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From Distraction To Interaction: Leveraging Robot-Driven Interplay For Effective Technical Education Amid Interruptions, Emmanuel Toks Adéníran Apr 2024

From Distraction To Interaction: Leveraging Robot-Driven Interplay For Effective Technical Education Amid Interruptions, Emmanuel Toks Adéníran

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation investigates the dynamic interplay between robotics and human adaptability in environments characterized by frequent interruptions, with a special focus on technical education and privacy considerations. Our research begins by examining the pervasive issue of interruptions in various settings, emphasizing their impact on productivity and safety. It then explores strategies that leverage technology, particularly robotics, to enhance human interruption tolerance and performance. A significant portion of the research is dedicated to understanding how robotics can aid individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). This exploration is extended to broader educational contexts, where robotics are employed to improve learning outcomes and …

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Towards A Bose-Einstein Condensate Of Srf Molecules, Varun Rajeev Jorapur Apr 2024

Towards A Bose-Einstein Condensate Of Srf Molecules, Varun Rajeev Jorapur

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In recent years, there has been growing interest in methods for producing gases of ultracoldpolar molecules, driven by proposals to employ ultracold molecules in applications in ultracold chemistry, quantum information and quantum simulation, and precision measurements. There has been tremendous progress in producing ultracold polar molecules using pre-cooled and assembled alkali atoms, however, this faces limits in the molecule variety and interaction regimes that are accessible. Nonetheless, these techniques have successfully produced the first degenerate gases of polar molecules. Simultaneously, there has been a strong experimental and theoretical focus towards developing techniques to directly laser cool molecules which would enable …

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The Ambivalence Of Salvation: On Sentimentality, Suffering, And Redemption, Amanda Griffin Apr 2024

The Ambivalence Of Salvation: On Sentimentality, Suffering, And Redemption, Amanda Griffin

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

For many contemporary theologians and theorists, the Christian doctrine of salvation is a problem. This is clearly elucidated for today’s context in the anti-social turn in queer theory, or queer negativity. This dissertation develops a Christian soteriology that takes queer negativity’s critiques seriously, without abandoning salvation altogether. Instead, I argue that honesty about the ambivalence that virtually always attends soteriology can allow it to mean and function differently. My attention to queer negativity focuses on the work of Lee Edelman, Leo Bersani, and Stephen Best. All three, in different ways, argue that Christian redemptive logics shapes common-sense thinking in the …

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Identifying Mechanisms Of Pathogenicity In Familial Cardiomyopathy-Linked Alpha-Tropomyosin Mutations, Saiti Srabonti Halder Apr 2024

Identifying Mechanisms Of Pathogenicity In Familial Cardiomyopathy-Linked Alpha-Tropomyosin Mutations, Saiti Srabonti Halder

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) and Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM) are two very divergent diseases which often have poor prognosis and are major causes of sudden cardiac death. In HCM, the left ventricular wall stiffens and thickens, making it difficult for the heart to pump blood efficiently. In DCM, the left ventricular chamber becomes enlarged while the walls become thinner and weaker, being unable to pump blood. When HCM or DCM happens as a result of an inherited mutation, it is said to be familial and can be passed down from one generation to the next. Missense mutations in alpha-tropomyosin (TPM1), a regulatory …

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Investigating The Cellular Role Of Lama Phosphorylation On Asymmetric Polar Growth In Mycobacteria, Celena Gwin Apr 2024

Investigating The Cellular Role Of Lama Phosphorylation On Asymmetric Polar Growth In Mycobacteria, Celena Gwin

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

From dividing labor within communities to having a flexible response to environmental insults, phenotypic heterogeneity provides numerous benefits to microorganisms. Mycobacteria create this heterogeneity, in part, by their unique pattern of asymmetric growth and division, which generates a population of cells that varies in size, growth rate, and antibiotic susceptibility (1). The deletion of a single gene conserved exclusively in mycobacteria, known as lamA, abrogates a significant amount of this heterogeneity (2). We set out to characterize this protein of relatively unknown function using a combination of genetics, biochemistry, live cell time-lapse microscopy, and super-resolution microscopy.We show that LamA coordinates …

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In Situ Characterization Of Electrochemically Intercalated Two-Dimensional Group Vi Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Shiyu Xu Apr 2024

In Situ Characterization Of Electrochemically Intercalated Two-Dimensional Group Vi Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Shiyu Xu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Two-dimensional (2D) materials display various exotic structural and electronic phases, with layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) presenting multiple polymorphs featuring distinct physical and chemical properties. Intercalating alkali metal ions stands out as a highly effective method for inducing structural transformations and adjusting the optical and electrical characteristics of 2D group VI TMDs. The resulting novel metastable phases hold transformative potentials for applications in electronic memories, transport devices, hydrogen gas evolution catalysts, and biological sensors. Despite numerous studies on alkali metal intercalation into 2D VI TMDs, a comprehensive understanding of the mechanistic and microscopic aspects of intercalation-induced phase changes remains elusive. …

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Dissecting The Role Of Neuromodulators In Value-Based Decision Making, Heather Ortega Apr 2024

Dissecting The Role Of Neuromodulators In Value-Based Decision Making, Heather Ortega

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Neuromodulators such as acetylcholine (ACh) and norepinephrine (NE) play diverse roles in the central nervous system. Structurally they are organized to exert a coordinating force over many brain regions as their nuclei project widely. Functionally both neuromodulators serve basic functions including arousal and attention as well as more complex roles such as learning and reinforcement. More interestingly, new evidence points to a distinct cognitive utility where ACh may influence learning and NE promotes stochastic choice. Evidence for these roles comes primarily from pharmacological depletion studies, recording from nuclei, and Pavlovian or sensory-cue guided tasks. However, the computational roles of NE …

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Reading Sonority: Heian Songbooks And The Japanese Poetic Tradition, James Scanlon Apr 2024

Reading Sonority: Heian Songbooks And The Japanese Poetic Tradition, James Scanlon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines Heian period kayō “songs'' and their textual medium, fuhon, vernacular “songbooks.” Kayō and fuhon constitute a corpus of vernacular songs as well as a body of texts that inscribe popular banquet and ritual court songs produced at the height of vernacular literary production in the Heian period (ca. 9—13 c.). Historically, fuhon have been regarded as peripheral to the contemporaneous literary milieu, predominantly overlooked as reflections of aural performance. I argue that this view misconstrues fuhon as texts composed orally, instead of as oral texts. Drawing upon an analysis of extant manuscripts and commentaries, I show that …

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Models For Interrogating The Role Of Glutathione Biosynthesis In Pancreatic Islet Development And Function, Emily Ann Davidson Apr 2024

Models For Interrogating The Role Of Glutathione Biosynthesis In Pancreatic Islet Development And Function, Emily Ann Davidson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Currently, over 537 million people worldwide have diabetes, a disease characterized by impaired insulin synthesis, and/or utilization. Of diabetics, roughly 90% have type 2 diabetes and develop high blood glucose caused by pancreatic islet dysfunction. The islet is composed of five different endocrine cell types. Sixty - 80% (varies by species) of islet cells are insulin-producing β cells. A hallmark characteristic of dysfunctional β cells is impaired insulin secretion. Among the many factors implicated in islet cell dysfunction is oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is defined as the imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular antioxidant capacity. During oxidative stress, …

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Nuclear Quantum Effects And Proton Transfer Mechanisms In Molecular And Solid- Liquid Interface Systems, Benjamin John Guy Rousseau Apr 2024

Nuclear Quantum Effects And Proton Transfer Mechanisms In Molecular And Solid- Liquid Interface Systems, Benjamin John Guy Rousseau

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Due to their small mass, protons often exhibit non-classical behavior that can dramatically affect chemical processes. For molecular systems, nuclear quantum effects (NQEs) can be accurately described by electronic structure theory within the nuclear electronic orbital (NEO) framework, wherein select nuclei of interest are treated on the same level of ES theory as the electrons. Within the NEO framework, an affordable and systematically improvable method was developed that produces proton affinities and proton densities of the same quality as a highly accurate and expensive method. In addition to affecting ground state properties of molecules, nuclear quantum effects can also dramatically …

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Single-Cell Perturbation Of Human Accelerated Regions In Neural Stem Cells, Mark Alan Noble Apr 2024

Single-Cell Perturbation Of Human Accelerated Regions In Neural Stem Cells, Mark Alan Noble

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The evolutionary emergence of the uniquely large and complex human brain isunderpinned by the alteration and expansion of the neural stem and progenitor cell (NSC) pool during development. These modifications are the manifestation of numerous regulatory and genetic changes, many of which have yet to be described. One salient set of candidates consists of ~1500 Human Accelerated Regions (HARs), which are noncoding regions of the genome that have been highly constrained throughout evolution until the human lineage, where a significant number of substitutions occur, indicating divergent functions. I designed a direct-capture Perturb-seq screen repressing 180 HARs with evidence of neurodevelopmental …

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Some Bonuses Are Bigger Than Others? Benchmark-Beating Pressure And The Gender Pay Gap, Lucas Chihuan Lee Apr 2024

Some Bonuses Are Bigger Than Others? Benchmark-Beating Pressure And The Gender Pay Gap, Lucas Chihuan Lee

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This essay presents evidence of the gendered effect of firm financial pressures on compensation. For identification, I examine the relation between the gender pay gap and managers’ pressure to meet earnings expectations (i.e., benchmark-beating pressure). Using UK subsidiary-level data for the 2017–2021 period, I find that the gender difference in bonuses increases by 4.23 percentage points in firms that meet or just beat analyst forecasts, compared to firms that miss or comfortably beat analyst expectations, even after controlling for job roles. This suggests that benchmark-beating pressure exacerbates the gender pay gap, consistent with research indicating that women are less likely …

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Error Mitigation And Detection In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Powered By Qnd Measurements, Jacob Charles Curtis Apr 2024

Error Mitigation And Detection In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Powered By Qnd Measurements, Jacob Charles Curtis

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Superconducting cavities coupled to transmon ancillae are a promising platform for fault-tolerant quantum computation. This pairing produces universal control over a long-lived bosonic mode, in whose many levels we encode a logical qubit or physical quantum system, such as the vibrational modes of a molecule. However, unwanted static interactions and spurious couplings to the environment limit the accuracy of computations. In this dissertation, we tackle each of these error sources in turn. Our solutions exploit the ability of the transmon to perform high-fidelity measurements of the cavity mode without disturbing its stored information. First, we present our efforts to reduce …

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Aristotle's Privations, Benjamin Koons Apr 2024

Aristotle's Privations, Benjamin Koons

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Aristotle’s hylomorphism—his analysis of material substances into form and matter—has seen a resurgence in contemporary metaphysics. Yet Aristotle himself appealed to a third principle of material substances—privation. This is surprising, since substances are supposed to be the paradigmatic beings in Aristotle’s ontology, and yet privations—what a substance should have but does not—seem to be a kind of non-being. Equally surprising, Aristotle also ascribes efficient causality to privations: a privation like the absence of a pilot from the ship can cause a shipwreck. What do privations have to be like to play these kinds of roles in Aristotle’s philosophy? Such roles …

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Quantum Control And Error Correction Of Grid States In A Superconducting Oscillator, Alec William Eickbusch Apr 2024

Quantum Control And Error Correction Of Grid States In A Superconducting Oscillator, Alec William Eickbusch

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The potential of quantum systems for computation is challenged by decoherence, a process in which the system interacts with its noisy, uncontrolled environment. However, with quantum error correction (QEC), robust quantum computation in the presence of noise is possible. In a QEC encoding, information is stored as non-local correlations in an engineered multi-state, quantum many-body system. One promising encoding is the Gottesman-Kitaev-Preskill (GKP) code, in which logical states are encoded as oscillator grid states. However, ever since the code was envisioned in 2001, its experimental realization had remained out of reach. The most important barrier for realization was the code …

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Motion Correction Strategies In Dynamic Pet, Xueqi Guo Apr 2024

Motion Correction Strategies In Dynamic Pet, Xueqi Guo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) is more desirable in oncologic and cardiovascular measurements with tracer dynamics compared with static PET. Parametric imaging can extract more informative physiological parameters from whole-body dynamic PET images using compartmental kinetic modeling. Absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) estimation from cardiac dynamic PET provides incremental information on heart function that cannot be determined from conventional relative myocardial perfusion imaging. However, during the relatively long time period of dynamic PET scanning, the inevitable subject motion in dynamic PET introduces inter-frame mismatch, seriously impacting parametric imaging and MBF quantification. Additionally, the tracer distribution change across the dynamic frames …

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Deriving Cell And Gene Dynamics From Single-Cell Omics Data, Rihao Qu Apr 2024

Deriving Cell And Gene Dynamics From Single-Cell Omics Data, Rihao Qu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Single-cell sequencing techniques have revolutionized our understanding of cellular diversity within tissues and organs. Typically, single-cell data is preprocessed into a feature-by-cell count matrix, where feature values represent gene expression, chromatin accessibility, protein levels, etc. In the realm of computational analysis, cells are conceptualized as points in a high-dimensional feature space. Under distinct conditions or due to experimental perturbations, specific cellular states may exhibit differential abundance. This can be detected by comparing cell density distributions within the feature space. In Chapter 1, we present a novel computational framework by employing a random-walk-based local two-sample test. This approach enables multiscale, cluster-free, …

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Integrated Multiscale Mechano-Biological Study Of Lung And Liver Tissues, Hugh Xiao Apr 2024

Integrated Multiscale Mechano-Biological Study Of Lung And Liver Tissues, Hugh Xiao

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tissues and bodily fluids undergo continuous changes as a natural life cycle process. Extracellular matrices (ECMs), which provide structural and biochemical support for the cells, and extracellular fluids (ECFs), which transport nutrients, oxygen, and waste products, exhibit several mechanical properties that can impact cell behaviors. These properties include, for example, fibrillar alignment, density, and stiffness of ECMs, and osmolarity and viscosity of ECFs. These mechano-biological cues can impact cell behaviors and change tissue landscapes. Fibrosis is known for thickened extracellular matrix, which involves many changes in mechanical properties of extracellular environment. There is much to be explored as to how …

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Neutrophil Heterogeneity And Transmigration: Decoding Molecular Profiles Through Multi-Omic Analysis And In Vitro Mimicry Of The Venular Wall, Laura C. Morales Apr 2024

Neutrophil Heterogeneity And Transmigration: Decoding Molecular Profiles Through Multi-Omic Analysis And In Vitro Mimicry Of The Venular Wall, Laura C. Morales

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Neutrophils are crucial innate immune cells that comprise about 50-70% of the white blood cell population in the human peripheral circulation. These polymorphonuclear leukocytes play a pivotal role in the innate immune system, acting as the primary line of defense against pathogens and facilitating tissue repair. Neutrophils exhibit a diverse repertoire of cytotoxic mechanisms to eliminate offending pathogenic agents and promote the resolution of inflammation. These include phagocytosis, degranulation, generating reactive oxygen species, and forming neutrophil extracellular traps, underscoring their versatility in host defense. A critical aspect of neutrophil functionality is their capacity to infiltrate sites of injury or infection, …

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Quasiparticles And Charge-Parity Switching In Transmon Qubits, Spencer Diamond Apr 2024

Quasiparticles And Charge-Parity Switching In Transmon Qubits, Spencer Diamond

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Nonequilibrium quasiparticle excitations (QPs) are a significant loss mechanism inherentto superconducting devices. There are two distinct mechanisms by which transmon qubits couple to QPs. First, when QPs tunnel across the Josephson junction (JJ) of a transmon, they couple to the phase difference across the junction and may cause decoherence of the quantum state. Second, when QPs are generated by a high‑energy photon absorbed at the JJ, this process likewise may cause a qubit transition. Both of these mechanisms result in a transfer of a single charge across the JJ, causing a switch in the charge parity of the qubit. While …

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Histone Regulation Of The Maternal To Zygotic Transition: The Role Of Histone Modifications On Zygotic Genome Activation, Maria De Jesus Benitez Ortiz Apr 2024

Histone Regulation Of The Maternal To Zygotic Transition: The Role Of Histone Modifications On Zygotic Genome Activation, Maria De Jesus Benitez Ortiz

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Following fertilization, the zebrafish embryo experiences significant reprogramming events to erase the inherited program of the terminally differentiated gametes, paving the way for the establishment of the zygotic program, which will drive the early steps of embryonic development. An essential step within this process is zygotic genome activation (ZGA), which refers to the time of development when the zygotic genome goes from being largely transcriptionally inactive to a gradual onset of transcriptional activity. In zebrafish, this process coincides with the deposition of many histone modifications associated with the positive regulation of transcription. Here, to explore the function of these transcription-associated …

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(Private) Formal Methods For Rigorously Governable Systems, Samuel Judson Apr 2024

(Private) Formal Methods For Rigorously Governable Systems, Samuel Judson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The increasing complexity of software systems presents a growing challenge to the societal and legal governance of modern technology. Understanding how algorithmic decisions are made and how private, proprietary, or otherwise legally-encumbered data is generated and consumed is essential to the design of robust and accountable computing. This dissertation contributes algorithmic techniques based on formal methods for program analysis and verification -- and at times combined with cryptographic constructions for privacy-preserving computation -- that are designed with the goal of supporting the principled and effective governance of software and cyberphysical systems. First, this dissertation investigates how Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT)-based …

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Essays On Digital Markets, Tan Gan Apr 2024

Essays On Digital Markets, Tan Gan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The growing salience of digital markets calls for new models that analyze market behaviors in the presence of the massive collection of consumer data, market powers for consumer attention, and the ability to offer sophisticated mechanisms for digital service. My dissertation consists of three papers focusing on different aspects of digital markets. Chapter 1 studies the implication of having consumer data on the dynamic pricing policy of experience good such as streaming services and subscription services. Chapter 2 studies the social dimension of consumer data, where the data externality makes consumers dramatically under-evaluate the consequences of sharing their data. Chapter …

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Interpretable Machine Learning And Causal Inference In Medicine And Public Health, Colleen Elise Chan Apr 2024

Interpretable Machine Learning And Causal Inference In Medicine And Public Health, Colleen Elise Chan

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Machine learning (ML) methods have seen rapidly increasing prevalence and adoption across many industries due to their ability to learn complex patterns from large amounts of data with high accuracy. However, these models often lack transparency, operating as opaque ``black boxes’’, which is especially concerning in high-stakes domains. Two key avenues to improve transparency and user trust are 1) developing interpretable ML models that explain their reasoning to users and 2) developing causal methods to estimate the effects of interventions from observational data when randomized controlled trials are infeasible. This dissertation addresses challenges and advances methods in interpretable ML and …

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Engineering Polymeric Nanoparticles For Intra-Amniotic And Intravenous In Utero Delivery, Anna Lynn Apr 2024

Engineering Polymeric Nanoparticles For Intra-Amniotic And Intravenous In Utero Delivery, Anna Lynn

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Fetal therapy is a rapidly expanding field that provides opportunities to treat or prevent congenital diseases early in the process of fetal development. Prior studies suggest that polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) are a safe, tunable, and effective vehicle for in utero delivery of therapeutic agents via administration into the amniotic fluid space. Previous work has focused on the feasibility of using poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) NPs, as well as viral vectors and lipid NPs, for in utero delivery. Modifications to the core polymer and surface chemistry of NPs are known to be key in modulating the performance of NPs in various biological …

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On Schrödinger Equations With Non-Perturbative Potentials, Adam Black Apr 2024

On Schrödinger Equations With Non-Perturbative Potentials, Adam Black

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This thesis consists of four parts, each studying a different class of Schrödinger equations. Though the setting and relevant questions vary between chapters, a theme that runs through all of them is the study of a Hamiltonian with a potential that is not small enough to be treated perturbatively. Indeed, in all of the Schrödinger equations below, the potential is, in some sense, large enough that it may affect the asymptotic behavior of the system.In Chapters 2 and 3, we investigate the scattering theory of Schrödinger operators with potentials that have anisotropic decay. More specifically, we assume that the potential …

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Mechanisms And Functions Of Lipodystrophy In Dermal Fibrosis, Elizabeth Ann Caves Apr 2024

Mechanisms And Functions Of Lipodystrophy In Dermal Fibrosis, Elizabeth Ann Caves

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The skin is the largest organ in the human body and acts as a barrier between the inside and outside environments. A significant function of the skin is to maintain its structural integrity through extracellular matrix protein (ECM) homeostasis. Tissue fibrosis is characterized by a failure of ECM homeostasis, resulting in the accumulation of ECM proteins in healthy tissue. Systemic sclerosis is an autoimmune disease in which fibrosis develops throughout the body in organs such as the heart, lungs, and skin. Interestingly, during skin fibrosis, resident lipid-filled, mature adipocytes are depleted in humans and mice concomitant with ECM expansion. However, …

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Three Essays In Financial Economics, Joseph Leland Bybee Apr 2024

Three Essays In Financial Economics, Joseph Leland Bybee

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three chapters. The first is titled ``The Ghost in the Machine: Generating Beliefs with Large Language Models''.I introduce a methodology to generate economic expectations by applying large language models to historical news. Leveraging this methodology, I make three key contributions. (1) I show generated expectations closely match existing survey measures and capture many of the same deviations from full-information rational expectations. (2) I use my method to generate 120 years of economic expectations from which I construct a measure of economic sentiment capturing systematic errors in generated expectations. (3) I then employ this measure to investigate …

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Deep Learning Methods Of Attenuation Correction, Reconstruction, Registration, And Denoising For Multi-Modal Cardiac Spect, Xiongchao Chen Apr 2024

Deep Learning Methods Of Attenuation Correction, Reconstruction, Registration, And Denoising For Multi-Modal Cardiac Spect, Xiongchao Chen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) is a non-invasive nuclear medicine imaging technique that visualizes the radiotracer distribution within the patient body through the detection of the emitted gamma-ray photons. Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) using SPECT is the most widely performed nuclear medicine exam that allows sensitive detection, localization, and risk stratification of ischemic heart diseases. Cardiac SPECT imaging presents a range of challenges and topics that are worth investigation, including attenuation correction (AC), limited-view (LV) reconstruction, cross-modality registration, low-dose denoising, etc. AC is essential for performing accurate quantitative or semi-quantitative analysis in cardiac SPECT. Currently, CT transmission scanning is typically …

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On The Evolution Of Spinoza's Metaphysics: Humility, The Origins Of Power, And The Nature Of Causation, Josefine Klingspor Apr 2024

On The Evolution Of Spinoza's Metaphysics: Humility, The Origins Of Power, And The Nature Of Causation, Josefine Klingspor

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation aims to understand key aspects of Spinoza’s early metaphysics and the reasons for and the significance of its evolution. Focusing on Spinoza’s first and final works on metaphysics, the Short Treatise and the Ethics, it demonstrates the individual significance and deep interconnectedness of three shifts in particular, namely Spinoza’s re-thinking of humility, the power and finite things and its relationship to divine power, and the nature of causation in general. Uncovering the layers of the evolution of Spinoza’s thought, it shows that Spinoza’s re-thinking of humility is a consequence of his re-thinking of power, and that his re-thinking …

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