Digital Commons Network^™

Evolutionary History And Spread Of Multidrug Resistant Inchi1 Plasmids In Salmonella Typhi, Kathryn Holt, Minh Duy Phan, Stephen Baker, Pham Thanh Duy, Tran Vu Thieu Nga, Satheesh Nair, Arthur Keith Turner, Ciara Walsh, Seamus Fanning, Sinead Farrell-Ward, Shanta Dutta, François-Xavier Weill, Julian Parkhill, Gordon Dougan, John Wain

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Typhoid fever, infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi), remains a serious health concern in many parts of the world, particularly where sanitation is poor. While vaccines against S. Typhi are available, coverage in endemic regions is low, leaving antimicrobial therapy central to disease control. Unfortunately, drug resistant S. Typhi emerged in the mid-1970s and multi-drug resistance (MDR) is now a significant problem in many typhoid endemic areas. In the S. Typhi population, MDR is almost exclusively conferred by self-transmissible IncHI1 plasmids carrying a suite of antimicrobial resistance genes. We compared eight IncHI1 plasmid sequences and identified single nucleotide …

Comparison Of A Novel Fluorogenic Anti-Fxa Assay With A Central Laboratory Chromogenic Anti-Fxa Assay For Measuring Lmwh Activity In Patient Plasmas, Leanne F. Harris, Vanessa Castro-Lopez, James S. O'Donnell, Anthony J. Killard

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Introduction: Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are used worldwide for the treatment and prophylaxis of thromboembolic disorders. Routine laboratory tests are not required due to the predictable pharmacokinetics of LMWHs, with the exception of pregnant patients, children, patients with renal failure, morbid obesity, or advanced age. Anti-Factor Xa (anti-FXa) plasma levels are most often employed in the assessment and guidance of accurate dosing in these patient cohorts. Materials and methods: A LMWH calibration curve was generated using citrated human pooled plasma spiked with pharmacologically relevant concentrations (0–1 U/ml) of two low molecular weight heparins; enoxaparin and tinzaparin. Least squares analysis …

Leisure Space Reflecting Changing City Demography: Tracking The Phase Of An International Quarter Development In Parnell Street East, Dublin, Ziene Mottiar, Lucia Walsh

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Ireland has undergone significant economic and social change and with highlevels of immigration there are now more than 100 different nationalities livingin Dublin city. The broad question is has the leisure space in the city adapted toreflect the increasingly multicultural Dublin population? The particular topic ofconcern in this research note is to track the development of Parnell Street Eastarea from its emergence as an Asian enclave, to efforts by immigrant entrepreneursto create a Chinatown, to the more recent Dublin County Council policyof developing it as an international quarter. This is the first part of the largerongoing study and this paper …

Expression By Ordinance: Preemption And Proxy In Local Legislation, Lindsay Nash

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Local laws based on immigration status have prompted heated national debate on federalism and discrimination. A second strain of nuisance-related legislation has emerged in recent years, which often targets these same immigrant communities. This paper examines the hitherto-unstudied correlation between ordinances explicitly related to immigrants and legislation regarding nuisance–as illuminated through primary research into municipal legislation across the nation. Evaluating these laws and the context of their enactment, this research shows when and how nuisance laws target certain populations. Ultimately, this inquiry reveals troubling parallels to previous community responses to disfavored subgroups and the harm resulting from proxy legislation.

Specters Of Law: Why The History Of The Legal Spectacle Has Not Been Written, Peter Goodrich

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The article examines the intersection of law, theology, and visual/performance elements, arguing that legal discourse often overlooks the significance of typography, imagery, and theatricality. It highlights how legal texts use formatting techniques like bold and italics to convey meaning and draws parallels with theological concepts, such as the duality of power and the role of images in governance. The analysis critiques the legal tradition for neglecting these performative aspects and emphasizes the need to recognize law as a theater that denies its own theatricality.

Institutionalization, Investment Adviser Regulation, And The Hedge Fund Problem, Anita K. Krug

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This Article contends that more effective regulation of investment advisers could be achieved by recognizing that the growth of hedge funds, private equity funds, and other private funds in recent decades is a manifestation of institutionalization in the investment advisory context. That is, investment advisers today commonly advise these “institutions,” which have supplanted other, smaller investors as advisory clients.

However, the federal securities statute governing investment advisers, the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, does not address the role of private funds as institutions that now intermediate those smaller investors' relationships to investment advisers. Consistent with that failure, investment adviser regulation …

The Wretched Of The Earth, Richard Delgado

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In the following essay part of a symposium on criminal punishment and social deprivation Richard Delgado revisits a subject he addressed 25 years ago in a classic article on the rotten social background defense He ponders why this defense has found only a slight foothold in the law of criminal defenses and asks what this failure means about our basic social commitments

Authoritarianism: A Comment, Richard Delgado

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What is behind the current wave of antiimmigrant fervor Racism Nativism National security concerns A recent article by Camilo Ortiz posits that psychological authoritarianism explains the recent outbreak of vigilantism and harsh law better than any of these other motives My essay agrees with Ortiz and shows how understanding antiimmigrant sentiment in these terms advances our understanding of it Once one understands how the syndrome underlies much of the current reaction toward immigrants particularly ones from south of the US border it becomes easier to frame measures to limit some of its excesses I argue that Mr Ortiz's interpretation constitutes …

Creating An Effective Corporate Compliance Plan: Part Ii, Pamela Bucy Pierson, Anthony A. Joseph

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No abstract provided.

The Interwoven Fabric Of Anglo-American Law: A Bibliographic View From Alabama, Paul M. Pruitt Jr.

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No abstract provided.

Restauration Und Ambivalenz: Maskulinitaet Im Deutschsprachigen Film Nach 1990 Im Lichte Des Neuen Deutschen Films, Sascha Harris

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Restoration and Ambiguity: The Male in Post-Wall German Film

As the programmatic, if diverse tenets of the Neuer Deutscher Film began to lose their hold on German film-making in the eighties, filmic narratives and cinematography emerged which on the one hand draw on this tradition, especially in seemingly postmodern narratives of subversion, minority and subjectivity, but on the other combine these with conventional, even restorative film language and narrative construction. Reunification has set a development in motion which to a remarkable extent echoes the cultural metanarrative of the post-war period. The role and representation of male characters in a significant …

Justice Stevens And The Expert Executive, Deborah Pearlstein

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No abstract provided.

Personas As A User-Centred Design Tool For The Built Environment., Emma Siddall, Corelia Baibarac, Aimee Byrne, Niall Byrne, Ashling Deasy, Nuala Flood, Camille Goulding, Shane O'Driscoll, Niamh Rabbitt, Angharad Sweeney, Yue Wang, Mark Dyer

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The physical structure of a city frequently defines how people interact with each other and their environment. This paper examines the use of personas as a user-centred design tool for the re-engineering of a city to promote sustainable behaviour and social inclusion of its citizens (the Eight Eyes of Dublin Project). The research was carried out through the adoption of personas and collaboration with design partners to identify barriers to sustainability, and resulted in recommendations for the future development of Dublin city, Ireland. These recommendations are then compared with the draft Dublin development plan 2011–17 to determine the effectiveness of …

Legal Education For The Future: Global Perspectives, Daniel H. Foote

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This is a report on "FutureEd 2: Making Global Lawyers for the 21st Century," a conference on legal education held at Harvard Law School (HLS) on October 15-16, 2010, In which this author had the opportunity to participate. The conference was the second In a series of three conferences jointly organized by HLS and New York Law School (NYLS). The first conference was held at NYLS in April 2010; the third and final conference was held at NYLS, in April 2011．The goals of the conferences were to stimulate thinking and research about the future of legal education; to promote concrete …

Revisiting Trial Basics Every Time: A Ritual For Courtroom Success, Maureen A. Howard

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With fewer cases progressing to trial, many attorneys do not have adequate opportunities to practice the skills necessary to be successful in the courtroom. Here the author provides a useful and uncomplicated examination of the basic trial advocacy skills, which should be reviewed each time an attorney prepares for trial. Writing for the busy practicing attorney, the author concisely addresses six key stages of trial: voir dire, opening statement, direct examination, cross-examination, impeachment, and closing argument.

Intellectual Property, Innovation, And The Future: Toward A Better Model For Educating Leaders In Intellectual Property Law, Robert W. Gomulkiewicz

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Intellectual property sits at the center of today’s global information economy. Today, producers and users of intellectual property come from both developed and developing nations. Intellectual property matters as much to China and India as it does to Germany and the United States. This reality has driven a monumental demand for lawyers who can make and implement intellectual property law - that is to say, the new leaders in intellectual property law. Indeed, the demand for intellectual property law-trained lawyers triggered a “big bang” in the creation of advanced intellectual property law programs at American law schools. The new leaders …

Open Robotics, M. Ryan Calo

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Robotics is poised to be the next transformative technology. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, warfare, and disaster response, and the market for personal robotics is exploding. Worldwide sales of home robots—such as iRobot’s popular robotic vacuum cleaner—are in the millions. In fact, Honda has predicted that by the year 2020, it will sell as many robots as it does cars. Microsoft founder Bill Gates believes that the robotics industry is in the same place today as the personal computer (“PC”) business was in the 1970s, a belief that is significant given that there are now well over one billion …

Electronic Chattel Paper: Invitation Accepted, Jane K. Winn

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In 1999, Revised U.C.C. Article 9 governing secured lending was updated to permit the creation of "electronic chattel paper" ("ECP"). Traditional chattel paper is used widely in some sectors of the US economy to finance equipment purchases in part because a chattel paper financers who perfects by taking possession can achieve priority over a pre-existing secured lender who perfected by filing. Revised U.C.C. § 9-105 defined a new form of "control" over ECP that would be treated as equivalent to possession of traditional chattel paper, permitting chattel paper financers to retain their superpriority status with electronic documents.

Because chattel paper …

Beyond The Guantánamo Bind: Pragmatic Multilateralism In Refugee Resettlement, Melissa J. Durkee

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A group of detainees remains in the detention facility at the U.S. naval station in Guantánamo Bay, Cuba (“Guantánamo”) almost a decade after the facility began to hold suspected combatants arrested in connection with the U.S. conflict in Afghanistan. As U.S. officials have acknowledged, in many cases these supposed combatants turned out to have no connection to al Qaeda or terrorism. Many were foreigners who had fled home countries to escape persecution and lived as undocumented aliens in Afghanistan or Pakistan. When the United States began its military campaign in Afghanistan and offered bounties for the arrest of terrorists, the …

In Vitro Analysis Of Immersed Human Tissues By Raman Microspectroscopy, Franck Bonnier, A. Mehmood, Peter Knief, Aidan Meade, Helen Lambkin, Kathleen Flynn, V. Mcdonagh, C. Healy, T. C. Lee, Fiona Lyng, Hugh Byrne

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Raman microspectroscopy is a powerful tool for the analysis of tissue sections, providing a molecular map of the investigated samples. Nevertheless, data pre-processing and, particularly, the removal of the broad background to the spectra remain problematic. Indeed, the physical origin of the background has not been satisfactorily determined. Using 785 nm as source in a confocal geometry, it is demonstrated for the example of the protein kappa-elastin that the background and resulting quality of the recorded spectrum are dependent on the morphology of the sample. Whereas a fine powder yields a dominant broad background, compressed pellets and solution-cast thin films …

A Practical Photoelectrochemical Cell Using Nonprecious Metal Electrodes, Patrick Enright, Tony Betts, John Cassidy

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Abstract: Photoelectrochemical cells (PECs) can be used to harvest light from the oxidation of dissolved organic matter. Similar to fuel cells but requiring light to operate, PECs contain a light assisted electrode that oxidises electron rich materials (anode); these electrons then flow to a typically Pt cathode where O₂ is normally the electron acceptor. In this work a PEC cell containing inexpensive materials was shown to (a) mineralise typical organic compounds present in waste water and (b) produce electricity from their decomposition. The PEC cell consisted of a TiO₂ coated conducting ink anode exposed to a light source, …

Synthesis, Biochemical And Molecular Modelling Studies Of Antiproliferative Azetidinones Causing Microtubule Disruption And Mitotic Catastrophe, Niamh O'Boyle, Miriam Carr, Lisa M. Greene, Niall O. Keely, Andrew Js Knox, Thomas Mccabe, David G. Lloyd, Daniela M. Zisterer, Mary J. Meegan

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The structure-activity relationships of antiproliferative β-lactams, focusing on modifications at the 4-position of the β-lactam ring, is described. Synthesis of this series of compounds was achieved utilizing the Staudinger and Reformatsky reactions. The antiproliferative activity was assessed in MCF-7 cells, where the 4-(4-ethoxy)phenyl substituted compound 26 displayed the most potent activity with an IC₅₀ value of 0.22 μM. The mechanism of action was demonstrated to be by inhibition of tubulin. Cell exposure to combretastatin A-4 and 26 led to arrest of MCF-7 cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle and induction of apoptosis. Additionally, mitotic catastrophe for …

Application Of Stochastic Diffusion For Hiding High Fidelity Encrypted Images, Jonathan Blackledge, Abdulrahman Al-Rawi

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Cryptography coupled with information hiding has received increased attention in recent years and has become a major research theme because of the importance of protecting encrypted information in any Electronic Data Interchange system in a way that is both discrete and covert. One of the essential limitations in any cryptography system is that the encrypted data provides an indication on its importance which arouses suspicion and makes it vulnerable to attack. Information hiding of Steganography provides a potential solution to this issue by making the data imperceptible, the security of the hidden information being a threat only if its existence …

Risk Management Trends: Currency Trading Using The Fractal Market Hypothesis, Jonathan Blackledge, Kieran Murphy

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We report on a research and development programme in financial modelling and economic security undertaken in the Information and Communications Security Research Group (ICSRG, 2011) which has led to the launch of a new company - Currency Traders Ireland Limited - funded by Enterprise Ireland. Currency Traders Ireland Limited (CTI, 2011) has a fifty year exclusive license to develop a new set of indicators for analysing currency exchange rates (Forex trading). We consider the background to the approach taken and present examples of the results obtained to date. In this ‘Introduction’, we provide a background to and brief overview of …

Using Virtual Reality To Enhance Electrical Safety And Design In The Built Environment, Martin Barrett, Jonathan Blackledge, Eugene Coyle

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— Electricity and the inherent risks associated with its use in the built environment have long since been a priority for the electrical services industry and also the general public who must live and work in this environment. By its nature virtual reality has the advantage of being safe for both the user and equipment. In addition, it offers the user an opportunity to be exposed to a range of scenarios and conditions that either occur infrequently or are hazardous to replicate. This paper presents a prototype desktop virtual reality model, to enhance electrical safety and design in the built …

Nano-Enhanced Food Contact Materials And The In Vitro Toxicity To Human Intestinal Cells Of Nano-Zno At Low Dose, Gordon Chambers, Niall Ó Claonadh, Alan Casey, Clement Higginbotham, Sean Lyons, Sanchali Mukherjee

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Nano Zinc Oxide (nZnO) has been shown to display antimicrobial effects which have lead to its application in a number of areas such as antimicrobial surface coatings, anti bacterial wound dressings and more recently in polymer composite systems for use in food contact materials. Concerns have been raised due to the incorporation of nanoparticles in food packaging stemming from the possibility of repeated low dose direct exposure, through ingestion, primarily due to degradation and nanoparticle leaching from the polymer composite. To address these concerns, composites consisting of nZnO and polyethylene were formed using twin screw extrusion to mimic commercial methods …

Mitophagy And Mitochondrial Morphology In Human Melanoma-Derived Cells Post Exposure To Simulated Sunlight, Luciene M. Zanchetta, Amaya Garcia, Fiona Lyng, James Walsh, James E.J. Murphy

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Purpose: To assess changes in mitochondrial morphology and mitophagy induced by simulated sunlight irradiation (SSI) and how these changes are modulated by mitochondrial activity and energy source. Materials and methods: Human malignant amelanotic melanoma A375 cells were pre-treated with either a mitochondrial activity enhancer, uncoupler or were either melanin or glutamine supplemented/starved for 4 hours pre-exposure to sunlight. A Q-Sun Solar Simulator (Q-Lab, Homestead, FL, USA) was employed to expose cells to simulated sunlight. Confocal microscopy imaging of A375 cells co-loaded with mitochondria and lysosome-specific fluorescent dyes was used to identify these organelles and predict mitophagic events. Results: SSI induces …

Currency Trading Using The Fractal Market Hypothesis, Jonathan Blackledge, Kieran Murphy

Articles

We report on a research and development programme in financial modelling and economic security undertaken in the Information and Communications Security Research Group (ICSRG, 2011) which has led to the launch of a new company - Currency Traders Ireland Limited - funded by Enterprise Ireland. Currency Traders Ireland Limited (CTI, 2011) has a fifty year exclusive license to develop a new set of indicators for analysing currency exchange rates (Forex trading). We consider the background to the approach taken and present examples of the results obtained to date.

Organizational Centralization As Figurational Dynamics: Movements And Counter-Movements In The Gaelic Athletic Association, John Connolly, Paddy Dolan

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In this paper we develop aspects of Elias’s figurational approach within organisational studies by using some of the core theoretical constructs as a model to explain organi­sational change through an empirical investigation of the dynamics of centralisation–decentralisation processes in an Irish sports organisation. Based on historical analysis, the paper documents the expanding interdependencies, figurational dynamics and shifting power balances which led to a gradual, non-linear movement towards greater integration and centralisation within the organisation.

Minimal Analytical Characterisation Of Engineered Nanomaterials Needed For Hazard Assessment In Biological Matrices, Hans Bouwmeester, Hugh Byrne, Alan Casey, Gordon Chambers

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Background: This paper presents the outcomes from a workshop of the European Network on the Health and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials (NanoImpactNet) held in June 2008. During this workshop 45 experts in the field of safety assessment of engineered nanomaterials from academia, non-profit organizations and industry addressed a list of essential metrics of engineered nanomaterials that need to be characterized as a minimum.

Results: The group discussed the need to systematically study sets of engineered nanomaterials to generate a dataset that allows for the establishment of dose-response data related to specific metrics of engineered nanomaterials. Concomitantly the availability of analytical …