Digital Commons Network^™

Insuring Against Terrorism -- And Crime, Saul Levmore, Kyle D. Logue

Articles

The attacks of September 11th produced staggering losses of life and property. They also brought forth substantial private-insurance payouts, as well as federal relief for the City of New York and for the families of individuals who perished on that day. The losses suffered during and after the attacks, and the structure of the relief effort, have raised questions about the availability of insurance against terrorism, the role of government in providing for, subsidizing, or ensuring the presence of such insurance, as well as the interaction between relief and the incentives for taking precautions against similar losses in the future. …

Equal Protection And Disparate Impact: Round Three, Richard A. Primus

Articles

Prior inquiries into the relationship between equal protection and disparate impact have focused on whether equal protection entails a disparate impact standard and whether laws prohibiting disparate impacts can qualify as legislation enforcing equal rotection. In this Article, Professor Primus focuses on a third question: whether equal protection affirmatively forbids the use of statutory disparate impact standards. Like affirmative action, a statute restricting racially disparate impacts is a race-conscious mechanism designed to reallocate opportunities from some racial groups to others. Accordingly, the same individualist view of equal protection that has constrained the operation of affirmative action might also raise questions …

Can Fingerprints Lie?: Re-Weighing Fingerprint Evidence In Criminal Jury Trials, Tamara F. Lawson

Articles

This article discusses fingerprint evidence and its use in criminal jury trials. It is commonly thought that fingerprints "never lie"; however, this article reveals the little known fact that the "science" of fingerprint identification has never been empirically tested or proven to be reliable. It further exposes the seldom-discussed issue of fingerprint misidentification and latent print examiner error. The article explains the importance of fingerprint evidence and its extensive use in all phases of the criminal justice system. Specifically, the article plays out the dramatic courtroom scenario of incriminating fingerprints being found at a crime scene and matching the accused …

A New Framework For Building Secure Collaborative Systems In Ad Hoc Network, Hans-Peter Bischof, Alan Kaminsky, Joseph Binder

Articles

Maturing software development organizations are beginning to identify a distinct role in the software team: Software Process Engineer. A software process engineer designs the software processes used by the organization. The software process includes the process content (identification of the roles, activities, and work products of the processes, along with specific techniques, tools, guidance, examples and other supporting information) and the lifecycle model (the ordering of and dependencies between software engineering activities and work products). A process engineer assembles a process from existing process components, choosing and tailoring components to provide the balance of agility and discipline necessary for their …

Water Quality Today - Has The Clean Water Act Been A Success Symposium: The Clean Water Act At Thirty: Progress, Problems, And Potential, William L. Andreen

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No abstract provided.

The Evolution Of Water Pollution Control In The United States - State, Local, And Federal Efforts, 1789-1972: Part I, William L. Andreen

Articles

This is the first article in a twopart series that explores the trends and developments that eventually led Congress to enact one of the most complex and significant pieces of legislation in history the Clean Water Act It examines the way in which water pollution evolved from a relatively simple local issue in the early years of the Republic into a complex state and regional problem by 1920 The article then examines the development of state regulation from 1869 to 1972 an account that covers the evolution of state agencies and regulatory innovations such as water quality standards and uniform …

The Evolution Of Water Pollution Control In The United States - State, Local, And Federal Efforts, 1789-1972: Part Ii, William L. Andreen

Articles

This is the second article in a twopart series that examines the legal and technological developments as well as the social and political forces that culminated in the enactment of one of the landmark statutes of the twentieth century the Clean Water Act The first article which appeared at 22 Stanford Environmental Law Journal 145 2003 focused on developments at the state and local level It traced the way in which water pollution progressed from a simple local issue to a complex state and regional problem by the 1920s The article then turned to the development of state regulation from …

Free Speech As Risk Analysis: Heuristics, Biases, And Institutions In The First Amendment, Paul Horwitz

Articles

What does behavioral analysis of law have to offer First Amendment doctrine This Article offers some tentative answers to that question A great deal of First Amendment law asks whether the risk of harm stemming from particular speech acts can justify the regulation of that speech We may in short think of First Amendment law as a species of risk analysis Looking at free speech issues through the lens of behavioral analysis of law may help us to better understand evaluate and improve the courts approach to recurring problems in the First Amendment This Article focuses on two such issues …

Indirect Evaporative Cooling Potential In Air-Water Systems In Temperate Climates, Ben Costelloe, Donal Finn

Articles

Recent developments have prompted a review of evaporative cooling technology as an effective means of cooling modern deep plan buildings. Prominent among these developments is the success of high temperature sensible cooling systems, particularly, chilled ceilings, which require a supply of cooling water at 14–18 °C. Crucial to the success of evaporative cooling technology, as a significant means of cooling in modern applications, is the ability to generate cooling water, in an indirect circuit, at a temperature which closely approaches the ambient adiabatic saturation temperature (AST) or wet bulb temperature (WBT). Recent experimental research has demonstrated that it is technically …

Introduction, The Osceola After 100 Years: Its Meaning And Effect On Maritime Personal Injury Law In The United States, Craig Allen

Articles

A century ago the United States Supreme Court issued its decision in The Osceola [189 U.S. 158 (1903)], announcing four legal propositions that controlled personal injury claims by seamen at the time. On the 100th anniversary of the Court's decision, the four admiralty law professors contributing to this symposium take the opportunity to critically examine the Court's renowned decision, Congress' responses to the decision, and the effect of both The Osceola's four propositions and the responsive legislation on the remedies available to injured maritime workers in the 21st century.

In the first of the three articles that follow, Professor …

Air Intake Cooling Motor Vehicle Performance Enhancement, James Brunton, David Kennedy, John D. Kelleher

Articles

This research examined the practical effects of cooling the intake air, on the combustion characteristics of a modern motor vehicle operating under simulated road conditions as well as its subsequent impact on the environment. The cooling effect was achieved by taking a typical air conditioning rig as fitted to a modern motor vehicle and incorporating it into the induction system of the car. The test vehicle used was a 1993 Renault Safrane 2.0Vi standard passenger car that was modified as part of the research to facilitate the extraction of the required test information. A series of tests were conducted using …

Circular Annular Planar Monopoles With Em Coupling, Z. N. Chen, Max Ammann, M.Y. W. Chia, T.S. P. See

Articles

A circular annular planar monopole with electromagnetic coupling shows broadband properties. The planar radiator is electromagnetically coupled with a probe-fed strip, and separated from it by a thin dielectric sheet. The parametric effects on the bandwidth are examined experimentally. The measurements demonstrate that the proposed monopoles have the merit of broad impedance bandwidths in the order of 100% for VSWR=2:1 and of 4:1 for VSWR=3:1 and acceptable radiation patterns across the bandwidths.

Optimization And Comparison Of Broadband Monopoles, Z. N. Chen, M.Y. W. Chia, Max Ammann

Articles

The impedance and radiation properties of four broadband monopoles are compared and the parameters of a new roll monopole are optimised experimentally and numerically. The performances of the roll monopole with various numbers of roll turns are discussed and optimised numerically. The measurements and simulations show that, compared with conventional broadband monopoles, the roll monopole

Design Criteria And Optical Characteristics Of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Based On Periodically Grooved Silicon, Vladimir Tolmachev, Tatiana Perova, Kevin Berwick

Articles

Photonic bandgap (PBG) regions have been calculated for periodically grooved Si structures, acting as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The wavelength range of the PBG as a function of the ratio (D_Si/A) is presented, where D_Si is the width of the Si walls and A is the grooved silicon lattice constant. The influence of the parameter D_Si, the refractive index of the space between the Si walls and the number of structure periods, m, on the forming of PBG regions is discussed. A good correlation between the calculated and the experimentally observed …

Study Of Structure And Quality Of Different Silicon Oxides Using Ftir And Raman Microscopy, C. Moore, T. S. Perova, B. Kennedy, Kevin Berwick, I. I. Shaganov, R. A. Moore

Articles

In this work, SiO₂ and fluorine and phosphorous doped SiO₂ thin films are investigated using FTIR and Raman techniques. FTIR spectroscopy was performed at normal and oblique incidence of the probe beam in transmission and reflection modes. The effect of polarisation and angle of incidence of the probe beam is examined for the case of reflection mode. Infrared spectra taken from doped oxides show that the structure changes with the passage of time. Alternate methods to calculate the thickness of the doped film are therefore discussed. Infrared spectra of electron beam evaporated oxides give valuable information on their …

Retailing At The Periphery: An Analysis Of Dublin’S Tertiary City-Centre Shopping Streets (1972-2002), Edmund O'Callaghan, Don O'Riordan

Articles

This research examined changes in Dublin’s tertiary city centre shopping streets over a thirty year period to 2002. An observational study of the occupancy of the city’s tertiary streetscape was undertaken in the summer of 2002 and compared with historical data. Results indicate significant change over the period examined: an increased vacancy rate, a very low survival rate, a considerable incidence of non retail specific activities, a decline in traditional retail offerings and the emergence of new categories of retailer. The paper concludes by suggesting a proactive approach is required by present day retailers in the tertiary streets to ensure …

Healthy Cities, Julie Gannon

Articles

No abstract provided.

Enhanced Magnetoresistance In Nanocrystalline Magnetite, M Venkatesan, S. Nawka, Suresh Pillai, Jm D. Coey

Articles

The magnetic and magnetotransport properties of nanoparticulate magnetite with different grain
sizes are investigated using x-ray diffraction, microscopy, magnetometry, and magnetoresistance
measurements. The magnetization varies significantly with grain size and is sensitive to preparation conditions. The reduction in saturation magnetization in coprecipitated particles is probably due to the surface spin disorder. Magnetoresistance of pressed powder compacts is significantly enhanced
in material composed of small grain size magnetite particles prepared by coprecipitation. Useful
magnetoresistance persists well above room temperature in sintered ceramic material.

A Simulation Model To Characterize Photolithography Process Of A Semiconductor Wafer Fabrication, Amr Arisha, Paul Young, Mohie El Baradie

Articles

The pressures on semiconductor manufacturers due to cost considerations, rapid growth of process technology, quality constraints, feature size reduction, and increasingly complex products are requiring ever higher efficiency from manufacturing facilities. The complexity of manufacturing high capacity semiconductor devices means that it is impossible to analyze the process control parameters and the production configurations using traditional analytical models. There is, therefore, an increasing need for effective models of each manufacturing process, characterizing and analyzing the process in detail, allowing the effect of changes in the production environment on the process to be predicted. The photolithography process is one of the …

Diaspora And Deadlock, Miami And Havana: Coming To Terms With Dreams And Dogmas, Francisco Valdes

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No abstract provided.

Trials And Tribulations: Science In The Law, Susan Haack

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No abstract provided.

Foreword, Jessica Owley, Emma Garrison

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No abstract provided.

Inquiry And Advocacy, Fallibilism And Finality: Culture And Inference In Science And The Law, Susan Haack

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No abstract provided.

Commentary: Time To Hug A Bureaucrat, A. Michael Froomkin

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No abstract provided.

The Office Of The Oath, Patrick O. Gudridge

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No abstract provided.

Risk Management And Organizational Governance: The Case Of Enron, Robert Eli Rosen

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No abstract provided.

Race, Politics, And Juvenile Justice: The Warren Court And The Conservative "Backlash", Barry C. Feld

Articles

A century ago, the Progressive reformers who created the juvenile court embraced a particular ideological construction of childhood as one of innocence and vulnerability. They also adopted a scientific conception of social control - positive criminology - that attempted to identify the causes of criminality and purported to treat, rather than to punish, offenders. The juvenile court combined the new conception of childhood with the new strategies of positive criminology to create a judicial-welfare alternative to the adult criminal process for juveniles. The juvenile court affirmed the responsibility of families to raise their children while expanding the state's prerogative to …

Incorporation Of Polarization Into The Dirsig Synthetic Image Generation Model, Jason P. Meyers, John R. Schott, Scott D. Brown

Articles

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Synthetic Image Generation (DIRSIG) model uses a quantitative first principles approach to generate synthetic hyperspectral imagery. This paper presents the methods used to add modeling of polarization phenomenology. The radiative transfer equations were modified to use Stokes vectors for the radiance values and Mueller matrices for the energy-matter interactions. The use of Stokes vectors enables a full polarimetric characterization of the illumination and sensor reaching radiances. The bi-directional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) module was rewritten and modularized to accommodate a variety of polarized and unpolarized BRDF models. Two new BRDF models based on Torrance- …

Elastic Ladar Modeling For Synthetic Imaging Applications, Robin R. Burton, John R. Schott, Scott D. Brown

Articles

The Digital Imaging and Remote Sensing Image Generation (DIRSIG) model is a synthetic imagery generation model developed at the Center for Imaging Science (CIS) at the Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT). It is a quantitative first principle based model that calculates the sensor reaching radiance from the visible through to the long wave infrared on a spectral basis. DIRSIG generates a very accurate representation of what a sensor would see by modeling all the processes involved in the imaging chain. Currently, DIRSIG only models passive sources such as the sun and blackbody radiation due to the temperature of an object. …

Many-To-Many Invocation: A New Framework For Building Collaborative Applications In Ad Hoc Networks, Hans-Peter Bischof, Alan Kaminsky

Articles

Many-to-Many Invocation (M2MI) is a new paradigm for building collaborative systems that run in wireless proximal ad hoc networks of fixed and mobile computing devices. M2MI is useful for building a broad range of systems, including service discovery frameworks; groupware for mobile ad hoc collaboration; systems involving networked devices (printers, cameras, sensors); and collaborative middleware systems. M2MI provides an object oriented method call abstraction based on broadcasting. An M2MI invocation means ``Every object out there that implements this interface, call this method.''. M2MI is layered on top of a new messaging protocol, the Many-to-Many Protocol (M2MP), which broadcasts messages to …