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The Path To Extreme Precision Radial Velocity With Expres, Lily Ling Zhao Oct 2021

The Path To Extreme Precision Radial Velocity With Expres, Lily Ling Zhao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The field of exoplanets is currently poised to benefit hugely from improved radial velocity (RV) precision. Extreme precision radial-velocity (EPRV) measurements, capable of detecting planetary signals on the order of 10-30 cm/s, will deliver integral planetary parameters, be sensitive to a missing category of lower-mass planets, grant a deeper understanding of multi-planet architectures, and support both current and future space missions such as TESS and JWST. The ability of EPRV to deliver mass estimates is essential for comprehensively characterizing planets, understanding formation histories, and interpreting atmospheric spectra. Until recently, RV precision had stalled at around 1 m/s, i.e. signals with …

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Learning About The Greek Revolution, Maria Kaliambou, Panagiotis Roumeliotis, Maya Kyriakides, Chloe Papadopoulos, George Gemelas, Alexandra Sossidi Oct 2021

Learning About The Greek Revolution, Maria Kaliambou, Panagiotis Roumeliotis, Maya Kyriakides, Chloe Papadopoulos, George Gemelas, Alexandra Sossidi

Learning about the Greek Revolution

The publication Learning about the Greek Revolution is the fourth booklet of the series Modern Greek at Yale. The series includes the creative and reflective writings of students learning modern Greek. The 2021 edition was published in an important year for Greece and for the Hellenic Studies Program at Yale as we celebrate two important events: the two hundredth year anniversary of the Greek Revolution, and twenty years of the Hellenic Studies Program at Yale!

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A Fundamental Exploration Of The Interactions Between Minerals And Life’S Building Blocks In Deep Time, Jasmina Wiemann Oct 2021

A Fundamental Exploration Of The Interactions Between Minerals And Life’S Building Blocks In Deep Time, Jasmina Wiemann

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Complex organic matter is the most abundant form of organic carbon in the fossil record on Earth and in geological materials delivered from Space. It is unclear how complex organic matter preserved in fossils and meteorites forms in different terrestrial and extraterrestrial geological settings. The molecular make-up of decay-resistant organic polymers in fossils and meteorites has the potential to preserve biological signals and record geological conditions in deepest time. Carbonaceous fossil morphologies resembling cells, extracellular matrix and entire tissue architectures have provided pivotal insights into the evolutionary history of life. Fossil soft tissues within vertebrate hard tissues have been a …

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Circuits Of Faith: Transnational Religion, Caste, And Gender In The Punjabi Sikh Diaspora Of The Pacific Northwest, Sasha Sabherwal Oct 2021

Circuits Of Faith: Transnational Religion, Caste, And Gender In The Punjabi Sikh Diaspora Of The Pacific Northwest, Sasha Sabherwal

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the intertwining of race, gender, and caste, a complex form of social stratification in Hinduism based on purity and pollution, in the Sikh diaspora of the Pacific Northwest (PNW) borderland. I build on studies of borders to trace the ways that Sikhs in the PNW regularly travel between the U.S. and Canada to access religious community, family and friends, and consumer goods. In tracing the flows of people and commodities, I chronicle the practices of caste and gender that travel alongside this religious community. I use the PNW—a historically situated national and imperial borderland region that has …

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Developmental Participation Of Vip Interneurons In Cortical Dynamics, Daniel Barson Oct 2021

Developmental Participation Of Vip Interneurons In Cortical Dynamics, Daniel Barson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the mammalian cerebral cortex, local and long-range synaptic connections are believed to relay information related a diverse array of cognitive, emotional, and physiological functions to influence the computations performed by single neurons. While the anatomical connectivity of a single neuron is static on short timescales, its functional involvement in distributed networks may fluctuate rapidly to subserve moment-to-moment changes in behavior. A sparse class of interneurons that express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been hypothesized to mediate these fluctuations by modulating the gain of cortical micro-circuits in response to neuromodulatory and long-range cortico-cortical inputs. To test this hypothesis, we developed …

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Modulation Of T Cell Response Hierarchy By Coinhibition And Costimulation With Cancer Immunotherapy, Yu Zhang Oct 2021

Modulation Of T Cell Response Hierarchy By Coinhibition And Costimulation With Cancer Immunotherapy, Yu Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Cancer immunotherapy with coinhibition antagonist antibodies blocking the Program Death 1 (PD-1) and Program Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) coinhibitory pathway (anti-PD therapy) have improved the survival for millions of patients with advanced cancers providing the possibility of achieving a prolonged durable response. However, few patients are considered to be clinically cured with anti-PD therapy. Many patients who initially respond to anti-PD therapy eventually develop tumor progression or recurrence in a clinical observation collectively called acquired immune resistance (AIR). Many potential mechanisms of AIR are being studied, such as the loss …

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Wireless Transmissions: Early Russian Radio And Modernist Poetics, Ana Berdinskikh Oct 2021

Wireless Transmissions: Early Russian Radio And Modernist Poetics, Ana Berdinskikh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the first era of mass wireless communication in Russia, and the ways in which emerging media technologies shaped and intersected with cultural production in the early twentieth century. In this project, I study a series of authors and artists who participated in a growing technological discourse, as they wrote, debated and conceived of methods to achieve “direct” and “instantaneous” communication that exceeded the capabilities of written text. Through their poems, fiction, lithographs and collages, these artists explored the role that wireless telegraphy and radio played in shaping conceptions of spatial and temporal limitations, and how these devices …

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Drug Manufacturers, Pricing, And Ethical Obligations, Rebecca E. Wolitz Oct 2021

Drug Manufacturers, Pricing, And Ethical Obligations, Rebecca E. Wolitz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

High prescription drug prices in the United States and beyond impede patient care, impoverish families, and severely strain institutional budgets. Drug manufacturers routinely launch new products at high prices, increase the prices of existing products, and engage in a range of activities that thwart competition. Yet, while patients grapple with whether today is the day they eat “cat food” or default on their mortgages (let alone have their lives cut short), and health systems are compelled to make difficult choices about program cuts, many drug manufacturers enjoy highly lucrative returns. With this juxtaposition, it is thus no wonder that the …

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Molecular Mechanisms Of Aging And Alzheimer’S Disease, Shannon Noble Leslie Oct 2021

Molecular Mechanisms Of Aging And Alzheimer’S Disease, Shannon Noble Leslie

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a major public health crisis. AD is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Currently, there are no disease-modifying drugs available for the treatment of AD. Although autosomal dominant genetic forms of the disease are very rare, they are the foundation for many models of study; in part, because the etiology of the far more common, sporadic AD, remains unknown. While the cause of most AD cases is undetermined, age is a well-known, significant risk factor. The work presented in this thesis relies on studies of non-genetically modified aging rodents and …

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Synaptic Density Imaging With Sv2a Using Positron Emission Tomography: Optimization Of Reference Region Analysis And Applications In The Human Spinal Cord And The Developing Nonhuman Primate Brain, Samantha Rossano Oct 2021

Synaptic Density Imaging With Sv2a Using Positron Emission Tomography: Optimization Of Reference Region Analysis And Applications In The Human Spinal Cord And The Developing Nonhuman Primate Brain, Samantha Rossano

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a functional imaging modality in which radioactive ligands are used to target physiological functions, including metabolism or receptor densities, in vivo. Once administered into a subject, the PET radioligand distributes throughout the body and undergoes radioactive decay, emitting two gamma rays 180 degree from each other. These gamma rays are detected by the PET camera as coincidence events, and the PET raw data are reconstructed into 4-dimenstional images (x, y, z, t). Dynamic PET images can be quantified by applying various kinetic models to radioactivity concentrations in a volume or region of interest (ROI) over …

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Deconvolution: From Transcriptomics To Immunomics, Daiwei Tang Oct 2021

Deconvolution: From Transcriptomics To Immunomics, Daiwei Tang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The developments of sequencing technologies in the past two decades have enabled exciting findings and rapid accumulations of many kinds of -omics data. Each type of -omics data is designated to measure a specific characteristic of the biological systems, e.g. DNA-sequencing for mutations and RNA-sequencing for gene expression. With proper statistical and computational methods, these data can be integrated to answer new questions. This data reproposing is possible because the target signals are already encoded in the data and require proper tools to decode. In this regard, these methods are often called ``deconvolution" methods. In this dissertation, I will present …

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Neurodevelopmental Impacts Of Prenatal Exposures To Per- And Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances; Multiple Outcome Assessments In Childhood Age 5 To 11 Years, Jiajun Luo Oct 2021

Neurodevelopmental Impacts Of Prenatal Exposures To Per- And Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances; Multiple Outcome Assessments In Childhood Age 5 To 11 Years, Jiajun Luo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are synthetic fluorine-containing chemicals that are widely used in a variety of industrial and commercial applications. Several PFAS compounds were reported to be ubiquitously detected in blood samples collected from the general population since the 1990s. Concerns are raised that PFAS exposure among pregnant women could affect offspring neurodevelopment, mainly because of two reasons: a) PFAS can transfer across the placenta during early gestation making them a direct threat to fetal brain development, and b) PFAS can interfere with maternal endocrine homeostasis during pregnancy which has been suggested to play a crucial role on offspring …

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Essays On Strategic Transmission Of Information, Yujie Qian Oct 2021

Essays On Strategic Transmission Of Information, Yujie Qian

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This collection of papers analyzes three aspects of information transmission related to digital economies and social media communication: the impact of a social media platform that proactively screens misinformation; social learning in the presence of inauthentic signals; and the incentives for consumers to voluntarily disclose information about their willingness to pay.

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Novel Functions For Large Noncoding Nucleic Acids In Bacteria, Danielle Widner Oct 2021

Novel Functions For Large Noncoding Nucleic Acids In Bacteria, Danielle Widner

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Due to the compact nature of bacterial genomes, large, highly structured noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are rare, yet when present these large ncRNAs perform sophisticated biochemical functions, often as ribozymes. Even rarer are DNAs that adapt complex single-stranded structures, as natural opportunities for such structures to form and evolve are limited. Presented in this thesis is research on one large ncRNA and three highly structured, single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) that expands our knowledge of the functional capabilities of structured nucleic acids. OLE (Ornate, Large, Extremophilic) RNA is among the largest and most widespread ncRNAs in bacteria without an ascribed biochemical function. The …

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Viral Subjects: Stigma, Civil Society Activism, And The Making Of Hiv/Aids In Lebanon, Elizabeth Berk Oct 2021

Viral Subjects: Stigma, Civil Society Activism, And The Making Of Hiv/Aids In Lebanon, Elizabeth Berk

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines HIV/AIDS in Lebanon. It asks how people living with this illness do so in light of civil society activism to overcome social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and related issues. The first full-length ethnographic study of HIV/AIDS in the Middle East region, research for this project was conducted at various periods throughout 2015-2018 at civil society organizations, among physicians, and among people living with HIV. This dissertation employs the research techniques of semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and media analysis. It argues, overall, that the subjectivities of those living with, treating, and advocating for HIV/AIDS cannot be understood without …

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Environmental Mobility And Mental Health In Indonesia, Kate Burrows Oct 2021

Environmental Mobility And Mental Health In Indonesia, Kate Burrows

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Millions of people are displaced each year following climate- and weather-related disasters. These numbers are expected to grow as the frequency and severity of sudden-onset disasters become more extreme under climate change conditions. Additional population relocation will likely result from gradual impacts of slow-onset climate change including sea-level rise and drought. Despite the magnitude of this weather- and climate-related mobility (residential displacement and migration) both today and projected for the future, there is relatively limited empirical data assessing who is most likely to move after exposure to disasters, where they will go, and how this movement will impact their health …

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Latent Space Construction For Analyzing Large Genomic Data Sets, Wenlan N/A Zang Oct 2021

Latent Space Construction For Analyzing Large Genomic Data Sets, Wenlan N/A Zang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation presents a new framework for extracting signal from high-dimensional data using a latent-space construction with applications in genomic data sets. This construction follows the standard approach of considering the rank of a matrix containing useful information (signal) with the addition of noise. While the rank estimation usually depends on ill-posed methods that may result in an overabundance of noise or an under-abundance of signal, our approach provides accurate and robust estimates of the detectable signal, including distributional bounds for the magnitude of signal required for it to be detectable in the presence of noise. Along with the proposed …

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Next Generation Phenotyping In Clinical Trial Based On Real-World Data, Guannan Gong Oct 2021

Next Generation Phenotyping In Clinical Trial Based On Real-World Data, Guannan Gong

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Real-world data (RWD) or information generated outside of a traditional clinical trial, including electronic health records (EHRs), insurance claims and billing activity, product and disease registries, medical devices used in the home, and applications (apps) on mobile devices, provide a key analyte that can be used to advance biomedical investigation and drive discovery. While RWD can have significant value, analysis of these data has limitations and often requires new analytic approaches. One of the key areas in utilizing RWD is identifying patients with certain characteristics of interest through a process known as digital phenotyping. Although great benefits and potentials, identifying …

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Cross-Kingdom Expression Of Synthetic Genetic Elements Promotes The Discovery Of A New Class Of Nucleotide Analogs From The Human Microbiome, Jaymin Patel Oct 2021

Cross-Kingdom Expression Of Synthetic Genetic Elements Promotes The Discovery Of A New Class Of Nucleotide Analogs From The Human Microbiome, Jaymin Patel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The ability to mobilize functional genetic cargo into a versatile array of hosts is a defining challenge, as scientists increasingly reprogram diverse organisms as living therapeutics, for bioremediation, and as foundries for producing materials and molecules. However porting genetic material to diverse recipients is challenged by barriers to robust expression and mobilization. To address these challenges, we have developed an approach that integrates computer aided redesign of genetic sequences that are subsequently mobilized, expressed, and characterized cross-kingdom in diverse microbial hosts, including Gram negative and positive bacteria and yeast. Using the technology developed in this thesis, we were able to …

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Rational Design And Self-Assembly Studies Of Mixed-Graft Block Copolymers, An Le Oct 2021

Rational Design And Self-Assembly Studies Of Mixed-Graft Block Copolymers, An Le

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) represents a promising route to the bottom-up fabrication of nanostructured materials, which have potential applications in areas including microelectronics, separations, photonics, and energy storage. The versatility of BCPs in various applications draws on their highly tunable bulk properties, and their high performance relies on the nanostructures having precisely defined size, morphology, orientation, and molecular functionality. Control over BCP nanostructure and bulk properties can be exercised through judicious control of various aspects of molecular structures, such as molecular weight, chemical composition, stereochemistry, and chain architecture or topology. This thesis focuses on control of polymer properties …

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Writing Union Into Resistance: How Committees Of Correspondence Forged A Continental Community, Catherine Treesh Oct 2021

Writing Union Into Resistance: How Committees Of Correspondence Forged A Continental Community, Catherine Treesh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Committees of correspondence, made famous by Samuel Adams and his cohort in Boston during the American Revolution, actually operated in the large majority of Britain’s Atlantic colonies in the eighteenth century. Before 1764, colonists used these committees to make their political opinions known to lobbyists in England; after 1764, colonists largely used committees to discuss politics amongst themselves. Colonial assemblies, private groups of political radicals or merchants, and local town meetings all chose committees of correspondence – groups of 3-15 men who met regularly – to share their political opinions and organize protests over the following decade. In “Writing Union …

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Directed Assembly Of Anisotropic Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Self-Assembled Soft Mesophases, Uri Roei Gabinet Oct 2021

Directed Assembly Of Anisotropic Inorganic Nanomaterials Using Self-Assembled Soft Mesophases, Uri Roei Gabinet

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Anisotropic nanomaterials have propelled new technologies and materials in diverse fields ranging from electronics and photonics to catalysis and biomedicine. While initially nanomaterials’ utilization in application focused on their unique properties which are a direct result of their confinement to the nanoscale, such as size-dependent fluorescence or bandgap, more recently, additional properties and enhanced functionality are sought after by controlling the spatial organization and orientation of nanomaterials. Such advanced functionality can be enabled by controlling the juxtaposition of nanomaterials, eliciting an array-geometry-dependent effect from multiple individual nanostructures collectively interacting with one another, as is evident in plasmonic metamaterials. Another possibility …

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New Petrogenetic Approaches To The Study Of Ultrahigh-Temperature And Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks, Duncan Sutherland Keller Oct 2021

New Petrogenetic Approaches To The Study Of Ultrahigh-Temperature And Ultrahigh-Pressure Rocks, Duncan Sutherland Keller

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The degree to which rocks are heated and pressurized during mountain building controls fundamental characteristics of Earth’s lithosphere such as density and chemical composition, and influences cycling of life-essential elements (e.g. H, C, N, P). “Extreme” metamorphic rocks that reached exceptionally high pressures and/or temperatures compared to common examples are key to plumbing the limits of metamorphic processes. Extreme metamorphism encompasses high-pressure granulites (HPGs) formed during orogenic crustal overthickening, ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) rocks formed during intense heat flow, and deeply subducted ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) rocks returned to the surface. Critically, methods for recognizing these rocks are debated. This dissertation presents a series …

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Axonal Spheroids And Conduction Defects In Alzheimer’S Disease: Mechanisms And Therapeutic Implications, Mengyang Zhang Oct 2021

Axonal Spheroids And Conduction Defects In Alzheimer’S Disease: Mechanisms And Therapeutic Implications, Mengyang Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative condition characterized by widespread disruption in neural connectivity. One of the major pathological hallmarks of AD is the extracellular deposition of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, which is thought to trigger a cascade of events, eventually leading to cognitive decline. However, the precise mechanisms linking Aβ deposition and neural network disruption are not well understood. Extensive previous work has focused on mechanisms such as cell death and synapse loss as potential substrates for neural dysfunction. However, a significant but understudied pathology in AD is the markedly enlarged neuronal processes found around Aβ deposits, here termed …

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Probing The Upper Limits To Light-Matter Interactions: From Spontaneous Emission To Superresolution, Hyungki Shim Oct 2021

Probing The Upper Limits To Light-Matter Interactions: From Spontaneous Emission To Superresolution, Hyungki Shim

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As newly emerging optical devices and metamaterials enrich the photonic landscape, there is a growing need to understand the limits to optical response. Are current, physical-intuition-based designs already near the frontiers of what is possible, or can they be significantly further improved? New approaches are needed to explore the vast, physical design space. In this thesis, we will establish fundamental limits to light-matter interactions at three levels: in free space, where beam-shaping can be used for wide-ranging applications including superresolution, for arbitrary scattering structures, where we develop new tools for identifying "power-bandwidth limits" to near-field optical response, and, finally, at …

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Polymer Nanoparticles For Optimized Gene Delivery To Mucosal Tissues, Molly Grun Oct 2021

Polymer Nanoparticles For Optimized Gene Delivery To Mucosal Tissues, Molly Grun

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

After decades of pre-clinical and clinical research, gene therapies are finally achieving clinical success. There is rapidly growing interest in using the potential of nucleic acids to develop new treatment options in diverse fields of medicine, but effective gene therapies are still limited by effective delivery systems. Localized gene delivery to mucosal tissues—which include the eyes, respiratory system, digestive system, and female reproductive tract—are being developed to treat disorders and diseases ranging from cystic fibrosis to HIV. However, agent penetration through the mucus barrier that is common to all of these tissues poses a significant challenge to delivery vector design. …

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Architectures Of The Humanitarian Front, 1915-1930 The American Red Cross And The Refugee Settlement Commission Of The League Of Nations, Theodossios Issaias Oct 2021

Architectures Of The Humanitarian Front, 1915-1930 The American Red Cross And The Refugee Settlement Commission Of The League Of Nations, Theodossios Issaias

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines a period around WWI when conflict, displacement, and territorial insecurity provoked the reconfiguration of humanitarian operations –their spatial organization and ethical imperatives. Between the 1910s and 1930s, a flurry of humanitarian activity emerged, old institutions were restructured, new institutions were formed, and new methods of action crystalized, entrenching representations, languages, and practices that have stayed with us ever since. The dissertation begins with an examination of the American Red Cross (ARC, 1881-), as it transformed from a relatively unknown philanthropic society into the only recognized relief organization responsible for administering foreign aid on the country’s behalf. Contingent …

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The Embryology And Evolutionary Biology Of The Tetrapod Limb Musculature, Daniel Smith Paredes Oct 2021

The Embryology And Evolutionary Biology Of The Tetrapod Limb Musculature, Daniel Smith Paredes

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tetrapods came out of water in great part thanks to the evolution of fins into limbs. This transition greatly modified the skeletal structure of fins but also its muscular anatomy. Land vertebrates exhibit a wide range of morphologies and lifestyles, enabled in many cases by their different limb morphologies. Different as they might be, a wing of a bird and a flipper of a whale are composed of the same bones, and the same muscles, but while we have a more achieved understanding of the homologies of the skeletal elements, the evolutionary identities and relationships between muscles of the limb …

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Cell Biology Of Axon Degeneration And Regeneration In Vivo, Chen Ding Oct 2021

Cell Biology Of Axon Degeneration And Regeneration In Vivo, Chen Ding

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Axons are fundamental connective units that mediate information flow in nervous systems. Axon degeneration breaks neural circuits and is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases. Axon regeneration has the potential to repair damaged circuits. Here I investigate the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying both axon degeneration and regeneration in C. elegans in vivo. In the first part of the dissertation, I examine a specific type of axon degeneration that is caused by mitochondria defects. I describe a novel calsyntenin-CaMKII-Sarm1-MAPK pathway involved in this type of axon degeneration. I further demonstrate that by modulating this signaling pathway, degeneration can be dramatically delayed. …

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Identification Of Signaling Mechanisms Controlling The Development Of Organ-Specific Vascular Networks, Jinyu Li Oct 2021

Identification Of Signaling Mechanisms Controlling The Development Of Organ-Specific Vascular Networks, Jinyu Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Blood vessels form highly branched networks that extend throughout the entire body. Endothelial cells forming the inner lining of blood vessels are responsible for vascular growth and physiological function, in that they control the exchange of gases, nutrients and immune cells between blood and tissues and respond to injury by mounting an appropriate repair response. While considered a homogenous cell population, endothelial cells display heterogeneity in structure and function and in health and disease. This structural and functional variability enables endothelial cells to adapt to their microenvironment and perform different roles in each organ. Various organotypic vascular beds have been …

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