the data collected from 2013, impostor email attack/threads/scam has siphoned more than $2.3 billion from more than 17,000 victims. Impostor email attacks succeed as they look and feel legitimate, they do not include malicious link or malware attachments, and they do not arrive in high enough volumes to raise red flags in most anti-spam tools. Hence, impostor emails can evade solutions that look for only malicious content or behaviour. Detection of these emails is a major challenge for email security providers as well as difficult to recognise these emails by the end user (when sent from look-alike domains, …

Method To Counter Distributed Denial Of Service Attack In Segment Routing Using Hyperledger, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks are difficult to solve through traditional methods. Traditional methods tend to filter out both legitimate traffic and the offending DDoS traffic at the same time. There are techniques which filter traffic by removing the offending traffic and forwarding the legitimate traffic by using high performance in-line traffic policers. Here, all the traffic intended for a potential DDoS victim need to be processed. The techniques presented herein propose method to handle DDoS attack using Hyperledger where-in the Firewall/NetFlow analyser/Edge Router detect the DDoS attack and report back to the "source" about the attack vector (e.g., …

Detection, Prevention And Mitigation Of Rogue Base Stations In 5g Networks, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Rogue Base Station (RBS) threat is one of the major threats faced by different access networks. Here, the attackers use RBS to masquerade (mimic) as a legitimate base station to facilitate a Man-in-The-Middle (MiTM) attack between the mobile User Equipment (UE) and the mobile network, to steal user information, tampering the transmitted information, tracking the users, compromising user privacy, introducing DoS on 5G services etc., The techniques herein propose method to enhance the RBS detection techniques and subsequently prevent and mitigate (containment of) the rogues by detaching the UE from the RBSs and subsequently avoid UEs from attaching to earlier …

Reducing Distracted Driving, Ravi Soma

Defensive Publications Series

An operating system of a computing device (e.g., a smartphone, mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a wearable device, etc.) may limit various features of the computing device based on the location of the computing device within a vehicle (e.g., an automobile, a motorcycle, a bus, a recreational vehicle (RV), a semi-trailer truck, a tractor or other type of farm equipment, train, a plane, a boat, a helicopter, a personal transport vehicle, etc.). In some examples, the computing device may use ultra-wideband technology to perform device localization and in turn distinguish between being located in the driver’s area …

Method To Efficiently Upgrade Mesh Routers In Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Network, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Network (SDWMN) deployments are considered as a viable option to provide wireless coverage for a vast area, such as community-wide or city-wide. SDWMN is a combination of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). In other words, it consists of Centralised SDN Controller and Wireless Mesh Network. In SDWMN deployments, SDN Controller manages many (100s and 1000s) of the Mesh Routers (MRs). Upgrading the whole deployment is a challenge and time consuming. There are techniques which provide some sort of optimisation and hence to reduce service downtime. But none of the techniques provide efficient mechanism to …

Navigation Suggestions To Select Driving Route With Low Sun Glare, Bruce Bahnsen, Yan Mayster

Defensive Publications Series

Sun glare can be a danger to motorists because it can impede a driver’s vision and cause accidents, especially when it occurs suddenly and surprises the driver. Yet, directions provided by navigation apps do not currently include the amount of sun glare expected to be encountered along a given route at the time of travel. This disclosure describes techniques to score a given route based on the amount of sun glare likely to be encountered at the estimated time of travel along a given route. The sun glare score for a route is obtained based on individual sun glare scores …

Social Reading, Dongeek Shin

Defensive Publications Series

A reading application may enable a first user of a computing device (e.g., a smartphone, mobile phone, a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a wearable device, etc.) to send an excerpt of text (e.g., a sentence, a paragraph, a snippet, etc.) of an electronic book (“e-book”) in the first user’s e-book library to other users’ computing devices. For example, based on user input from the first user, the reading application may select (e.g., by executing a machine learning algorithm) an excerpt of text from the e-book. The reading application may enable one or more actions to the selected excerpt of …

Privacy Policies For Distributed Object-Based Storage In Multi-Cloud Deployments, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Object-Based Storage (OBS) has become the main type of storage system in the cloud. With applications moving to cloud-based services (viz., micro services architecture, Software as a Service [5G, SD-WAN], Security as a Service etc.,) and large cloud vendors having many data centres globally, where-in data can be stored across data centres belonging to different countries or states, hence it is challenging to provide data security and privacy. Also, with different laws for providing data protection and privacy we need to guarantee that PII data (it may be government departmental data, personal health records etc.,), is adhering to government laws. …

Method To Securely Auto-Recover The Stranded Mesh Router In Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Network Deployments, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Software-Defined Wireless Mesh Network (SDWMN) deployments are considered as a viable option to provide wireless coverage for a vast area. SDWMN is combination of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) and Wireless Mesh Network (WMN). Backbone of a WMN is made up of dedicated wireless nodes called Mesh Routers (MRs). These MRs can be freely organised into any network topology and communicate with each other using protocols such as DSR, OLSR etc., to find optimised path and hence to achieve higher performance. However, potential isolated (disconnected) MRs are the major obstacles to achieve high performance. Due to dynamic nature of network topology and …

Contextual Proactive Suggestions For Custom Commands For Vehicle Components, Ankur Aggarwal, Priyank Devpura, Amit Singhal, Yao Lin, Douglas Mayle, Chandan Dubey, Andrey Adaykin

Defensive Publications Series

Many vehicle components that are sourced from OEMs offer interactive capabilities that enable users to control them using mechanisms such as a voice-based virtual assistant via a spoken command. However, users typically lack awareness of the existence of the commands, thus failing to use them despite their availability. Mechanisms for facilitating proactive and contextually opportune discovery of interactive control options are typically limited to first party components. This disclosure describes techniques that enable OEMs to facilitate user discovery of their custom interactive capabilities by registering the commands and associated metadata with the vehicle platform. With user permission, local contextual information …

Robust Emissivity Measurement System, Hp Inc

Defensive Publications Series

Emissivity is an important property of the materials used in technologies such as MultiJet Fusion and

Metaljet, as it affects the radiative thermal exchange and, because of this, also the temperature

measurements that rely on a device such as a pyrometer or a thermal camera. Due to that, it has a

direct impact on the actual temperatures to which the system is controlled.

The device object of this article enables the emissivity measurement for diffuse materials, such as

metallic or plastic powder; in particular, in the thermal infrared wavelength range (8 to 14

micrometers), but the methodology could be extended …

Trustworthiness For Lightweight Directory Access Protocol, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Authentication using external authentication servers is commonly used to provide network access, including wired and wireless deployments. Both authentication server and authenticating client need to know whether the connecting peer is trustworthy or not. If the authentication server or client is compromised i.e., it is no longer a trusted entity, which could create harm to the network by allowing malicious server to authenticate the client or malicious client (attacker) to access the network. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) is an extensible protocol, whose specification is defined in RFC4510, and protocol details are defined in RFC4511. Currently LDAP does not include …

Generating Audio-Based User Data Associated With Physical Objects That May Be Presented When A Device Is Pointed At Or Near The Physical Object, Sedou Ramprasad

Defensive Publications Series

The present disclosure describes computer-implemented systems and methods for generating virtual audio objects (e.g., audio file(s)) and associating or linking them with physical objects within a computing system. A user may then navigate through the computing system and retrieve the virtual audio objects by searching for the physical objects with which they are associated to. The audio objects can then be played back for the user to listen to.

Calendar Based Data Rate-Limiting Mechanism In Wi-Fi Deployments, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

As the day progress we all see wireless adoption and usage is ever increasing. With the advent of Wi-Fi 6, required data rates has further increased. It poses huge challenge to network administrator to keep the overall wireless network data usage in the expected limits considering the back-haul bandwidth limitations. Also, the required data rate limits are very turbulent in each location at a given Access Point (AP) at a given point-in-time. This brings in the need for mechanisms which can fast converge for the data rate requirements of wireless subscribers. There are existing techniques which describe data rate-limiting methods …

Reduction Of Handover Duration For Latency Sensitive Applications In 5g Mobile Networks, Krushang Shah, Rajaneesh Shetty, Soundarya Pendyala

Defensive Publications Series

Handovers in a Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) 5G mobile network occur quite often. During handovers, user packets are buffered either at a user equipment (UE) level or at a network level. In 5G network scenarios, primarily those involving ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) use cases, buffering user packets, as well as handover delays, are highly undesirable. Higher delays can be observed between inter-Radio Access Technology (RAT) handovers or between 3GPP and non-3GPP networks, due to longer handover procedures. Presented herein are techniques that may reduce the 5G handover latency for time sensitive applications through the use of a fast …

Multiple Provider Sdn Provisioning Using Holochain Technology, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

Typically SDN controller manage network devices (Router, Switches, Servers etc.,) within given service provider or enterprise domains. These controllers are either deployed centrally or distributed across provider network to provide redundancy, however the scope of network devices they manage are limited within operators domain. Many service providers want to launch end-to-end fully automated enterprise services extending across other service providers. They may deploy SDN controllers to program and manage configuration within their own networks; however, coordination of provisioning services in other provider network is either manual or extremely difficult. The techniques presented herein propose method which enables securing end-to-end services …

Prediction Of Post-Fec Performance Without Using Fec Symbols Counters, David Nozadze, Amendra Koul, Mike Sapozhnikov, Upen Reddy Kareti, Joel Goergen

Defensive Publications Series

Some application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) do not have counters for forward error correction (FEC) symbol errors so it is not possible to predict a post-FEC bit error rate (BER) when a pre-FEC BER is small (e.g., less than 1E-5). Without FEC statistics, it is not possible to predict a post-FEC BER. To address such a challenge, techniques are presented herein that support a method for predicting post-FEC performance without requiring counters for FEC symbol errors. Aspects of the presented techniques implement a mathematical model which calculates and predicts a post-FEC BER for a given pre-FEC BER. Such a predicted post-FEC …

Aerial Edge Orchestrator, Sudha Katgeri, Lubna Rasheed, Jasna Jayaraj

Defensive Publications Series

Techniques are presented herein that support an optimized approach to deploying and re-deploying aerial edge nodes to dynamically meet fluctuating network needs, thus ensuring a better utilization and reuse of network resources. Aspects of the presented techniques include providing an Unmanned Aerial Edge Node (UA-EN) that may be managed by an Aerial Edge Orchestrator (AEO) in which the AEO can serve as a ‘single pane of glass’ for the deployment, management, and teardown of UA-ENs. The AEO may employ an automated workflow to provision UA-ENs, over a secure communication channel, to direct them, as needed, to congested locations. The AEO …

Application Centric Grouping Using Authentication And Key Management For Applications (Akma) Techniques, Rajesh I. V, Ram Mohan R

Defensive Publications Series

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Authentication and Key Management for Applications (AKMA) mechanism leverages an operator’s authentication infrastructure to secure the communication between a User Equipment (UE) and an Application Function (AF). Techniques are presented herein that support establishing a grouping mechanism on top of the AKMA layer to efficiently group the applications and the AFs, using a limited set of keys, to simplify various use cases. The use of the techniques presented herein offers a number of optimizations and benefits, including when an AF needs to send a dynamic update to all the UEs that are managing specific …

Automated Clearing Of Software Source Code Files Using Proximity Matching And Parsing File Contents, Armijn Hemel

Defensive Publications Series

A common task for companies is to clear software source code files for legal or security reasons before they can be used by the software developers. The clearing process is tool driven, using tools such as code clone detectors/snippet matchers, license scanners and security scanners. Typically the clearning process starts from 0 for each new file that is analyzed and the fact that open source software is changed incrementally most of the time, and the software being scanned will likely be nearly identical to previously seen software, is not used. For a (large) subset of files it is possible to …

Process For The Preparation Of Tapentadol Hydrochloride

Defensive Publications Series

Tapentadol hydrochloride of formula I, a centrally-acting analgesic compound, is chemically known as 3-[(1R,2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-1-ethyl-2­methylpropyl]phenol monohydrochloride and marketed under the trade name Nucynta®. The present invention provides an alternative process for the preparation of Tapentadol hydrochloride.

Smart Power On When Specific Usb-C Dock Or Industry Usb-C Display Connection, Hp Inc

Defensive Publications Series

The power on button is on keyboard matrix on some NB units. Some users would like to

use NB with external display and keyboard. User doesn’t use internal keyboard and

panel on NB. User will open lid, press power button to turn on the system, close lid and

then connect external display and keyboard. We provide a Smart Power On when

specific USB-C dock or industry USB-C display connection (SPO). The system will be

turned on from shutdown when specific USB-C dock or industry USB-C display

connection. User doesn’t need to turn on the system by power button. It can …

Automatically Generating Descriptive Annotations For Participants In A Virtual Meeting, Daniel V. Klein, Igor S. Ramos

Defensive Publications Series

The effectiveness of virtual meetings can be negatively affected when participants in a video conference are unfamiliar with each other. This disclosure describes techniques, implemented with appropriate user permissions, for automatic generation of descriptive text and annotations for participants in a virtual meeting. The descriptive text and annotations are generated based on combining various available pieces of information about the participant obtained with permission from a variety of information sources and/or via computational analysis of the video and audio from the live feed of the meeting. The information obtained can be used to determine and verify the identities of the …

5g Network Deployments With De-Centralisation Of Policies And Configurations, Niranjan M M

Defensive Publications Series

5G network deployment comprises of multiple AMFs, SMFs, UPFs, gNodeBs etc., intended to provide collaborative services such as network slicing, session management, roaming, load balancing etc.,. These 5G network deployments being large, configuring individual AMFs, SMFs etc., in such large system is difficult. Presented herein are techniques to incorporate 5G network deployments with authenticated distributed ledger to securely store the configuration and subsequent configuration changes (keep only changes from the previous one, using dictionary method: key-value pair to identify the difference), so that AMF configuration can be shared across AMF Set or AMF Region. Further, access to the ledger is …

Method To Monitor And Control Heater Bulb Filament Temperature To Stabilize Operation And Extend Bulb Life In Life In Printing Applications, Hp Inc

Defensive Publications Series

This disclosure relates to the use of heater bulbs in printing applications but can also be applied to other

applications of heater bulbs in many other industries. Halogen and incandescent light bulbs are often

used in radiant heater and drying applications in the printing process. Some of the more common uses

in the printing industry are for fixing of inks to printing substrates, drying of inks and coatings, and

heating surfaces of moving parts. The bulbs used in these applications are often expensive, and it is

beneficial to maximize their life to reduce the operating cost of the printing press. …

Notebook Pet Mode, Hp Inc

Defensive Publications Series

If you’ve got a cat and a laptop, you’ve probably found your kitty like to lounge on your laptop (or just on computers in

general). While we understand that cats enjoy sitting on something warm, it’s kind of funny and annoying at the same

time.

To protect your notebook from your pets, we provide a new solution to lock keyboard, touchpad and monitor

automatically when camera detects pets.

Our design is to use machine learning algorithm to auto lock keyboard, touchpad and monitor.

An In-Loop & In-Place Temporal Filtering For Real-Time Applications, Yunqing Wang

Defensive Publications Series

Video signals may be noisy. Noise may reduce the temporal correlation between frames, which in turn reduces compression efficiency in codecs. To increase the temporal correlation between frames of the video signal, temporal filtering may be performed. Novel temporal filtering techniques for real-time applications are described in this document. In real-time applications, encoding speed is critical; and memory usage may be a consideration. Two main aspects are described; namely, an in-place temporal filtering and an in-loop temporal filtering algorithm. In-loop filtering includes that temporally filtered frames are themself (instead of source frames) used for temporally filtering subsequent frames. Encoding statistics …

Processes For The Preparation Of ({(12ar)-12-[(11s)-7,8-Difluoro-6,11-Dihydrodibenzo[B,E]Thiepin-­11-Yl]-6,8-Dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-Hexahydro-1h-[1,4]Oxazino[3,4-C]Pyrido[2,1-F][1,2,4]Triazin-7-Yl}Oxy)Methyl Methyl Carbonate, Srinivasan Thirumalai Rajan, Sajja Eswaraiah, Ghojala Venkat Reddy, Kommera Rajashekar

Defensive Publications Series

The present invention relates to processes for the preparation of ({(12aR)-12-[(11S)-7,8-difluoro-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin­11-yl]-6,8-dioxo-3,4,6,8,12,12a-hexahydro-1H -[1,4]oxazino[3,4-c]pyrido[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-7-yl}oxy)methyl methyl carbonate.

Control Plane Convergence Measurement In Sd-Wan Fabric, Eugene Khabarov

Defensive Publications Series

In a modern enterprise network, particularly in large-scale software-defined wide area network (SD-WAN) overlays, there is a constant need to measure convergence, also known as route propagation time, to ensure that a network may react quickly to failures and steer traffic over alternative or backup paths in such a manner that business applications and users experience minimal disruption. To address such a need, techniques are presented herein that support a network-wide technique to automatically and granularly measure control plane convergence time across a SD-WAN fabric, without manual command-line interface (CLI) intervention on a router-by-router basis, and report the results using …

L2vpn Pseudowire Status Notification In Bgp-Ad Vpls Environment, Anonymous

Defensive Publications Series

PW status signaling is common in dynamic PWs established through T-LDP signaling, but there is no mechanism to signal the status of PW (and various associated faults) in BGP signaled PW in BGP-AD VPLS environment. In hybrid multi-segmented environments e.g. in hierarchical networks where the ownership of different segments of the NW, and hence underlying signaling methods, lies with different operators and/or administrators, end-to-end fault signaling becomes problematic). It is propose that L2VPN Pseudowire status can be sent for BGP-AD VPLS signaled pseudowires as a solution for this problem.