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A Potential Tolerogeneic Role Of Skin Grafts In Previously Tolerant Animals, Joshua Weiner Aug 2010

A Potential Tolerogeneic Role Of Skin Grafts In Previously Tolerant Animals, Joshua Weiner

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

A POTENTIAL TOLEROGENEIC ROLE OF SKIN GRAFTS IN PREVIOUSLY TOLERANT ANIMALS Joshua Weiner, Kazuhiko Yamada, Joseph Scalea, Yoshinori Ishikawa, Masayoshi Okumi, Adam Griesemer, Atsushi Hirakata, Justin Etter, Akira Shimizu, and David H. Sachs. Transplantation Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA. (Sponsored by Sukru H. Emre, Department of Surgery, Section of Transplantation and Immunology, Yale University School of Medicine). We have previously shown that long-term tolerance to class I disparate renal allografts in miniature swine is induced by a short course of Cyclosporine A (CyA). In these tolerant animals (TOL), the tolerance has been shown to …

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Evidence For Association Of Non-Acetylated Histones With Newly Replicated Epstein-Barr Virus Dna, Sungeeta Agrawal Aug 2010

Evidence For Association Of Non-Acetylated Histones With Newly Replicated Epstein-Barr Virus Dna, Sungeeta Agrawal

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) has two states of infection, latent and lytic. During the latent state the viral genome remains stable in cells as episomes and replicates with cellular DNA. During the lytic cycle the viral DNA becomes amplified and packaged in newly formed virions. An unsolved problem is whether newly replicated EBV DNA produced upon lytic cycle activation is associated with histones, and if so, whether these histones are acetylated. This question has biological significance as knowing the chromatin structure of genes is important in determining their function and expression profile. Our hypothesis is that newly synthesized EBV lytic DNA …

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Socially-Perceived Race, Perceived Healthcare Discrimination And Preventive Health Service Utilization, Tracy Macintosh Aug 2010

Socially-Perceived Race, Perceived Healthcare Discrimination And Preventive Health Service Utilization, Tracy Macintosh

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

SOCIALLY-PERCEIVED RACE, PERCEIVED HEALTHCARE DISCRIMINATION AND PREVENTIVE HEALTH SERVICE UTILIZATION Tracy St. Louis MacIntosh, Mayur M. Desai, and Marcella Nunez-Smith. Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT. Self-identified racial/ethnic minorities are less likely to receive preventive care and more likely to report healthcare discrimination than whites. However, these outcomes may vary depending on whether racial/ethnic minorities are socially-perceived as minority versus white. We hypothesized that self-identified racial/ethnic minorities who believe they are socially-perceived as white have higher rates of preventive care and are less likely to report healthcare discrimination compared to minorities who believe they …

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Mature Dendritic Cells Use Endocytic Receptors To Capture And Present Antigens, Craig Daniel Platt May 2010

Mature Dendritic Cells Use Endocytic Receptors To Capture And Present Antigens, Craig Daniel Platt

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

In response to inflammatory stimuli, dendritic cells (DCs) trigger maturation, a terminal differentiation program required to initiate T lymphocyte responses. A hallmark of maturation is downregulation of endocytosis, widely assumed to restrict the ability of mature DCs to capture and present antigens encountered after the initial stimulus. We found that mature DCs continue to internalize antigens, especially by receptor-mediated endocytosis and phagocytosis. These antigens were transported to lysosomal compartments, loaded onto MHCII, and presented efficiently to T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Antigens were also presented on MHCI with high efficiency. While mature DCs down-regulate macropinocytosis, they capture …

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Yale Medicine : Alumni Bulletin Of The School Of Medicine, Spring 2010, Yale University. School Of Medicine Apr 2010

Yale Medicine : Alumni Bulletin Of The School Of Medicine, Spring 2010, Yale University. School Of Medicine

Yale Medicine Magazine - alumni bulletin and magazine

This is the Spring 2010 issue of Yale Medicine: alumni bulletin of the School of Medicine, v. 44, no. 3. Prepared in cooperation with the alumni and development offices at the School of Medicine. Earlier volumes are called Yale School of Medicine alumni bulletins, dating from v.1 (1953) through v.13 (1965).

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Annual Report 2009, Parex Bank Mar 2010

Annual Report 2009, Parex Bank

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No abstract provided.

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Annual Report 2009, Parex Banka Mar 2010

Annual Report 2009, Parex Banka

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No abstract provided.

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Characterization Of A Murine Gammaherpesvirus In Vitro Latency System, Kudakwashe Mutyambizi Jan 2010

Characterization Of A Murine Gammaherpesvirus In Vitro Latency System, Kudakwashe Mutyambizi

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

The human gammaherpesviruses EBV and KSHV realize their oncogenic potential during latent infection. The species specificity of the human gammaherpesviruses has hindered the study of latency in animal models. Murine gammaherpesvirus MHV-68 (MHV-68) may be used as a representative gammaherpesvirus for the study of latency. The goal was to establish an in vitro model of MHV-68 latency using replication defective MHV-68. ORF50 has been identified as the major viral trans-activator essential for entry into the lytic replication cycle and necessary and sufficient for reactivation of MHV-68 virus from latency. ORF50 null mutants (A50) can theoretically be used to infect cells …

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Molecular Characterization Of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Pilot Studies, Neil Bipinchandra Desai Jan 2010

Molecular Characterization Of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ: Pilot Studies, Neil Bipinchandra Desai

Yale Medicine Thesis Digital Library

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS); is thought directly to precede invasive breast cancer (IBC). Screening mammography has driven the incidence of this key precursor lesion to >65,000 cases per year. However, little is known about the factors controlling the natural history or risk for recurrence following treatment of a particular patients DCIS. Though the heterogeneity of the disease is well established, no histologic or demographic criteria have been able to stratify DCIS for treatment. We hypothesize that at initial diagnosis there exist biologically distinct subsets of DCIS with associated prognoses that may be recognized by molecular markers. Molecular approaches have …

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Editorial, Kenneth H. Brink Jan 2010

Editorial, Kenneth H. Brink

Journal of Marine Research

With the completion of Volume 67 of the Journal of Marine Research, George Veronis is stepping down after having served as editor for 37 years. In the Journal’s 73-year history, there have been only three editors, and George has served the longest. During George’s tenure, the Journal has prospered and it has strengthened its position as one of the best oceanographic scholarly Journals. The entire oceanographic community should be grateful for George’s commitment to excellence, hard work and commitment. His accomplishments with the Journal are most impressive.

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Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux Jan 2010

Larval Responses To Turbulence And Temperature In A Tidal Inlet: Habitat Selection By Dispersing Gastropods?, Heidi L. Fuchs, Andrew R. Solow, Lauren S. Mullineaux

Journal of Marine Research

Marine larval dispersal is affected by hydrodynamic transport and larval behavior, but little is known about how behavior affects large-scale patterns of dispersal and recruitment. Intertidal habitats are characterized by strong and variable turbulence relative to shelf and pelagic waters, so larval responses to turbulence may affect both dispersal and habitat selection. This study combined observations and theoretical approaches to model gastropod larval responses to multiple physical variables in a well-mixed tidal inlet. Physical measurements and larvae were collected in July 2004 in Barnstable Harbor, Massachusetts (USA). Physical measurements were incorporated in an advection-diffusion model where larval vertical velocity is …

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Oxygen Isotope Ratio, Barium And Salinity In Waters Around The North American Coast From The Pacific To The Atlantic: Implications For Freshwater Sources To The Arctic Throughflow, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Eddy C. Carmack, Fiona A. Mclaughlin, Kelly K. Falkner Jan 2010

Oxygen Isotope Ratio, Barium And Salinity In Waters Around The North American Coast From The Pacific To The Atlantic: Implications For Freshwater Sources To The Arctic Throughflow, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Eddy C. Carmack, Fiona A. Mclaughlin, Kelly K. Falkner

Journal of Marine Research

In 2002, oxygen isotope ratios of water (H218O/H216O), dissolved barium, and salinity were measured in surface waters around northern North America to identify freshwater sources and to provide a large-scale background for interpretation of regional inputs and processes. Oxygen isotope ratios showed that precipitation, river runoff, and sea ice meltwater were all significant contributors to the freshwater carried by the coastal component of the Arctic throughflow. Precipitation and runoff contributed <40% and >60%, respectively, to the freshwater found in surface waters along the Pacific coast. Sea ice meltwater contributed up to 65% to waters residing near …

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Onset Of Time-Dependence In A Double-Gyre Circulation: Barotropic Basin Modes Versus Classical Baroclinic Modes, Hristina G. Hristova, Henk A. Dijkstra, Michael A. Spall Jan 2010

Onset Of Time-Dependence In A Double-Gyre Circulation: Barotropic Basin Modes Versus Classical Baroclinic Modes, Hristina G. Hristova, Henk A. Dijkstra, Michael A. Spall

Journal of Marine Research

Using a fully-implicit high-resolution two-layer quasi-geostrophic model combined with pseudo-arclength continuation methods, we perform a bifurcation analysis of double-gyre ocean flows to study their initial oscillatory instabilities. In this model, both wind- and thermally-forced flows can be represented. We demonstrate that on the branch of anti-symmetric steady-state solutions the ratio, Ω, of the flow advective speed to the long internal Rossby wave speed determines the type of oscillatory modes to first become unstable. This is the same nondimensional parameter that controls the shape of the geostrophic contours in the linear limit of the circulation. For large values of Ω, the …

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Upwelling Limitation By Onshore Geostrophic Flow, P. Marchesiello, P. Estrade Jan 2010

Upwelling Limitation By Onshore Geostrophic Flow, P. Marchesiello, P. Estrade

Journal of Marine Research

Although coastal upwelling has now been the subject of many studies, the only available dynamical upwelling index is derived from a simple relation between upwelling intensity and alongshore winds stress. In this study, we first present a primitive equation model simulation of the New Caledonia island region to show that upwelling intensity can be limited by onshore geostrophic flow. Then, we propose a new analytical model accounting for the effect of onshore geostrophic flow on the structure of upwelling. The analytical model is shown to match remarkably well the solution of the primitive equation model. Used as an upwelling index, …

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Oxygen Penetration Around Burrows And Roots In Aquatic Sediments, F. J. R. Meysman, O. S. Galaktionov, R. N. Glud, J. J. Middelburg Jan 2010

Oxygen Penetration Around Burrows And Roots In Aquatic Sediments, F. J. R. Meysman, O. S. Galaktionov, R. N. Glud, J. J. Middelburg

Journal of Marine Research

Diffusion is the dominant physical mechanism for the transfer of oxygen into fine-grained aquatic sediments. This diffusive uptake occurs at the sediment-water interface, but also at internal interfaces, such as along ventilated burrows or O2 releasing plant roots. Here, we present a systematic model analysis of the oxygen transfer at such biological interfaces. We list the equations for the O2 distribution, the flux, the oxygen penetration distance (OPD), the oxygenated sediment volume, and the irrigational oxygen uptake (IOU) as a function of biological parameters, such as burrow/root radius and burrow/root density. We also provide a set of computational …

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Relative Displacement Probability Distribution Functions From Balloons And Drifters, J. H. Lacasce Jan 2010

Relative Displacement Probability Distribution Functions From Balloons And Drifters, J. H. Lacasce

Journal of Marine Research

The focus of relative (pair) dispersion studies in the atmosphere and ocean is often on the mean square particle separation or the Finite Scale Lyapunov Exponent. Much less attention has been paid to the probability density function (PDF) of pair separations, despite that this determines the dispersion. In two-dimensional (2-D), nondivergent, homogeneous flows, the PDF is governed by a Fokker-Planck equation. Analytical solutions exist for the turbulent inertial ranges, but these have rarely been compared to observations.We consider the analytical PDFs for the turbulent inertial ranges and derive a new solution for the 2-D energy range. We then compare the …

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George Veronis: An Appreciation, K. H. Brink, K. K. Turekian Jan 2010

George Veronis: An Appreciation, K. H. Brink, K. K. Turekian

Journal of Marine Research

George Veronis was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey on June 3, 1926, one of six accomplished children of a Greek immigrant couple. He grew up in Easton, Pennsylvania, where his talent for mathematics was recognized early on. World War II interrupted his education, however, and he enlisted in the U.S. Navy where he served aboard submarines in the Pacific Ocean. With the end of the global conflict, George entered college on the G.I. Bill and graduated with a B.S. in Mathematics from nearby Lafayette College in 1950...

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Impact Of High-Frequency Nonlinear Internal Waves On Plankton Dynamics In Massachusetts Bay, Zhigang Lai, Changsheng Chen, Robert C. Beardsley, Brian Rothschild, Rucheng Tian Jan 2010

Impact Of High-Frequency Nonlinear Internal Waves On Plankton Dynamics In Massachusetts Bay, Zhigang Lai, Changsheng Chen, Robert C. Beardsley, Brian Rothschild, Rucheng Tian

Journal of Marine Research

A simple Nutrient-Phytoplankton-Zooplankton (NPZ) model was coupled with the non-hydrostatic Finite-Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM-NH) to study the impact of high-frequency nonlinear internal waves on plankton dynamics in Massachusetts Bay (MB) during the stratified summer season. The temporal and spatial variability of phytoplankton concentration follows the vertical isopycnal displacement to the lowest order as the waves are generated by the semidiurnal tidal flow over Stellwagen Bank (SB) and propagate westward across MB. The tidally-averaged distribution of phytoplankton is characterized by three distinct zones of low subsurface concentration: (I) the western flank of Stellwagen Bank; (II) the center of Stellwagen Basin; …

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Rapid Response Of The East Australian Current To Remote Wind Forcing: The Role Of Barotropic-Baroclinic Interactions, K. L. Hill, S. R. Rintoul, P. R. Oke, K. Ridgway Jan 2010

Rapid Response Of The East Australian Current To Remote Wind Forcing: The Role Of Barotropic-Baroclinic Interactions, K. L. Hill, S. R. Rintoul, P. R. Oke, K. Ridgway

Journal of Marine Research

The strength of the East Australian Current (EAC) is observed to vary in response to changes in basin-scale winds in the South Pacific, with a time lag of three years. First mode baroclinic Rossby waves would take 10–15 years to reach the western boundary from the center of the South Pacific, so a faster mechanism is needed to explain this link. We use an ocean general circulation model forced with idealized anomalies of wind stress curl to examine the mechanism responsible for the rapid response of the EAC. A curl perturbation in the central South Pacific produces baroclinic and barotropic …

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Patchiness In Internal Tidal Beams, Hans Van Haren, Leo R. M. Maas, Theo Gerkema Jan 2010

Patchiness In Internal Tidal Beams, Hans Van Haren, Leo R. M. Maas, Theo Gerkema

Journal of Marine Research

Results are presented from measurements on internal tides and near-inertial motions, obtained using deep-towed acoustic Doppler current profilers along a single transect over the continental slope in the Bay of Biscay and, in another experiment, over a flank of Great Meteor Seamount in the Canary Basin. Each measurement lasted two days and involved repeated passage of the same track, making it possible to extract by harmonic analysis the semidiurnal (and, over Great Meteor Seamount, also the combined diurnal/near-inertial) signal. In the Bay of Biscay, the transect covered by the towing was sufficiently long to follow the internal semidiurnal tidal beam …

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The Shape Of The Main Thermocline, Revisited, Rick Salmon Jan 2010

The Shape Of The Main Thermocline, Revisited, Rick Salmon

Journal of Marine Research

Using the Monte Carlo method of statistical physics, we compute the equilibrium statistical mechanics of the shallow water equations, considered as a reduced-gravity model of the ocean's upper layer in a square ocean that spans the equator. The ensemble-averaged flow comprises a westward drift at low latitudes, associated with the poleward deepening of the main thermocline, and a more intense compensating eastward flow near the latitudes at which the layer depth vanishes. Inviscid numerical simulations with a model that exactly conserves mass, energy, and potential enstrophy support the theoretical prediction.

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The Global Oceanic Freshwater Cycle: A State-Of-The-Art Quantification, J. J. Schanze, R. W. Schmitt, L. L. Yu Jan 2010

The Global Oceanic Freshwater Cycle: A State-Of-The-Art Quantification, J. J. Schanze, R. W. Schmitt, L. L. Yu

Journal of Marine Research

The current capabilities of quantifying the oceanic freshwater cycle are shown based on new observations from satellite data and re-analysis models for evaporation and precipitation over the ocean. For this purpose, we analyze the homogeneity and internal consistency of eight evaporation and seven precipitation products. Discontinuities are found around 1987 for all datasets, attributable to the launch of a microwave imaging satellite. Based on a review of comparisons with independent data and these analyses, the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Objectively Analyzed Ocean-Atmosphere Fluxes (OAFlux) evaporation product are combined with a state-of-the-art river discharge dataset to produce a …

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Breaking Internal Waves And Turbulent Dissipation, S. A. Thorpe Jan 2010

Breaking Internal Waves And Turbulent Dissipation, S. A. Thorpe

Journal of Marine Research

We explore what might be discovered about the breaking of progressive internal waves and the consequent mixing by following some of the methodologies and techniques used to study surface wave breaking. It is suggested that breaking is most likely to occur in wave groups, where the wave field is locally amplified. In a stratified fluid of uniform buoyancy frequency, N, the breaking regions of internal wave groups extend in approximately horizontal directions. Two classes of breaking, “convective overturn” and “shear instability,” are possible in progressive internal waves propagating in uniform stratification with no mean shear. Convective overturning and associated …

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On The Variability Of Gulf Stream Transport From Seasonal To Decadal Timescales, T. Rossby, C. Flagg, K. Donohue Jan 2010

On The Variability Of Gulf Stream Transport From Seasonal To Decadal Timescales, T. Rossby, C. Flagg, K. Donohue

Journal of Marine Research

Given the Gulf Stream's central role in the North Atlantic's wind-driven and meridional overturning circulation (MOC), there is considerable interest in measuring mass and heat flux to sufficient accuracy that their variability can be quantified with some degree of confidence. Here we combine high-resolution direct measurements of upper ocean transport from the last 17 years of Oleander ADCP data with previously published estimates of baroclinic transport to examine Gulf Stream transport variability over the last 80 years just downstream of where the current separates from the U.S. east coast.By far the greatest source of variability occurs on short time scales …

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When And Why Does Bioturbation Lead To Diffusive Mixing?, Filip J. R. Meysman, Bernard P. Boudreau, Jack J. Middelburg Jan 2010

When And Why Does Bioturbation Lead To Diffusive Mixing?, Filip J. R. Meysman, Bernard P. Boudreau, Jack J. Middelburg

Journal of Marine Research

Bioturbation in aquatic sediments results from many different biological activities, inducing particle displacement over a variety of length and time scales. Despite this inherent complexity, empirical tracer studies show that bioturbational mixing is often well described by a simple diffusive model. To resolve this apparent contradiction between biological complexity and modeling simplicity, we present an investigation into the diffusive nature of bioturbation. To this end, we examine a stochastic description of bioturbation, where particle mixing is described as a sequence of random bioturbation events. Particle movement is governed by three basic variables: the direction of jumping, the jumping distance, and …

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Tides And Overtides In Long Island Sound, Diane C. Bennett, James O'Donnell, W. Frank Bohlen, Adam Houk Jan 2010

Tides And Overtides In Long Island Sound, Diane C. Bennett, James O'Donnell, W. Frank Bohlen, Adam Houk

Journal of Marine Research

Using observations obtained by acoustic Doppler profilers and coastal water level recorders, we describe the vertical and horizontal structure of the currents and sea level due to the principal tidal constituents in Long Island Sound, a shallow estuary in southern New England. As expected, the observations reveal that M2 is the dominant constituent in both sea surface and velocity at all depths and sites. We also find evidence that the vertical structure of the M2 tidal current ellipse parameters vary with the seasonal evolution of vertical stratification at some sites. By comparing our estimates of the vertical structure …

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Effect Of Nutrient Input Frequency On The Structure And Dynamics Of The Marine Pelagic Community: A Modeling Approach, D. Macias, E. Ramírez-Romero, C. M. García Jan 2010

Effect Of Nutrient Input Frequency On The Structure And Dynamics Of The Marine Pelagic Community: A Modeling Approach, D. Macias, E. Ramírez-Romero, C. M. García

Journal of Marine Research

An analysis of the induced changes in both total productivity and community structure as a consequence of different pulsed nutrient inputs has been made by using two different ecosystem modeling tools. One was a modified version of the N-based model proposed by Fasham et al. (1990) for pelagic ecosystems and the other the plankton functional type model by Vichi et al. (2007). Both models lead to higher total biomass production with a pulsed nutrient input compared to a continuous supply, affecting both phytoplankton and zooplankton. Detailed responses are, however, different among plankton groups depending on the frequency of pulsed nutrient …

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On The Coastal-Upwelling Overturning Cell, R. E. Davis Jan 2010

On The Coastal-Upwelling Overturning Cell, R. E. Davis

Journal of Marine Research

The overturning cell driven by alongshore wind and coastal upwelling off central California is examined using direct observations from four underwater gliders equipped with Acoustic Doppler Profilers. These show the onshore flow that compensates for offshore Ekman transport during the month of August 2006 to occur primarily just below the Ekman Layer so that the net offshore heat transport, and by inference the net vertical transport of nutrients, is much less than if this compensating flow occurred throughout the water column. Correlation of cross-shelf flow and wind stress is used to infer the profile of Ekman transport while glider-measured alongshore …

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Influence Of Warm Sst Anomalies Formed In The Eastern Pacific Subduction Zone On Recent El Niño Events, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler Jan 2010

Influence Of Warm Sst Anomalies Formed In The Eastern Pacific Subduction Zone On Recent El Niño Events, Dong-Kyu Lee, Peter Niiler

Journal of Marine Research

Anomalous April–June warm surface water in the eastern Pacific convergence zone (the Great Pacific Garbage Patch) subducts and depresses the thermocline as a single waveform. This waveform propagates toward the equator much more quickly (reaching the equator in 1.5–2.5 years) than the normal transit time (5–10 years) of the meridional overturning cell. The movements of the sea-surface temperature (SST) anomalies that occurred before the 1997 and 2009 El Niños can be clearly traced to the area south of 20°N using the altimeter sea-level signals. Upon arriving near the Pacific equator, these warm water anomalies can contribute to the formation of …

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Topography, Jets, And Eddy Mixing In The Southern Ocean, Jianhua Lu, Kevin Speer Jan 2010

Topography, Jets, And Eddy Mixing In The Southern Ocean, Jianhua Lu, Kevin Speer

Journal of Marine Research

The relation between topography, and the 3D structure of patchy eddy-induced mixing in the Southern Ocean is analyzed descriptively by applying diagnostic methods to output from the Southern Ocean State Estimate. A localized cumulative probability density function method is developed to verify the use of Nakamura's (2001) mixing efficiency in the ocean. Both methods reveal enhanced eddy mixing at mid-depths. The spatial pattern of the mid-depth enhancement of eddy mixing is primarily linked to the merging of multiple jets embedded in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current over topography. We suggest that enhanced eddy mixing over topography is due to locally enhanced …

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