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A Regularly Modularized Multiplexer-Based Full Adder For Arithmetic Applications, Chiou-Kou Tung, Shao-Hui Shieh, Ching-Hwa Cheng
A Regularly Modularized Multiplexer-Based Full Adder For Arithmetic Applications, Chiou-Kou Tung, Shao-Hui Shieh, Ching-Hwa Cheng
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, we propose a novel multiplexer-based full adder design, denoted as MUXFA, by using regular modules for arithmetic applications. The MUXFA full adder is composed of three identical modules, in which each module separately operates for XOR-XNOR function, sum function, and carry function. The structure of the multiplexer-based full adder can be easily constructed by merely a single multiplexer module, its follows comes the features including fast design time, regular structure, simple layout, and enhanced layout efficiency. Furthermore, n-bit adder can be realized in regular architecture by using a single multiplexer module. The advantages of the design are …
Event Detection In Multiple Webpages Based On Comprehensive Dimension Matching And Co-Occurrence Constraint, Yuanzi Xu, Qingzhong Li, Zhongmin Yan, Wei Wang
Event Detection In Multiple Webpages Based On Comprehensive Dimension Matching And Co-Occurrence Constraint, Yuanzi Xu, Qingzhong Li, Zhongmin Yan, Wei Wang
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Detecting various sentence-level events from multiple webpages can be important in finding knowledge. We propose an event detection method based on comprehensive dimension matching and co-occurrence constraint. First, we detect events from a single webpage by clustering co-reference sentence-level event mentions. These events are considered as co-occurrence events in every single webpage. Second, similar events from multiple webpages are clustered. The dimension matching method is used to aggregate event mentions. Different matchers measure different dimensions, and an extended evidence theory is proposed to allocate dynamic weight and combine dimension measurement results.We propose an event co-occurrence constraint to reduce match times …
Integrating The Taguchi Method And Response Surface Methodology For Process Parameter Optimization Of The Injection Molding, Yung-Tsan Jou, Wen-Tsann Lin, Wei-Cheng Lee, Tsu-Ming Yeh
Integrating The Taguchi Method And Response Surface Methodology For Process Parameter Optimization Of The Injection Molding, Yung-Tsan Jou, Wen-Tsann Lin, Wei-Cheng Lee, Tsu-Ming Yeh
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The outer coating of an optical fiber cable protects the optical fiber, and the contraction rate of the outer coating can affect the communication capacity and distance, so the contraction rate is often regarded as the key factor in defining the quality of an optical fiber cable. For this reason, using the example of the circular single-pin optical fiber cable manufacturing process of the largest optical communication manufacturer in the world, the Taguchi Method (TM) is used to screen the variables that have significant effects on the contraction rate of the outer coating. Furthermore, the optimization engineering of Response Surface …
Implementation Of Man-Hours Measurement System For Construction Work Crews By Image Processing Technology, Seunghyun Lee, Min Hong
Implementation Of Man-Hours Measurement System For Construction Work Crews By Image Processing Technology, Seunghyun Lee, Min Hong
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Measuring productivity on a construction job site is not an easy task because collecting its reliable data consistently from the job site requires a lot of personnel efforts causing extra time and cost. In order to measure the job site productivity, for instance, basically two types of data such as man-hours and installed work quantities are required as an input and an output factor to calculate the values of the productivity. This paper suggests an efficient automatic man-hours measurement system for analyzing and collecting the data relating to the input factor by the analysis of video images instead of the …
A Cross-Domain Alliance Authentication Scheme Based On Bilinear Group, Qikun Zhang, Ruifang Wang, Yong Gan, Yifeng Yin
A Cross-Domain Alliance Authentication Scheme Based On Bilinear Group, Qikun Zhang, Ruifang Wang, Yong Gan, Yifeng Yin
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
With the development of grid computing, cloud computing and other large distributed network technology, users need them to provide services of unlimited space and unlimited speed. In order to meeting this request of users, all the domains in these large distributed networks need coordination for each other. For ensuring the safety to access resources in all domains, we propose a crossdomain union authentication scheme.We compute a large prime cyclic group by elliptic curve, and use the direct decomposition of this group to decompose automorphism groups ,and design an signcryption scheme between domains by bilinear of automorphism group to achieve cross-domain …
Train Timetable Stability Evaluation Based On Analysis Of Interior And Exterior Factors Information Entropy, Xuelei Meng, Limin Jia
Train Timetable Stability Evaluation Based On Analysis Of Interior And Exterior Factors Information Entropy, Xuelei Meng, Limin Jia
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
To evaluate the quality of the train timetable roundly, train timetable stability is defined based on the analysis of the interior and exterior factors affecting the timetable stability. The exterior factors include the grade of the railway lines, the blocking system type, the station interlocking type, the leading locomotive performance and the average mileage of the sections. The interior factors are the capacity load of the sections, the capacity load of the stations, the total time supplement for running in the sections, the total time supplement for dwelling on the stations, the timetable periodic time and the buffer times between …
A Secret Sharing Scheme To Recover Secret Unnecessary Calculating, Yanbo Wang, Wanlin Li, Min He, Jian Yang, Liang Chen
A Secret Sharing Scheme To Recover Secret Unnecessary Calculating, Yanbo Wang, Wanlin Li, Min He, Jian Yang, Liang Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In general, traditional secret sharing threshold schemes require substantial computation when recover the secret. This paper represents a secret sharing threshold scheme based on direct partitioning and combining of set which avoids any computation. This scheme shares the same authority, but different secret shadows, thus extends to general access structures. (w, t) threshold scheme is used to confirm as a special case.
Forensics Tracking For Ip User Using The Markov Chain Model, Feng-Yu Lin, Yeali S. Sun, Meng Chang Chen
Forensics Tracking For Ip User Using The Markov Chain Model, Feng-Yu Lin, Yeali S. Sun, Meng Chang Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Increasingly severe cybercrime results in heavy impact and loss for society and public security of various countries, and even influences Homeland security. Based on previous experiences, the most effective method to resist cybercrime and reduce its impact and damage is that law enforcement agencies (LEA) identify and arrest criminals within the shortest time possible after a crime occurs. Therefore, IP location and IP Individualization play key roles. In view of this, this study proposes an IP user tracking forensics mechanism, based on the concepts of IP location and computational forensics, to develop forensics tracking on the Internet. The proposed mechanism …
A Game-Theoretic Analysis To Resolve The Tussle In Cloud Storage Services, Libin Yang, Xiaoyan Cai
A Game-Theoretic Analysis To Resolve The Tussle In Cloud Storage Services, Libin Yang, Xiaoyan Cai
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Cloud computing has not only gained enormous popularity, but also been deployed successfully in large scale realworld applications. However, the popularity of the cloud storage also leads to the dilemma between end-user(EU) and cloud storage provider(CSP), i.e, the EU focuses its attention on acquiring cheap cloud storage services, while CSP concerns how to maximize its own revenue by setting proper price. The noncooperative decisions of EU and CSP will possibly result in corresponding loss welfare of the both parties. In the case of the cloud storage business, we model the interactions between EU and CSP as Stackelberg game and analyze …
Bid Increment Adjusting Strategies In English Auction-Based Sponsored Search, Chen-Kun Tsung, Hann-Jang Ho, Sing-Ling Lee
Bid Increment Adjusting Strategies In English Auction-Based Sponsored Search, Chen-Kun Tsung, Hann-Jang Ho, Sing-Ling Lee
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
English auctions are applied in many current e-commerce applications because of the easy implementation. Some sponsored search advertising (SSA) services consider the ascending bidding rules of English auctions to determine winners. However, the high computation cost of determining winners is the major drawback of the English auction-based SSAs. Because the SSA is an online service, Internet users do not wait for a long time to receive the search result pages. In this paper, we provide a mechanism to reduce the overhead of computing winners and maximize the revenue obtained by the search engine provider (SEP). Our proposed mechanism adopts the …
Comparisons Of Hybrid Multi-Objective Programming Algorithms With Grey Target And Pca For Weapon System Portfolio Selection, Yajie Dou, Pengle Zhang, Jiang Jiang, Kewei Yang, Yingwu Chen
Comparisons Of Hybrid Multi-Objective Programming Algorithms With Grey Target And Pca For Weapon System Portfolio Selection, Yajie Dou, Pengle Zhang, Jiang Jiang, Kewei Yang, Yingwu Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Weapon Systems Portfolio Selection (WSPS) can be considered as a multi-objective decision analysis (MODA) problem. Aiming at its challenging features because of, 1) interactions and independencies among weapon systems, 2) the uncertainty of the sample data set for assessment, and 3) the missing target value of the assessment criteria, the WSPS problem is solved form four perspectives: portfolio without the independencies or target value, portfolio with the independencies but without target value, portfolio with the independencies and target value, portfolio in a incomplete sample data with the independencies and with target value. The synergy concept is introduced to describe the …
Study On The Digital Encryption Algorithm Of The Papermaking Process, Zhijian Li, Kaisheng Zhang
Study On The Digital Encryption Algorithm Of The Papermaking Process, Zhijian Li, Kaisheng Zhang
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
It summarizes the necessity and significance on fiber digital technology of paper forming process, utilizes QR code principle to embed the code into non-weaving process and make digital processing for embedded code. In implementing, it mixes magnetic fiber into pulp in advance and uses magnetic controller which lies above the wet end to make control. The code is embedded invisibly into paper fiber in this method, it overcomes drawbacks in numerous anti-counterfeiting paper, create a new kind of specialty paper and solves authentication problem thoroughly. So it has important consequences for improving theoretical research level and engineering level of papermaking …
Judgment Criterion Of Cherenkov Radiation By An Accelerated Electron Bunch In Poloidal Magnetized Plasma, Wei Tian, Shi-Xiu Chen, Ji-Xiong Xiao, Fei Gai, Kun Chen
Judgment Criterion Of Cherenkov Radiation By An Accelerated Electron Bunch In Poloidal Magnetized Plasma, Wei Tian, Shi-Xiu Chen, Ji-Xiong Xiao, Fei Gai, Kun Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In order to make a great contribution for the breakthrough and fill gaps in field of radiation by electron bunch in poloidal magnetized plasma, judgment criterion of Cherenkov radiation by an accelerated electron bunch moving in Hermitian medium of poloidal magnetized plasma are presented in the paper. Through establishment of experimental model of Hermitian medium, radiation mechanism is analyzed. Eigenvalues are obtained. Through analysis of eigenvalues, dispersion relation is derived.Meanwhile, generation condition of Cherenkov radiation is summarized. It is found that plasma frequency affect the eigenvalue. However, only when cyclotron frequency is large enough, it can also affect the eigenvalue …
Apply Gm(H,N) Model To Analyze The Influence Factor In Hybrid Vehicles, Han-Shen Chen
Apply Gm(H,N) Model To Analyze The Influence Factor In Hybrid Vehicles, Han-Shen Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
This research applied Fuzzy Delphi Analytic Hierarchy Process (FDAHP) to evaluate the critical success factors for New Product Development (NPD) by using a hybrid vehicle as an example. Grey Relational Analysis (GRA) is used to assess the level of gray relation among these factors, followed by empirical analysis to construct the NPD strategy. The empirical result illustrates that the indicators system can identify brand positioning and image moulding of product efficiency. The NPD strategy will be established
Throughput Capacity Of Multi-Channel Hybrid Wireless Network With Antenna Support, Chen Lin
Throughput Capacity Of Multi-Channel Hybrid Wireless Network With Antenna Support, Chen Lin
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Capacity is one fundamental problem in wireless networks. Directional antennas to wireless networks can decrease interference and increase spatial reuse. Thus, it is a great technology to improve throughput capacity of wireless networks. In the paper, the upper and lower bounds of multi-channel hybrid wireless network with antenna supported are investigated. Both simplified antenna model and hybrid antenna model are addressed. Moreover, two scaling regimes are identified, based on the growth of the number of channels relative to that of interfaces.
Evaluating Strategic Leadership Based On The Method Of Fuzzy Analytic Network Process, Fei Li, Lijun Liu, Bao Xi
Evaluating Strategic Leadership Based On The Method Of Fuzzy Analytic Network Process, Fei Li, Lijun Liu, Bao Xi
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
We apply the method of Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (ANP-Fuzzy) to evaluate strategic leadership, because its indexes are complex, inter-relationship, and fuzzy. First, construct indexes system of strategic leadership ,which constitutes of personal abilities and organizational abilities. Second, interpret the fitness of ANP-Fuzzy for strategic leadership and the method’s implication steps of ANP structure, pairwise comparisons and priority vectors, super matrix formation and transformation, and fuzzy evaluation. Final, design ANP structure of strategic leadership , calculate priorities, and analyse empirically strategic leadership of candidates for promotion by fuzzy evaluation. Results show that the method is feasible, because it can get …
Ob4lac: An Organization-Based Access Control Model For E-Government System, You Peng, Yan Song, Hang Ju, Yanzhang Wang
Ob4lac: An Organization-Based Access Control Model For E-Government System, You Peng, Yan Song, Hang Ju, Yanzhang Wang
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Following the emergency of multi-level, complex and distributed information systems, the traditional RBAC model becomes more and more weak and incompetent. Currently, the research of RBAC model mainly focused on building a suitable role hierarchy, although played a certain effect it still have many problems. Through the research aiming at organizations and their characters, we believe that the reasons that cause the present problems are due to the conflict in working patterns between the RBAC model and the physical world. Thus, we propose a new access control method-Organization Based Access Control Method and the specific model- OB4LAC model. This article …
Metaheuristic Algorithms: Optimal Balance Of Intensification And Diversification, Xin-She Yang, Suash Deb, Simon Fong
Metaheuristic Algorithms: Optimal Balance Of Intensification And Diversification, Xin-She Yang, Suash Deb, Simon Fong
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms, two key components are local intensification and global diversification, and their interaction can significantly affect the efficiency of a metaheuristic algorithm. However, there is no rule for how to balance these important components. In this paper, we provide a first attempt to give some theoretical basis for the optimal balance of exploitation and exploration for 2D multimodal objective functions. Then, we use it for choosing algorithm-dependent parameters. Finally, we use the recently developed eagle strategy and cuckoo search to solve two benchmarks so as to confirm if the optimal balance can be achieved in higher dimensions. …
The Research On Tetrahedral Mesh Optimization Algorithm Of The Double Channel Pump, Liu Houlin, Lu Mingzhen, Tan Minggao, Dong Liang, Ren Yun
The Research On Tetrahedral Mesh Optimization Algorithm Of The Double Channel Pump, Liu Houlin, Lu Mingzhen, Tan Minggao, Dong Liang, Ren Yun
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
The quality of mesh generation is very important for the computational simulation of the double channel pump. According to the special characteristics of the double channel pump, there exist a great amount of poor-quality elements, most of which are so called Sliver elements, generated by the tetrahedral mesh generation algorithms of Advancing Front Technique (AFT) and Delaunay Triangulation. By studying the type, distribution and reason of the badly shaped elements, a method to eliminate these Sliver elements was proposed. Then this method was combined with advanced optimization-based smoothing, Laplacian smoothing and swapping optimization to optimize the tetrahedral mesh. The computer …
An Intelligent Artificial System : Artificial Immune Based Hybrid Genetic Algorithm For The Vehicle Routing Problem, Li-Fu Hsu, Chiun-Chieh Hsu, Tsai-Duan Lin
An Intelligent Artificial System : Artificial Immune Based Hybrid Genetic Algorithm For The Vehicle Routing Problem, Li-Fu Hsu, Chiun-Chieh Hsu, Tsai-Duan Lin
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Vehicle routing problems are well-known combinational optimization problems with considerable economic significance. Considering the vehicle routing problem with limited capacity on tree is a problem that often naturally arises in railway, river, and rural road networks. In this paper, we describe an artificial immune system that is distributed, robust, dynamic, diverse and adaptive. It captures many features of the vertebrate immune system and proposed an intelligent artificial system which hybrid genetic and immune algorithm to solve the vehicle routing problem with limited capacity on tree. Computational results show the proposed technique to be very competitive with the best-known heuristic routing …
Risk Assessment Model Of Information Security For Transportation Industry System Based On Risk Matrix, Zhao Xiangmo, Dai Ming, Ren Shuai, Li Luyao, Duan Zongtao
Risk Assessment Model Of Information Security For Transportation Industry System Based On Risk Matrix, Zhao Xiangmo, Dai Ming, Ren Shuai, Li Luyao, Duan Zongtao
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Risk assessment is a vital part of classification protection system for transportation industry system information security. In this paper, an information security risk assessment model based on risk matrix was put forward for heterogeneous-based transportation industry system. The risk matrix method was brought into assessment system. Then an accurate risk assessment model was constructed. In this model, there were three critical modules, such as expert 2-dimension matrix, Borda sequence and gray analytical hierarchy process. In this assessment system, qualitative analysis was firstly processed. Those three modules have quantitative feature, so the assessment results described by words before can be denoted …
Forecasting Real-Time Tourist Arrivals Using Hierarchical Cluster And Gaussian Fitting Algorithm: A Case Study Of Jiuzhai Valley, Lifei Yao, Ruimin Ma, Maozhu Jin, Peng Ge, Peiyu Ren
Forecasting Real-Time Tourist Arrivals Using Hierarchical Cluster And Gaussian Fitting Algorithm: A Case Study Of Jiuzhai Valley, Lifei Yao, Ruimin Ma, Maozhu Jin, Peng Ge, Peiyu Ren
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In the process of studying the number of tourist arrivals of each moment on every day, one of the key findings is a very good statistical regularity about tourist total arrivals. There exists high similarity among different scales of tourist arrivals, including the nearly same change trend. And on this basis this paper puts forward a new method of modeling and forecasting real-time tourist arrivals of each moment on every day. The forecasting process of the new proposed model is innovative. We consider the scales of tourist arrivals mainly, and model using hierarchical cluster and Gaussian fitting algorithm according to …
Design For Generating Chaos From A Class Of Switching Linear Systems, Zhang Yuping, Zhu Hong, Zeng Yong
Design For Generating Chaos From A Class Of Switching Linear Systems, Zhang Yuping, Zhu Hong, Zeng Yong
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In this paper, a systematic design approach based on event driven method is investigated for a class of switching systems, and the switching control system is able to generate chaos at will from linear systems under the designed switching rules. To gain this target, structures of a class of linear switching systems are analyzed properly, as a consequence of analysis, the corresponding criteria is obtained to judge the existence for this class of switching systems to generate chaos. Then, based on the analysis of structure, feedback controllers designing procedure of some non-autonomous switching systems is deduced step by step. Two …
Identification Recovery Scheme Using Quick Response (Qr) Code And Watermarking Technique, Ji-Hong Chen, Wen-Yuan Chen, Chin-Hsing Chen
Identification Recovery Scheme Using Quick Response (Qr) Code And Watermarking Technique, Ji-Hong Chen, Wen-Yuan Chen, Chin-Hsing Chen
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In recent years there has been increasing attention towards digital rights. Therefore, this paper proposes a matrix barcode to verify image copyrights. The copyright text, Quick Response code (QR code), and watermarking techniques are used to achieve a hidden identification scheme implementing direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) and modulation of the modified code division multiple access (MCDMA) to hide the QR code data. DSSS and MCDMA hash the data and QR code has a robust feature to prevent external attacks and destruction of the cover image. The QR codes information can be easily extracted by mobile devices. Even if the …
Soft Generalized Closed Sets With Respect To An Ideal In Soft Topological Spaces, H. I. Mustafa, F. M. Sleim
Soft Generalized Closed Sets With Respect To An Ideal In Soft Topological Spaces, H. I. Mustafa, F. M. Sleim
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
A soft ideal on a non empty set X is a non empty collection of soft subsets of X with heredity property which is also closed under finite unions. The concept of soft generalized closed sets in soft topological spaces was introduced by Kannan [1]. In this paper, we introduce and study the concept of soft generalized closed sets with respect to a soft ideal, which is the extension of the concept of soft generalized closed sets.
Co-Ofdm Technology Long Distance Transmission System, Feng Xianjie, Li Yinfeng
Co-Ofdm Technology Long Distance Transmission System, Feng Xianjie, Li Yinfeng
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Analysis of CO-OFDM single-mode optical fibre transmission system model, studied the timing deviation on the system synchronization performance, and used the Zadoff-Chu pilot sequence to realize the system synchronization, and concludes that the four QAM is to achieve 100 Gbps long distance transmission of the optimal modulation mode. In addition, the Zadoff-Chu pilot frequency sequence also has a constant amplitude, zero auto correlation properties, which can reduce the amplifier nonlinear effects, improve the performance of channel estimation. Based on Optisystem software simulation platform, built based on the CO-OFDM technology transfer rate for 100 Gbps long distance transmission system simulation system, …
Research On Effective And Intelligent Resource Management In Internet Computing, Fufang Li, Dongqing Xie, Deyu Qi, Guowen Xie, Wenbin Chen, Lingxi Peng
Research On Effective And Intelligent Resource Management In Internet Computing, Fufang Li, Dongqing Xie, Deyu Qi, Guowen Xie, Wenbin Chen, Lingxi Peng
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Internet Computing, such as web computing, grid computing and cloud computing, has been a research focus in recent years. Resource management and scheduling is one of the most basic and important problem in this area, and is far to be resolved satisfactorily. This paper presents a novel effective and intelligent Resource Management Model (and Algorithm) for Internet Computing based on Agents, Small-world network theory and Distributed hash table (namely RMMIC−ASD and RMAIC−ASD). Adopting the thoughts of agents, small-world network theory and distributed hash table, the intelligence, self-adaptability, robustness, performance and efficiency of internet resource management and scheduling can be greatly …
Generalized Upper Bound Of Agreement Probability For Extracting Common Random Bits From Correlated Sources, Young-Sik Kim, Dae-Woon Lim
Generalized Upper Bound Of Agreement Probability For Extracting Common Random Bits From Correlated Sources, Young-Sik Kim, Dae-Woon Lim
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
Suppose that both Alice and Bob receive independent random bits without any bias, which are influenced by an independent noise. From the received random bits, Alice and Bob are willing to extract common randomness, without any communication. The extracted common randomness can be used for authentication or secrets. Recently, Bogdanov and Mossel derived an upper bound of the agreement probability, based on the min-entropy of outputs. In this paper, we derive a generalized upper bound of the probability of extracting common random bits from correlated sources, using the R`enyi entropy of order 1/(1−e ), where e is the error probability …
Generation Of Cryptographic Sequences By Means Of Difference Equations, A. F?Ster-Sabater
Generation Of Cryptographic Sequences By Means Of Difference Equations, A. F?Ster-Sabater
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
In the present work, it is shown that the sequences obtained from cryptographic generators based on decimation are just particular solutions of a kind of linear difference equations. Moreover, all these sequences are simple linear combinations of a class of basic sequences (binomial sequences). Cryptographic parameters of decimated sequences, e.g. period, linear complexity or balancedness, can be analyzed in terms of solutions to linear equations. In brief, difference equations are useful tools for the generation of new cryptographic sequences with application in stream ciphers.
Decoupled Nominal 2-D Direction-Of -Arrival Estimation Algorithm For Coherently Distributed Source, Yinghua Han, Jinkuan Wang, Qiang Zhao
Decoupled Nominal 2-D Direction-Of -Arrival Estimation Algorithm For Coherently Distributed Source, Yinghua Han, Jinkuan Wang, Qiang Zhao
Applied Mathematics & Information Sciences
A computationally efficient method for nominal 2-D (azimuth and elevation) direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation of coherently distributed source impinging on the far field is presented. Since the coherently distributed source is characterized by four parameters, the nominal azimuth DOA, angular spread of the nominal azimuth DOA, the nominal elevation DOA, and angular spread of the nominal elevation DOA, the computational complexity of the parameter estimation is normally high demanding. So a low complexity estimation algorithm is proposed in this paper, the key idea of which is to apply a subspace-based method without eigendecomposition in beamspace and a proposed second-order statistics for …