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The Evaluation Of Perampanel As A Neuroprotective Pharmacotherapy In Traumatic Brain Injury, Virginia Aida Jan 2017

The Evaluation Of Perampanel As A Neuroprotective Pharmacotherapy In Traumatic Brain Injury, Virginia Aida

All ETDs from UAB

In the United States, 2.5 million people experience a traumatic brain injury (TBI) every year and an estimated 5.3 million are living with a TBI-related disability. A TBI alters the function of the brain and the brain pathology often resulting in long-lasting cognitive impairment, motor function impairments, and emotional changes. In conjunction with the physical changes a victim of TBI experiences, the injury can take a financial toll. It is estimated that 76.3 billion dollars is attributed to the direct and indirect costs of sustaining a TBI every year in the United States. Despite improvements in managing TBI, there are …

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The Role Of Rig-I And Mda5 In Alphavirus Replication, Ivan Viachaslavavich Akhrymuk Jan 2017

The Role Of Rig-I And Mda5 In Alphavirus Replication, Ivan Viachaslavavich Akhrymuk

All ETDs from UAB

Evolution of vertebrates has resulted in the development of a wide range of cellular pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect the presence of virus-specific molecules termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Sensing of the incoming viruses and/or their replication by PRRs activates the cascade of cellular pathways that ultimately result in activation of antiviral response. Such response is determined by hundreds of cellular genes, whose products either directly interfere with virus replication or are released from the cells and activate antiviral state in yet uninfected cells. Consequently, the latter cell signaling prevents development of the next rounds of infection both in …

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Home Healthcare And Performance: Development And Application Of A Typology For Home Health Agencies, Ronique Nechelle Evans Jan 2017

Home Healthcare And Performance: Development And Application Of A Typology For Home Health Agencies, Ronique Nechelle Evans

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This three-paper dissertation sought to examine the existence of strategic groups in the home health industry, the application of Porter’s generic strategies (cost leader, differentiator, “stuck-in-the-middle” and both cost leader/differentiator) in identifying these groups, and the association of group membership with agency performance. The findings of this study will provide researchers and managers with a highlight of the current strategic makeup of the home health industry and its relationship with quality and financial performance. The results of this dissertation provide some evidence that strategic groups do exist in the home health industry and can be described along the basis of …

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Role Of Calmodulin In Death Receptor 5-Mediated Apoptosis In Breast Cancer, Romone Markel Fancy Jan 2017

Role Of Calmodulin In Death Receptor 5-Mediated Apoptosis In Breast Cancer, Romone Markel Fancy

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Drug resistant estrogen receptor positive (ER-positive) and triple-negative (TN) breast cancers, are prolific breast cancers with poor clinical outcome. TRA-8 is a death receptor-5 (DR5) specific agonistic antibody with tumoricidal activity in vitro and in vivo, without inducing normal hepatocyte apoptosis. ER-positive and TN breast cancers have a range of sensitivity to TRA-8 mediated cytotoxicity. TRA-8 activation of DR5 leads to DR5 oligomerization that is critical for formation of the death inducing signaling complex (DISC) at the death domain of DR5 and initiation of apoptotic signaling. Calmodulin (CaM) is overexpressed in breast cancer and is involved in regulating breast cancer …

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Neuroanatomical Correlates Of Antisocial Traits In Adolescent Males, Emma Sartin Goodman Jan 2017

Neuroanatomical Correlates Of Antisocial Traits In Adolescent Males, Emma Sartin Goodman

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Prior research suggests that antisocial traits and behaviors often found in psychopathy are also present during childhood and adolescence. Thus, understanding the neurobiology of children and adolescents who are displaying early-signs of antisocial behavior can enhance the pace of diagnosis, allow for earlier and more effective intervention, and allow for researchers to record the developmental trajectory of these traits more accurately. This project used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) to examine the neuroanatomy of gray and white matter in 25 adolescent males, which were further analyzed using a regression model and the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory …

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Non-Markovian Investigation Of An Autonomous Quantum Heat Engine, Ketan Goyal Goyal Jan 2017

Non-Markovian Investigation Of An Autonomous Quantum Heat Engine, Ketan Goyal Goyal

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A systematic study of a quantum heat engine is presented in this thesis. In particular, we study heat conduction through a two-two level composite system, which is then connected to a photon cavity to extract work, forming an autonomous quantum heat engine. The question as to what extent quantum effects such as quantum coherence and correlations impact thermodynamic properties of such a system is addressed. The investigated heat engine has been previously studied using the popular Born-Markovian quantum master equation under weak internal coupling approximation. However, we show that the used approach is quite limited in addressing such problems as …

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Reducing Acute Cardiovascular Hospitalizations With A Weight Management Program (Reach), Laura A. Graham Jan 2017

Reducing Acute Cardiovascular Hospitalizations With A Weight Management Program (Reach), Laura A. Graham

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Reducing cardiovascular (CVD) risk factors such as obesity through lifestyle and behavioral interventions like weight management programs should result in better cardiovascular health. However, there is conflicting evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions in reducing long-term CVD outcomes such as acute myocardial infarction or stroke. This reflects an important gap in our understanding about factors affecting recruitment and engagement in these programs and how these factors relate to improvement in long-term cardiovascular health. To address this gap, we will use a retrospective study with up to 11 years of follow up data from the nation’s largest health care system-associated …

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Evaluating The Genotype Phenotype Correlations In Cleidocranial Dysplasia, Stephen Lamar Greene Jan 2017

Evaluating The Genotype Phenotype Correlations In Cleidocranial Dysplasia, Stephen Lamar Greene

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Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD, OMIM 119600) is a rare (1 in 1,000,000) human autosomal dominant skeletal disorder with unique craniofacial and dental features caused by mutations the gene coding for transcription factor RUNX2. RUNX2 is a key master regulator of osteoblast differentiation, chondrocyte maturation and tooth formation. CCD is commonly diagnosed based on bone defects with ~90% of cases presenting with supernumerary teeth or a “third dentition”. Mouse Runx2 null models (Runx2+/-), although having similar CCD skeletal defects, do not mimic the human dental phenotype of supernumerary teeth. Instead, Runx2-/- mouse have arrested tooth formation at the cap stage. Furthermore, based …

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Transcriptional Dysregulation In Interneurons Causes Altered Modulation Of Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission And Circuit Function By The Dopamine System, Lillian J. Brady Jan 2017

Transcriptional Dysregulation In Interneurons Causes Altered Modulation Of Hippocampal Synaptic Transmission And Circuit Function By The Dopamine System, Lillian J. Brady

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Genetic deletion of the transcriptional coactivator PGC-1α leads to transcriptional dysregulation in interneurons, and transcriptional dysregulation in interneurons lead to changes in hippocampal synaptic transmission and circuit function. Hippocampal circuit activity and synaptic transmission alterations have implications for symptoms of cognitive impairment in neurological disorders like schizophrenia. Modulation of dopamine receptor activity through pharmacologic application of haloperidol and the specific dopamine D4 receptor antagonist L-745,870 in PGC-1α-/- mice leads to altered effects on inhibitory/excitatory synaptic transmission balance, circuit function, and innate hippocampal dependent nesting behavior. These are key aspects underlying hippocampus dependent cognitive impairment. Specifically, bath application of haloperidol restores …

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Strategies Early Childhood Elementary Teachers Use In Order To Provide A Welcoming Environment For Student Who They Perceive To Be Lgbtq Or Exhibit Stereotypical Characteristics, Felecia Brooks-Jones Jan 2017

Strategies Early Childhood Elementary Teachers Use In Order To Provide A Welcoming Environment For Student Who They Perceive To Be Lgbtq Or Exhibit Stereotypical Characteristics, Felecia Brooks-Jones

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STRATEGIES EARLY CHILDHOOD TEACHERS USE IN ORDER TO PROVIDE A WELCOMING CLASSROOM ENVIRONMENT FOR STUDENTS WHO THEY PERCEIVE TO BE LGBTQ OR EXHIBIT STEREOTYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS FELECIA BROOKS-JONES EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION ABSTRACT People who identify as Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning are becoming more socially accepted today than they were before. Laws have been passed to give same-sex couples equal rights as heterosexual couples. However, they are not always treated the same, especially here in the southeast, which is known as the Bible Belt. There is minimal research or literature in the field of education concerning early elementary LGBTQ students, …

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Autism Spectrum Disorders And Social-Ecological Models: Understanding How Context Drives Prevalence, Anne Elizabeth Brisendine Jan 2017

Autism Spectrum Disorders And Social-Ecological Models: Understanding How Context Drives Prevalence, Anne Elizabeth Brisendine

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Background: While there has been significant work done to explore disparities in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnoses with respect to individual characteristics, little work has been done to examine the overall system and structure of the environment in which ASD identification is made and how it is related to diagnosis and services. The purpose of this study is to better understand the social-ecological factors that impact ASD diagnoses at the population level. Methods: In the first aim of this dissertation, a tailored social ecological model was developed and examined across variables in the 2011/12 National Survey of Children’s Health. In …

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Immunobiology Of The Mucosal Response To Helicobacter Pylori In Children, Kyle Brawner Jan 2017

Immunobiology Of The Mucosal Response To Helicobacter Pylori In Children, Kyle Brawner

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Helicobacter pylori colonizes the stomach of approximately one half of the world’s population. However, the vast majority of infected persons remain asymptomatic. The degree of H. pylori-induced gastric inflammation depends on a complex interaction of several factors. In this dissertation, we focus on age as a determinant of gastritis severity. Children are known to respond to H. pylori infection with a stronger T regulatory cell profile compared with infected adults, yet the reason remains unknown. The influence of the microbiota on, and the communication among, cells of the innate immune system shape the nature of the adaptive immune response to …

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Interplay Of The Circadian Clock And Growth Hormone Signaling In The Heart, Ryan Darrell Berry Jan 2017

Interplay Of The Circadian Clock And Growth Hormone Signaling In The Heart, Ryan Darrell Berry

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Growth hormone (GH) signaling plays a critical role in postnatal development and the details of its release, regulation, and influence on the development of a number of organs has been well studied. GH is released from the anterior pituitary in a pulsatile fashion with pulse amplitude being greater at night than during the day in a number of species, including humans. Once in circulation, GH binds to the GH receptor (GHR) on target tissues throughout the body altering gene expression and stimulating the local production of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). IGF-1 primarily acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion. …

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Optimizing The Non-Ablative Conditioning Regimen For Bone Marrow Transplantation Using A Murine Model Of Sickle Cell Disease, Divya Devadasan Jan 2017

Optimizing The Non-Ablative Conditioning Regimen For Bone Marrow Transplantation Using A Murine Model Of Sickle Cell Disease, Divya Devadasan

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In this dissertation, we sought to determine if a sub-myeloablative conditioning regimen followed by bone marrow transplantation/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) using syngeneic donor cells could facilitate donor chimerism using a clinically relevant mouse model of sickle cell disease (SCD). This pre-clinical study determined the feasibility of using sub-myeloablative conditioning in the context of autologous HSCT. The prospect of using less-intense conditioning is particularly appealing in the era of modern gene-editing technologies since its extension to use in humans will allow for HSCT to be less toxic and hence be applicable in all patients. We showed that using a sub-myeloablative …

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Effect Of Antihypertensive Drugs On Left Ventricular Traits In Africam American, Anh N. Do Jan 2017

Effect Of Antihypertensive Drugs On Left Ventricular Traits In Africam American, Anh N. Do

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The purpose of this dissertation is to evaluate the association of antihypertensive treatment as well genomic variants with left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) -related traits among African Americans (AAs) in five cross-sectional epidemiology cohorts from the United States. AAs especially those with hypertension, are overburdened by left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy (LVH) compared to other ethnic groups. LVH is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Antihypertensive treatments have been found to improve LVH and related echocardiographic measures (i.e. LV traits) among hypertensive patients. However, the effect of antihypertensive treatments on LVH and related traits in AAs has not …

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Factors Guiding Cd4 T Cell Fate Bifurcations, Daniel Francis Ditoro Jan 2017

Factors Guiding Cd4 T Cell Fate Bifurcations, Daniel Francis Ditoro

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Naïve CD4 T cells differentiate into a variety of phenotypically and functionally distinct subsets uniquely tailored to the specific inflammatory context. Despite the extraordinary heterogeneity of potential fate outcomes, two distinct but related functional bifurcations appear common to all inflammatory contexts. Following activation, CD4 T cells either home to the site of inflammation and influence peripheral events or remain in the secondary lymphoid tissue to modulate central processes. Similarly, activated cells either drive or suppress inflammation. These functional bifurcations are coincident and sufficiently independent to allow for the simultaneous generation of all four potential outcomes. Pro-inflammatory cells retained in the …

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O-Acetyltransferase Functionality Mediates Pneumococcal Capsular Diversity, Brady Spencer Jan 2017

O-Acetyltransferase Functionality Mediates Pneumococcal Capsular Diversity, Brady Spencer

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is an important human pathogen that asymptomatically colonizes the nasopharynx but can disseminate opportunistically to cause diseases such as otitis media, pneumonia, septicemia, or meningitis. The pneumo-coccal capsular polysaccharide is necessary to prevent opsonophagocytosis as nonencap-sulated pneumococci are largely avirulent. Currently, 98 antigenically distinct capsule types (serotypes) have been identified, which vary in virulence. O-acetylation, a subtle capsular modification, contributes to pneumococcal capsular diversity and modulates capsular physicochemical properties and interaction with innate or vaccine immunity. Replacement serotypes (and future vaccine types) 33F and 15B have O-acetylated capsules due to membrane-bound O-acetyltransferases (MOATs). We hypothesize that future …

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The Role Of Cognitive Reserve In Recovery From Traumatic Brain Injury, Kayla Steward Jan 2017

The Role Of Cognitive Reserve In Recovery From Traumatic Brain Injury, Kayla Steward

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Objective: To examine whether cognitive reserve (CR) attenuates the initial impact of TBI on cognitive performance (passive model) and results in faster cognitive recovery rates in the first year post-injury (active model), and whether the advantage of CR differs based on the severity of TBI. Setting: Inpatient/outpatient clinics at academic medical center. Participants: Adults with mild TBI (mTBI; n=28), complicated mild TBI (cmTBI; n=24), and moderate-to-severe TBI (msevTBI; n=57), and demographically-matched controls (n=66). Design: Retrospective; longitudinal cohort assessed at 1-, 6-, and 12-months post-injury. Main Measures: Outcomes were 3 cognitive domains: processing speed/executive function, verbal fluency, and memory. Premorbid IQ, …

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An Investigation Of The Neurobiological Heterogeneity In Autism, Adhd, And Typical Development, Melissa Thye Jan 2017

An Investigation Of The Neurobiological Heterogeneity In Autism, Adhd, And Typical Development, Melissa Thye

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Standard fMRI studies of healthy as well as clinical populations rely heavily on group-level averages to draw inferences about brain and behavior. This presumes neural and behavioral homogeneity within diagnostic groups resulting in group-level models which may not capture individual variability. This problem is especially relevant for studies of neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) which clinically present with widespread individual differences. The prevalence of comorbidity between these disorders is roughly 28% highlighting the possibility that there may be shared behavioral and neural markers which cut across the diagnostic boundaries delineating the …

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Familial Support And Mental Health Service Use: Differences Among First- And Second-Generation Asian American And Latino Older Adults, Jessica Lynn Valles Jan 2017

Familial Support And Mental Health Service Use: Differences Among First- And Second-Generation Asian American And Latino Older Adults, Jessica Lynn Valles

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While several studies have shown that US-born Asian Americans and Latinos are more likely to use mental health services than their foreign-born counterparts, the effects of generation status and familial support is unclear. Furthermore, little is known about these associations and how they affect older adults. According to the Socioemotional Selectivity Theory (SST), as adults begin transition into advanced age, they begin to withdraw from broader social networks to focus on more intimate relations, such as those with children. In applying modernization theory to the family and aging, this theory would suggest that the status of older adults in families …

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Acute And Chronic Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function, Jonathan Lund Warren Jan 2017

Acute And Chronic Regulation Of Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Function, Jonathan Lund Warren

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Obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D) represent a growing global burden on healthcare and financial resources. One hypothesis for the onset and exacerbation of these diseases is related to the role of mitochondria as the end users of products of the metabolism of the nutrients we consume and in mediating the oxidative state of the body through the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In order to meet the demands of a metabolic challenge and prevent excessive ROS production, there appear to be adaptations to mitochondrial physiology and morphology that can occur and we hypothesize that the ability of the …

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Viscosity And Morphology Modification Of Length Sorted Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes In Pib Matrices, Hanxiao Huang Jan 2017

Viscosity And Morphology Modification Of Length Sorted Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes In Pib Matrices, Hanxiao Huang

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ABSTRACT In this work, Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNT) were separated by length and chirality using an ultracentrifuge technique. The influence of length-separation on the composites’ viscosity and crystallinity behavior was studied. We found that the compo-sites’ viscosity does not increase monotonously with weight fractions. Specifically, in rel-atively small nanotube weight fractions, the dynamic viscosity of the composites was found to be smaller than that of the pure Polyisotublyene (PIB) matrix. The dimension of nanotube bundles and polymer radius of gyration were compared to further study the mechanism of such a viscosity change. It was observed that nanotubes with shorter …

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Alternative Methodological Approaches For Quantifying Dental Caries And Non-Water Beverage Consumptions For The Improvement Of Caries Risk Analyses In Children, Kelsey Harris Jordan Jan 2017

Alternative Methodological Approaches For Quantifying Dental Caries And Non-Water Beverage Consumptions For The Improvement Of Caries Risk Analyses In Children, Kelsey Harris Jordan

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Researchers assume caries progress constantly, all crowned/extracted tooth surfaces are carious, and non-water beverage consumption (NWBC) habits are similar by relying on increments, dmfs scoring, and consumption frequencies, respectively. These assumptions are likely inaccurate. The purpose of this research was to evaluate and modify the use of 1) longitudinal caries disease assessment, 2) the dmfs score and 3) NWBC variables to more accurately estimate disease and identify risk factors. To investigate, young (8-18 months at baseline), healthy, poor, rural, African American, Alabamian children were observed annually for five years. Three calibrated dentists performed oral examinations (without radiographs), calculating the number …

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Bioactive Materials: Ion Release, Flexural Strength, Secondary Caries Depth And Elemental Analysis Of Surrounding Tooth Structure, Prajakta Shreeram Kulkarni Jan 2017

Bioactive Materials: Ion Release, Flexural Strength, Secondary Caries Depth And Elemental Analysis Of Surrounding Tooth Structure, Prajakta Shreeram Kulkarni

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ABSTRACT Objectives: Bioactive materials release calcium, phosphate, and fluoride which may increase tooth remineralization. But limited data is available demonstrating the superiority of bioactive or ion releasing materials compared to fluoride or no ion releasing materials. The aims of the present study are to measure and compare the calcium, fluoride, and phosphate ion release at different pH, flexural strength and caries protecting ability of the materials including the ion uptake of surrounding tooth structure. Methods: Activa, Cention N, Fuji LC II and Filtek Supreme Ultra were the restorative materials tested. Firstly, the fluoride and calcium release of these materials was …

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Fpga Implementation And Study Of Hardware Trojan In A Closed Loop Control System, Ranveer Kumar Jan 2017

Fpga Implementation And Study Of Hardware Trojan In A Closed Loop Control System, Ranveer Kumar

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A closed-loop system is a primary technology used to automate our critical infrastructure and major industries to improve their efficiency. Their dependability is challenged by probable vulnerabilities in the core computing system. These vulnerabilities can appear on both front (software) and back (hardware) ends of the computing system. While the software vulnerabilities are well researched and documented, the hardware ones are normally overlooked. However, with hardware-inclusive technological evolutions like Cyber-Physical Systems and Internet-of-Things, hardware vulnerabilities should be addressed appropriately. In this work, we present a study of one such vulnerability, called hardware Trojan (HT), on a closed-loop control system. Since …

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The Role Of Klotho In Adult Neurogenesis, Ann Laszczyk Jan 2017

The Role Of Klotho In Adult Neurogenesis, Ann Laszczyk

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Klotho is an anti-aging protein that when upregulated, extends lifespan and enhances cognition. Klotho knockout mice age prematurely and die by ~8 weeks of life after developing cognitive impairment. Klotho function outside of the brain is well established but the protein’s action within the brain remains unknown. As klotho regulates peripheral stem cell populations, I sought to determine whether klotho contributes to cognition through a role in the maintenance of the adult hippocampal neurogenic niche. I examined adult mouse neurogenesis using global klotho-deficiency or global klotho overexpression models. Klotho knockout brains show reduced progenitor proliferation and granule cell production while …

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Polymeric Stimuli-Sensitive Self-Assembled Micro- And Nano-Particles For Controlled Drug Delivery, Fei Liu Jan 2017

Polymeric Stimuli-Sensitive Self-Assembled Micro- And Nano-Particles For Controlled Drug Delivery, Fei Liu

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The research presented in this thesis is focused on the design and development of stimuli-responsive polymeric particles for drug delivery, including tannic acid-based layer-by-layer capsules with pH- and ionic strength-dependent permeability as well as size- and structure-tunable poly-(N-vinylcaprolactam)-based temperature-responsive polymersomes and micelles. Polymer-based particles play essential roles in controlled drug delivery due to their tunable sizes and nanostructures, and can be further advanced through functionalization, allowing pH-, ionic strength- and temperature-sensitivities to alter the therapeutics’ pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution. Two typical pathways for engineering polymeric drug delivery vehicles are introduced in this thesis, layer-by-layer self-assembly at inter-faces and self-assembly from block …

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Molecular And Biochemical Characterization Of Cellular Stress Sensing Proteins Gcn2 And Ire1 In Arabidopsis Thaliana Immune Responses, Xiaoyu Liu Jan 2017

Molecular And Biochemical Characterization Of Cellular Stress Sensing Proteins Gcn2 And Ire1 In Arabidopsis Thaliana Immune Responses, Xiaoyu Liu

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Plants are capable of recognizing conserved molecular structures from pathogens and precisely regulates gene expression to establish effective and efficient immune responses. Transcriptional regulation has been extensively characterized in plant immunity, while relatively less is understood on the translational level. Moreover, switching cellular energy from growth- to defense-related activity may result in the buildup of misfolded or unfolded proteins within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and activating the unfolded protein response (UPR) is critical for restoringllular homeostasis. My dissertation is set out to understand the function of translational regulatory mechanism and UPR in plant immune responses. As a key transcriptional regulator …

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Intraocular Pressure Measurement In Eye By Using Disposable Solid State Pressure Sensor, Anvesh Loka Loka Jan 2017

Intraocular Pressure Measurement In Eye By Using Disposable Solid State Pressure Sensor, Anvesh Loka Loka

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There are many eye infections and eye diseases like Diabetic Retinopathy, Glaucoma, Age-related Macular Degeneration, Cataract, etc., which cause eye blindness. Glaucoma is one of the major eye diseases that can cause complete blindness. According to National Eye Institute (NIH), there are 2.72 million people are suffering from Glaucoma in the U.S. The primary cause for Glaucoma is higher Intraocular Pressure (IOP), so detecting IOP in the early stages is a vital aspect in the assessment of patients at hazard from glaucoma. The instrument used to measure IOP is called Tonometer and usually used for clinical purposes. However, some part …

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Circulating Mirnas And Human Insulin Resistance, Elizabeth Ma Jan 2017

Circulating Mirnas And Human Insulin Resistance, Elizabeth Ma

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Insulin resistance (IR) is central to the pathophysiology of Type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The mechanisms behind IR are not clear, but microRNA (miR; short, non-coding RNA strands that base-pair with mRNA to modify gene expression) have garnered interest as potential contributors. miRs have recently been shown to be detectable in the circulation, and can be taken up and regulate target genes within recipient cells. Our primary objective was to identify circulating miRs (c-miRs) that play a role in regulating systemic metabolism and participate in the pathophysiology of IR and cardiometabolic disease. Three …

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