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Quantitative Studies On International Security: Military Recruitment And Effectiveness, Chinese Public Nuclear Attitudes, And Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, Changwook Ju Apr 2024

Quantitative Studies On International Security: Military Recruitment And Effectiveness, Chinese Public Nuclear Attitudes, And Conflict-Related Sexual Violence, Changwook Ju

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines conflict, violence, and security data to provide systematic knowledge about three cutting-edge topics in international security. The first chapter of this dissertation analyzes cross-national battle-level observational data and American battlefield performance in Vietnam to investigate the effects of different military recruitment strategies on battlefield effectiveness. The analysis finds that conscript armies outperform their volunteer counterparts in standard casualty-based battlefield effectiveness metrics; this effect is further bolstered by democratic regime type and longer enlistment terms. The second chapter employs an original survey experiment fielded in mainland China to challenge the purported normative constraints on nuclear use in China …

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Dissecting The Role Of Neuromodulators In Value-Based Decision Making, Heather Ortega Apr 2024

Dissecting The Role Of Neuromodulators In Value-Based Decision Making, Heather Ortega

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Neuromodulators such as acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) play diverse roles in the central nervous system. Structurally they are organized to exert a coordinating force over many brain regions as their nuclei project widely. Functionally both neuromodulators serve basic functions including arousal and attention as well as more complex roles such as learning and reinforcement. More interestingly, new evidence points to a distinct cognitive utility where ACh may influence learning and NE promotes stochastic choice. Evidence for these roles comes primarily from pharmacological depletion studies, recording from nuclei, and Pavlovian or sensory-cue guided tasks. However, the computational roles of NE …

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Reading Sonority: Heian Songbooks And The Japanese Poetic Tradition, James Scanlon Apr 2024

Reading Sonority: Heian Songbooks And The Japanese Poetic Tradition, James Scanlon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines Heian period kayō “songs'' and their textual medium, fuhon, vernacular “songbooks.” Kayō and fuhon constitute a corpus of vernacular songs as well as a body of texts that inscribe popular banquet and ritual court songs produced at the height of vernacular literary production in the Heian period (ca. 9—13 c.). Historically, fuhon have been regarded as peripheral to the contemporaneous literary milieu, predominantly overlooked as reflections of aural performance. I argue that this view misconstrues fuhon as texts composed orally, instead of as oral texts. Drawing upon an analysis of extant manuscripts and commentaries, I show that …

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Language Forecasting: With Focus On Variation And Change In Icelandic, Sigridur Saeunn Sigurdardottir Apr 2024

Language Forecasting: With Focus On Variation And Change In Icelandic, Sigridur Saeunn Sigurdardottir

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Language forecasting, i.e., predicting the future state of a language, has long been regarded with a fair amount of skepticism. This is partly due to language change often being considered sudden, random, unpredictable, and viewed as the result of complex interacting factors that are not well understood (e.g., Keller 1994:72; Bauer 1994:25; Labov 1994:10; Croft 2000:3; discussion in Sanchez-Stockhammer 2015). Some have gone as far as to claim that “[d]iachronic linguistics is not a predictive science” (Bauer 1994:25). Nevertheless, more positive views on the possibility of language forecasting have emerged in recent years (Sóskuthy 2015; Sanchez-Stockhammer 2015; Van de Velde …

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Identifying The Multilevel Factors Influencing Provider Recommendations For Adolescent Vaccines, Mallory Kathryn Ellingson Apr 2024

Identifying The Multilevel Factors Influencing Provider Recommendations For Adolescent Vaccines, Mallory Kathryn Ellingson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Health care provider (HCP) recommendations are a key predictor of vaccineacceptance among parents of adolescents. However, HCP recommendations for adolescent vaccines are not universal. In order to address disparities in HCP recommendations, we must first understand why recommendations vary. The factors that influence a HCP recommendation are multilevel. At the individual level, a HCP’s own knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about a vaccine can influence how or if they recommend the vaccine to a patient. At the interpersonal level, the characteristics of the patient can impact how a HCP perceives disease risk or need for a vaccine in their patient. At …

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Geometry Of A Ghost: Chicago Footwork And The Sound System Continuum, Wills Glasspiegel Apr 2024

Geometry Of A Ghost: Chicago Footwork And The Sound System Continuum, Wills Glasspiegel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Geometry of a Ghost: Chicago Footwork and the Sound System Continuum is a dissertation in African American Studies and American Studies. It documents a cultural, music and dance history of Chicago footwork. Footwork is a style of Black electronic music and dance with roots in the 1980s history of Chicago house music. Across three chapters, it frames Chicago footwork within a broad spectrum of Black electronic dance music histories across the Americas. Chapter One focuses on the rise of sound system culture in Jamaica and the art of disco DJing in New York City. Across multiple sites, Chapter One documents …

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Robust Machine Learning For Biomedical Data: Efficiency, Reliability, And Generalizability, Chenyu You Apr 2024

Robust Machine Learning For Biomedical Data: Efficiency, Reliability, And Generalizability, Chenyu You

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the rapidly growing area of machine learning (ML), there is profound promise in crafting intelligent, data-driven methods for diverse real-world applications. Yet, in safety-critical domains like healthcare, some fundamental challenges remain. First, the insufficiency of raw biomedical data emphasizes the need for data-efficient and robust learning approaches.Second, the imperative of safety and stability necessitates a cohesive framework that unifies learning with theoretical guarantees. Third, the inherent heterogeneity and distribution shifts in real-world clinical data call for robust and generalizable learning methods. Amid the challenges we face, my research vision is to establish a solid foundation for healthcare and machine …

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Models For Interrogating The Role Of Glutathione Biosynthesis In Pancreatic Islet Development And Function, Emily Ann Davidson Apr 2024

Models For Interrogating The Role Of Glutathione Biosynthesis In Pancreatic Islet Development And Function, Emily Ann Davidson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Currently, over 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, a disease characterized by impaired insulin synthesis, and/or utilization. Of diabetics, roughly 90% have type 2 diabetes and develop high blood glucose caused by pancreatic islet dysfunction. The islet is composed of five different endocrine cell types. Sixty - 80% (varies by species) of islet cells are insulin-producing β cells. A hallmark characteristic of dysfunctional β cells is impaired insulin secretion. Among the many factors implicated in islet cell dysfunction is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular antioxidant capacity. During oxidative stress, …

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Nuclear Quantum Effects And Proton Transfer Mechanisms In Molecular And Solid- Liquid Interface Systems, Benjamin John Guy Rousseau Apr 2024

Nuclear Quantum Effects And Proton Transfer Mechanisms In Molecular And Solid- Liquid Interface Systems, Benjamin John Guy Rousseau

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Due to their small mass, protons often exhibit non-classical behavior that can dramatically affect chemical processes. For molecular systems, nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) can be accurately described by electronic structure theory within the nuclear electronic orbital (NEO) framework, wherein select nuclei of interest are treated on the same level of ES theory as the electrons. Within the NEO framework, an affordable and systematically improvable method was developed that produces proton affinities and proton densities of the same quality as a highly accurate and expensive method. In addition to affecting ground state properties of molecules, nuclear quantum effects can also dramatically …

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Essays On Positive And Normative Aspects Of Environmental Policy, Mirco Dinelli Apr 2024

Essays On Positive And Normative Aspects Of Environmental Policy, Mirco Dinelli

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Climate change is one of the main global challenges we face today. It is significant not only because of the size of the impact that a changing climate can potentially have on our lives, but also because of how challenging it is to solve. Economists are often concerned with externalities: when an individual's or group's actions have a positive or negative effect on others, but there is no incentive for the acting group to take the damage or benefit into account. Climate change, unfortunately, has a host of externalities tied to it: At the individual level, I have an incentive …

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Matching Missions To Means: Targeted Resource Allocation In The Non-Profit Sector, Akshaya Suresh Apr 2024

Matching Missions To Means: Targeted Resource Allocation In The Non-Profit Sector, Akshaya Suresh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation addresses the challenge of optimizing resource allocation in the non-profit sector. Non-profit organizations have to make real-time decisions that are not only efficient but also equitable. In many cases, new analytic approaches could allow for better informed, data-driven decision-making. Yet, despite their critical role, these organizations often lack the capacity to tap into these tools to increase their impact. This research attempts to bridge this gap through two applications: the identification of students with reading disabilities and the matching of volunteers to organizations. Chapter 2 critiques the current process for diagnosing reading disabilities among students, highlighting the inefficiencies …

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Single-Cell Perturbation Of Human Accelerated Regions In Neural Stem Cells, Mark Alan Noble Apr 2024

Single-Cell Perturbation Of Human Accelerated Regions In Neural Stem Cells, Mark Alan Noble

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The evolutionary emergence of the uniquely large and complex human brain isunderpinned by the alteration and expansion of the neural stem and progenitor cell (NSC) pool during development. These modifications are the manifestation of numerous regulatory and genetic changes, many of which have yet to be described. One salient set of candidates consists of ~1500 Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), which are noncoding regions of the genome that have been highly constrained throughout evolution until the human lineage, where a significant number of substitutions occur, indicating divergent functions. I designed a direct-capture Perturb-seq screen repressing 180 HARs with evidence of neurodevelopmental …

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Bodipy As A Chromophore And An Anchor To Metal Oxides For Solar Fuel Applications, Josephine Anne Jayworth Apr 2024

Bodipy As A Chromophore And An Anchor To Metal Oxides For Solar Fuel Applications, Josephine Anne Jayworth

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

To meet current goals for carbon neutral economies it is important to transition to renewable energy sources and storage solutions. Solar radiation is a cheap and abundant source of renewable energy, but it suffers in grid scale applications due to being intermittent and diffuse. Similar to how plants use sunlight to store energy in the form of sugar via photosynthesis, artificial systems can store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds as solar fuels. One such type of artificial system is a water splitting dye sensitized photoelectrochemical cell (WS-DSPEC), which will be discussed throughout this thesis. WS-DSPECs are introduced …

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Two Topics On Quantizations Of Quiver Varieties, Yaochen Wu Apr 2024

Two Topics On Quantizations Of Quiver Varieties, Yaochen Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation is devoted to the study of two topics on quantizations of quiver varieties, combining the works of the author during his PhD. The first topic concerns graded Poisson deformations of quiver varieties. We provide algorithms to compute the Namikawa-Weyl group of the affinization of a smooth Nakajima quiver variety from the quiver combinatorial data. This extends a result of [MN19] for quiver varieties associated to Dynkin quivers. The second topic concerns the classification of Harish-Chandra bimodules over the quantizations of flower quiver varieties, i.e. the quiver with one vertex and ≥ 2 edge-loops. We show that if the …

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Some Bonuses Are Bigger Than Others? Benchmark-Beating Pressure And The Gender Pay Gap, Lucas Chihuan Lee Apr 2024

Some Bonuses Are Bigger Than Others? Benchmark-Beating Pressure And The Gender Pay Gap, Lucas Chihuan Lee

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This essay presents evidence of the gendered effect of firm financial pressures on compensation. For identification, I examine the relation between the gender pay gap and managers’ pressure to meet earnings expectations (i.e., benchmark-beating pressure). Using UK subsidiary-level data for the 2017–2021 period, I find that the gender difference in bonuses increases by 4.23 percentage points in firms that meet or just beat analyst forecasts, compared to firms that miss or comfortably beat analyst expectations, even after controlling for job roles. This suggests that benchmark-beating pressure exacerbates the gender pay gap, consistent with research indicating that women are less likely …

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Bronze Age Prone Burials Of The Mongolian Gobi Desert: An Anthropological Study Of Mortuary Traditions, Bukhchuluun Dashzeveg Apr 2024

Bronze Age Prone Burials Of The Mongolian Gobi Desert: An Anthropological Study Of Mortuary Traditions, Bukhchuluun Dashzeveg

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Late Bronze Age (LBA) and Early Iron Age (EIA) in Mongolia witnessed significant changes in mortuary practices, particularly the transition from prone burials to the slab grave tradition. This dissertation investigates the complex interplay between socio-cultural, political, and ideological factors that shaped these transformations, focusing on the reuse of burial spaces at the Shiriin Chuluu site in the Gobi Desert. In attempting to better understand the prone burial tradition of the Gobi and eastern Mongolia, I focus specifically on the history and utility of the prone concept as a category; the emergence and spread of these practices as a …

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Characterizations Of Replica-Symmetry In Mean-Field Spin Glasses, Lai Heng Timothy Wee Apr 2024

Characterizations Of Replica-Symmetry In Mean-Field Spin Glasses, Lai Heng Timothy Wee

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This thesis studies structural properties of mean-field spin glasses in the replica-symmetric phase and establishes their equivalences in a general framework. We give a random projections result that characterizes the distribution of low-dimensional projections of random vectors exhibiting replica-symmetric properties of thin-shell and overlap concentration as approximately random Gaussians. A converse is provided, showing that asymptotically random Gaussian projections imply these hypotheses. This extends and unites several existing results in geometric functional analysis and spin glasses. We then present a new approach to local independence in spin glasses, i.e.~the phenomenon that any fixed subset of coordinates is asymptotically independent in …

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Utilizing Meta-Analytical And Causal Inference Methods To Evaluate The Impacts Of Environmental Risk Factors On Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Xiaoting Shi Apr 2024

Utilizing Meta-Analytical And Causal Inference Methods To Evaluate The Impacts Of Environmental Risk Factors On Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, Xiaoting Shi

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is one of the most common hematologic malignancies in the world. Despite substantial efforts to identify causes and risk factors for NHL over the past few decades, the etiology of NHL is largely unclear. The overarching goal of this three-part dissertation is to use different meta-analytical and causal inference methods to identify and evaluate potential environmental risk factors for NHL. For the first project of this dissertation, we conducted an umbrella review to summarize the range, strength, and consistency of all associations between environmental risk factors and NHL reported in published meta-analyses. We identified 85 meta-analyses of …

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Error Mitigation And Detection In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Powered By Qnd Measurements, Jacob Charles Curtis Apr 2024

Error Mitigation And Detection In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Powered By Qnd Measurements, Jacob Charles Curtis

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Superconducting cavities coupled to transmon ancillae are a promising platform for fault-tolerant quantum computation. This pairing produces universal control over a long-lived bosonic mode, in whose many levels we encode a logical qubit or physical quantum system, such as the vibrational modes of a molecule. However, unwanted static interactions and spurious couplings to the environment limit the accuracy of computations. In this dissertation, we tackle each of these error sources in turn. Our solutions exploit the ability of the transmon to perform high-fidelity measurements of the cavity mode without disturbing its stored information. First, we present our efforts to reduce …

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Aristotle's Privations, Benjamin Koons Apr 2024

Aristotle's Privations, Benjamin Koons

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Aristotle’s hylomorphism—his analysis of material substances into form and matter—has seen a resurgence in contemporary metaphysics. Yet Aristotle himself appealed to a third principle of material substances—privation. This is surprising, since substances are supposed to be the paradigmatic beings in Aristotle’s ontology, and yet privations—what a substance should have but does not—seem to be a kind of non-being. Equally surprising, Aristotle also ascribes efficient causality to privations: a privation like the absence of a pilot from the ship can cause a shipwreck. What do privations have to be like to play these kinds of roles in Aristotle’s philosophy? Such roles …

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Statistical Theory And Algorithms For Sequential Decision Making, Yifei Min Apr 2024

Statistical Theory And Algorithms For Sequential Decision Making, Yifei Min

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Statistical learning has proven highly effective across a wide array of applications. Among the various areas within statistical learning, one of particular interest is the study of decision making in dynamic environments, known as sequential decision making. With the rapid advancement of reinforcement learning and deep learning, practitioners increasingly encounter dynamic environments in real-world scenarios like robot control, vehicle navigation, medical science, and finance. This thesis concentrates on statistical estimation, evaluation, and optimization for sequential decision making problems. In such problems, a prevalent statistical model for the dynamic environment is the Markov Decision Process (MDP), characterized by features such as …

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Mapping And Functional Characterization Of Hox Gene Expression Patterns In Human Normal Tissue And Solid Tumors, Vadim Kurbatov Apr 2024

Mapping And Functional Characterization Of Hox Gene Expression Patterns In Human Normal Tissue And Solid Tumors, Vadim Kurbatov

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

HOX genes, fundamental in directing embryonic development, are implicated in the spatial organization and functional differentiation of tissues. Their influence, traditionally investigated during early developmental stages, has been noted in a wide variety of malignant processes, albeit at a single gene level in the context of individual cancer types. Given that the HOX genes represent a complex and interrelated network, a unified model evaluating the role of the entire set of HOX genes in cancer has not yet been achieved. Similarly, an overarching model that considers HOX gene patterns in multiple cancer types is absent. This study aims to discover …

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Structural Insights Into Group Ii Intron Splicing And Retrotransposition, Kevin Chung Apr 2024

Structural Insights Into Group Ii Intron Splicing And Retrotransposition, Kevin Chung

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Pre-mRNA processing is a critical metabolic step in eukaryotes. RNA transcripts must be spliced, polyadenylated, and capped, among other modifications, to ensure their proper function. Group II introns are an archetypal splicing system that can catalyze their self-excision and retroelements that invade DNA. They provide a window into understanding the evolution of splicing and have played an important role in shaping the eukaryotic genome as the ancestors of spliceosomal introns, telomerases, and non-LTR retrotransposons. Group II introns consist of a well-folded, large-structured RNA that forms a ribonucleoprotein complex with their encoded maturases to carry out splicing and intron integration functions. …

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Quantum Control And Error Correction Of Grid States In A Superconducting Oscillator, Alec William Eickbusch Apr 2024

Quantum Control And Error Correction Of Grid States In A Superconducting Oscillator, Alec William Eickbusch

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The potential of quantum systems for computation is challenged by decoherence, a process in which the system interacts with its noisy, uncontrolled environment. However, with quantum error correction (QEC), robust quantum computation in the presence of noise is possible. In a QEC encoding, information is stored as non-local correlations in an engineered multi-state, quantum many-body system. One promising encoding is the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code, in which logical states are encoded as oscillator grid states. However, ever since the code was envisioned in 2001, its experimental realization had remained out of reach. The most important barrier for realization was the code …

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Motion Correction Strategies In Dynamic Pet, Xueqi Guo Apr 2024

Motion Correction Strategies In Dynamic Pet, Xueqi Guo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) is more desirable in oncologic and cardiovascular measurements with tracer dynamics compared with static PET. Parametric imaging can extract more informative physiological parameters from whole-body dynamic PET images using compartmental kinetic modeling. Absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimation from cardiac dynamic PET provides incremental information on heart function that cannot be determined from conventional relative myocardial perfusion imaging. However, during the relatively long time period of dynamic PET scanning, the inevitable subject motion in dynamic PET introduces inter-frame mismatch, seriously impacting parametric imaging and MBF quantification. Additionally, the tracer distribution change across the dynamic frames …

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Quantum Geometry And Topology In Graphene Moiré Superlattices, Chao Ma Apr 2024

Quantum Geometry And Topology In Graphene Moiré Superlattices, Chao Ma

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Geometry, an old yet vibrant field in mathematics whose name originates from Ancient Greek, signifying “land measurement,” holds profound and expansive applications across a spectrum of disciplines including art, architecture, science, and engineering. Fundamental concepts within geometry, such as vector bundles and connections, curvature and metric, symmetry and topology, serve as indispensable tools for comprehending the physical universe: from the standard model of elementary particles to Einstein’s general theory of relativity, and electromagnetic waves and matter at various scales. Quantum geometry emerges as a set of geometrical principles crucial for understanding the natural world when quantum mechanics dominates the underlying …

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Essays In Gender Economics, Helena Laneuville Teixeira Garcia Apr 2024

Essays In Gender Economics, Helena Laneuville Teixeira Garcia

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In the first chapter, I identify a gender promotion gap among judges in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, and characterize its labor-demand and labor-supply-related drivers. To do so, I construct a novel dataset that measures characteristics, skills, and observable performance on the job and the process of career advancement. Women take significantly longer to be promoted within the Trial Court and, consequently, acquire less experience with larger court districts. At the end of their career, they are four times less likely than men to reach the Appeals Court. On the labor supply side, women are 14% less likely to …

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Deriving Cell And Gene Dynamics From Single-Cell Omics Data, Rihao Qu Apr 2024

Deriving Cell And Gene Dynamics From Single-Cell Omics Data, Rihao Qu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Single-cell sequencing techniques have revolutionized our understanding of cellular diversity within tissues and organs. Typically, single-cell data is preprocessed into a feature-by-cell count matrix, where feature values represent gene expression, chromatin accessibility, protein levels, etc. In the realm of computational analysis, cells are conceptualized as points in a high-dimensional feature space. Under distinct conditions or due to experimental perturbations, specific cellular states may exhibit differential abundance. This can be detected by comparing cell density distributions within the feature space. In Chapter 1, we present a novel computational framework by employing a random-walk-based local two-sample test. This approach enables multiscale, cluster-free, …

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Integrated Multiscale Mechano-Biological Study Of Lung And Liver Tissues, Hugh Xiao Apr 2024

Integrated Multiscale Mechano-Biological Study Of Lung And Liver Tissues, Hugh Xiao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tissues and bodily fluids undergo continuous changes as a natural life cycle process. Extracellular matrices (ECMs), which provide structural and biochemical support for the cells, and extracellular fluids (ECFs), which transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products, exhibit several mechanical properties that can impact cell behaviors. These properties include, for example, fibrillar alignment, density, and stiffness of ECMs, and osmolarity and viscosity of ECFs. These mechano-biological cues can impact cell behaviors and change tissue landscapes. Fibrosis is known for thickened extracellular matrix, which involves many changes in mechanical properties of extracellular environment. There is much to be explored as to how …

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Effects Of Internal Migration, Trade Liberalization, And Place-Based Tax Policies On Inequalities In Vietnam, Nghiem Quang Huynh Apr 2024

Effects Of Internal Migration, Trade Liberalization, And Place-Based Tax Policies On Inequalities In Vietnam, Nghiem Quang Huynh

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Spatial inequality and demographic imbalances are pressing concerns in many developing countries, as they can hinder economic growth, social stability, and overall well-being. This dissertation examines the effects of policy interventions on spatial inequality and demographic outcomes in the unique context of Vietnam. The first chapter quantifies the impact of place-based tax incentives and eased migration barriers on spatial inequality, while the second chapter investigates the relationship between trade liberalization and the elevated sex ratio at birth (SRB). In the first chapter, I develop a dynamic general equilibrium model that allows for rich interactions between place-based and migration policies, government …

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