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Efficient Estimation Of Signals Via Non-Convex Approaches, Sheng Xu Apr 2022

Efficient Estimation Of Signals Via Non-Convex Approaches, Sheng Xu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation aims to highlight the importance of methodological development and the need for tailored algorithms in non-convex statistical problems. Specifically, we study three non-convex estimation problems with novel ideas and techniques in both statistical methodologies and algorithmic designs. Chapter 2 discusses my work with Zhou Fan on estimation of a piecewise-constant image, or a gradient-sparse signal on a general graph, from noisy linear measurements. In this work, we propose and study an iterative algorithm to minimize a penalized least-squares objective, with a penalty given by the ``$\ell_0$-norm'' of the signal's discrete graph gradient. The method uses a non-convex variant …

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Bosonic Quantum Simulation In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics, Christopher Shen Wang Apr 2022

Bosonic Quantum Simulation In Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics, Christopher Shen Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The development of controllable quantum machines is largely motivated by a desire to simulate quantum systems beyond the capabilities of classical computers. Investigating intrinsically multi-level model bosonic systems, using conventional quantum processors based on two-level qubits is inefficient and incurs a potentially prohibitive mapping overhead in the current "near-term intermediate-scale quantum" (NISQ) era. This motivates the development of hybrid quantum processors that contain multiple types of degrees of freedom, such that one can leverage an optimal one-to-one mapping between the model system and simulator. Circuit quantum electrodynamics (cQED) has emerged as a leading platform for quantum information processing owing to …

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Machine Learning Methods To Estimate Whole-Brain Effective Connectome For Asd Identification, Juntang Zhuang Apr 2022

Machine Learning Methods To Estimate Whole-Brain Effective Connectome For Asd Identification, Juntang Zhuang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is widely used to study neural-developmental diseases such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). There are mainly two types of connectome to analyze fMRI: the Functional Connectome (FC) and the Effective Connectome (EC). FC is typically derived as the correlation between fMRI time-series from different brain regions, while EC is derived by fitting the measurement time-series to the Dynamical Causal Model (DCM) described by a system of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). FC is typically easier to compute yet can not reveal the causal relations among brain regions; EC reveals the causal relations yet is much harder …

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From Secret War To Cold War: Race, Catholicism, And The Un-Making Of Counterrevolutionary Mexico, 1917-1946, Ricardo Jose Alvarez-Pimentel Apr 2022

From Secret War To Cold War: Race, Catholicism, And The Un-Making Of Counterrevolutionary Mexico, 1917-1946, Ricardo Jose Alvarez-Pimentel

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the rise and fall of Catholic women’s opposition to the secularizing efforts and seemingly progressive gender and racial politics of the Mexican Revolution of 1910 and its nascent state apparatus. Through rigorous discursive analyses of state and Catholic print media published between 1917 and 1946, it traces middle- and upper-class women’s ideological production and argues that their counterrevolutionary religious movement was both driven and un-made by gendered constructions of whiteness. The first half of this dissertation (Chapters 1-3) analyzes the Mexican Church-state conflict prior to 1930 as a transnational struggle between two racialized and competing forms of …

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Genetic Covariance Analysis Reveals Heterogeneous Etiologic Sharing Of Complex Traits: Theory, Methodology And Applications, Yiliang Zhang Apr 2022

Genetic Covariance Analysis Reveals Heterogeneous Etiologic Sharing Of Complex Traits: Theory, Methodology And Applications, Yiliang Zhang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the past fifteen years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified tens of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with complex human traits and diseases. Besides the success in finding risk loci, the estimation of genetic covariance based on collected GWAS data also provides insights into the genetic basis of complex traits/diseases. Genetic covariance is the covariance of genetic effects contributing to two phenotypes. Methods based on linear mixed model (LMM) in conjunction with the restricted maximum likelihood (REML) algorithm have been developed to estimate these two quantities of significant genetic interests. However, methods based on LMM have only gained …

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Modulation Of T Cells To Promote An Anti-Tumor Response: Activation And Inhibition Of T Cells For Efficacy In T-Cell Lymphomas And Melanoma, Samuel Robert Kerr Apr 2022

Modulation Of T Cells To Promote An Anti-Tumor Response: Activation And Inhibition Of T Cells For Efficacy In T-Cell Lymphomas And Melanoma, Samuel Robert Kerr

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cancer is the leading cause of premature death in the United States and other developed countries. Current decreases in cancer mortality rates are largely being driven by immunotherapies, which leverage an understanding of T cell activation and inhibition to produce an anti-tumor response. T-cell-based therapies may help decrease mortality rates even further. CAR T cell therapies and T cell activators like bispecific T-cell engagers and dendritic cell vaccines have increased survival in patients otherwise out of treatment options. While these therapies have been successful for niche patient populations, applying these therapies to wider patient populations has been difficult. In a …

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Statistical Methods For Genetic Prediction Of Complex Traits In Single And Multiple Populations, Geyu Zhou Apr 2022

Statistical Methods For Genetic Prediction Of Complex Traits In Single And Multiple Populations, Geyu Zhou

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Genetic prediction of complex traits, also known as polygenic risk score (PRS), is constructed by combining the estimated effect sizes of genetic markers across the genome for an individual. PRS has shown great promise in biomedical and clinical research for disease prevention, monitoring and treatment. However, the development of accurate prediction models is challenging due to the wide diversity of genetic architecture, limited access to individual level data, and the demand for computational resources. The broader application of PRS to the general population is further hindered by the poor transferability of PRS developed in Europeans to non-European populations. In this …

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A Robotic Skin-Based Approach To Soft Robotics, Dylan Shah Apr 2022

A Robotic Skin-Based Approach To Soft Robotics, Dylan Shah

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Typical robots are designed to achieve a single function in a controlled environment and lack the ability to generalize to new tasks. In their quest to build more capable robots, engineers have explored many avenues, including artificial intelligence, reconfigurable robots, and leveraging deformable materials that naturally absorb impacts and conform to objects. In this dissertation, I build upon these latter two bodies of work and introduce reconfigurable robotic skins, working toward the long-term vision of general-purpose robots. By applying the skins to different objects, new functionalities can be obtained, and this layer-based approach to robot design allows engineers to endow …

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Specification And Function Of Developmental Programmed Cell Death, Alison Kochersberger Apr 2022

Specification And Function Of Developmental Programmed Cell Death, Alison Kochersberger

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Programmed cell death is a crucial process for animal development. Within the developing nervous system neurons are removed through developmental programmed cell death (dPCD), altering neuronal architecture. In the central nervous system (CNS) where dPCD is controlled intrinsically, it is not clear how or why these particular cells are choosing to die since the decision is independent of their context within the nervous system. A similar intrinsically regulated dPCD is found in C. elegans. These cell deaths occur across the lineage and are highly stereotyped, so that the same 131 cells are removed in each individual. We have developed a …

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Development And Delivery Of Genome-Editing Therapies For Improved Glioblastoma Treatment, Ann Tai Chen Apr 2022

Development And Delivery Of Genome-Editing Therapies For Improved Glioblastoma Treatment, Ann Tai Chen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and aggressive type of primary brain cancer. Even with the current standard of care, which consists of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, GBM patients have a five-year survival rate of only two percent. Several characteristics of GBM hinder the development of effective treatments. First, GBM is highly invasive by nature, making complete surgical resection of the tumor impossible and tumor recurrence inevitable. Second, a subpopulation of cells within GBM, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs), significantly contributes to patient mortality. CSCs are capable of tumor initiation, invasion, and self-renewal, and are resistant to conventional …

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The Role Of Gm572 In Left-Right Patterning, Davis Li Apr 2022

The Role Of Gm572 In Left-Right Patterning, Davis Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Breakage of left-right symmetry is an evolutionarily conserved process in the establishment of the vertebrate body plan. In the mouse, this process is initiated at the left-right organizer and requires cilia. While some details of the steps in left-right patterning have been previously determined, the exact mechanisms for certain steps remain unclear. Therefore, the identification of new genes involved in left-right patterning would enhance the current understanding of the different steps that are involved. Here, a forward genetic screen was performed to identify new genes involved in vertebrate embryonic development. Subsequently, we identified the mouse mutant doppelgänger (dopp) that showed …

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Every Day About The World: Feminist Internationalism In The Second Wave, Samuel Huber Apr 2022

Every Day About The World: Feminist Internationalism In The Second Wave, Samuel Huber

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Every Day About the World” offers a new narrative of US second-wave feminism from its emergence in the 1960s through its institutionalization in the 1980s, recuperating a foundationally international horizon through which feminist literature and analysis were formulated, tested, and revised. By attending to a series of pivotal but under-considered scenes of engagement for US feminism, I describe the political and conceptual challenges confronted by US feminist writers as they looked beyond national borders, as well as the literary approaches through which those challenges were registered and occasionally surmounted. Solidarity with anti-imperialist movements abroad provided consistent occasions for US feminists …

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Transcriptomic And Cellular Reorganization Of The Human Prefrontal Cortex, Shaojie Ma Apr 2022

Transcriptomic And Cellular Reorganization Of The Human Prefrontal Cortex, Shaojie Ma

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The expansion and evolutionary specializations of the cerebral cortex, and especially the prefrontal cortex (PFC), are thought to underlie the rich and complex nature of primate and human cognition. The PFC is larger and anatomically more complex in anthropoid primates compared to other analyzed mammals, covering the entire dorsolateral two-thirds of the frontal lobe with a well-defined granular layer 4. The granular dorsolateral PFC (dlPFC) exhibits a broad connectivity with other brain regions. In this setting, dysfunction of the dlPFC also has been implicated in the etiology of many neuropsychiatric disorders. Accordingly, nonhuman primates have been used as model species …

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The Brain Bases Of Adaptive And Effortful Goal Pursuit, Lauren M. Patrick Apr 2022

The Brain Bases Of Adaptive And Effortful Goal Pursuit, Lauren M. Patrick

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Effortful goal pursuit is a complex process relying on the widespread engagement of a distributed set of large-scale brain systems. To date, investigations of the neural mechanisms underlying effortful goal pursuit have primarily focused on cortico-striatal regions of interest, leaving the role of large-scale networks unclear. To address this gap in our understanding, Chapter 1 provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of the brain bases of goal pursuit, examining the circuits and networks implicated, the role of effort costs, persistence and uncertainty, and the underlying structure that may support observed functional patterns. Chapters 2 through 4 report …

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Spirit Disfigured: The Persistence Of Freedom In The Modernist Novel, Jensen Suther Apr 2022

Spirit Disfigured: The Persistence Of Freedom In The Modernist Novel, Jensen Suther

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The modernist novel has often been read as an apolitical expression of dissatisfaction with bourgeois modernity. From Kafka to Beckett, the modernists are taken to champion a transcendent condition beyond the straitjacket of society, body, and self. Against this interpretive tradition, my dissertation draws on recent work in philosophy on conceptuality and affect as well as animality and social recognition to develop a new account of the politics of form in modernist fiction. First, the project shows that the idea of a free, self-determining subjectivity is not—as has often been argued—defeated in or left behind by the modernist novel. Rather, …

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‘I Will Sing Of Love And Justice’: Jewish Responses To The Theological Roots Of Contemporary Virtue Ethics, Sarah V. Zager Apr 2022

‘I Will Sing Of Love And Justice’: Jewish Responses To The Theological Roots Of Contemporary Virtue Ethics, Sarah V. Zager

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation puts Jewish philosophy into conversation with contemporary ethical theory in order to develop a novel account of the relationship between moral rules and character development. I begin by showing that anti-Jewish rhetoric that criticized Judaism as overly concerned with rule-following has contributed significantly to the prevailing assumption that virtue ethics and deontology are two mutually exclusive ways to understand ethics. I then use Maimonides, Moses Mendelssohn, and the nineteenth-century Musar thinkers Israel Salanter and Simḥah Zissel Ziv as case studies to show that Jewish thought combines virtue ethics and deontology in ways that contemporary ethical theories have ignored. …

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Imaging Cholinergic And Dopaminergic Systems In Cigarette Smoking And Withdrawal, Katina Constantina Calakos Apr 2022

Imaging Cholinergic And Dopaminergic Systems In Cigarette Smoking And Withdrawal, Katina Constantina Calakos

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tobacco smoking continues to be a leading cause of preventable disease and death. Individuals face challenges in quitting smoking due to negative experiences in early abstinence such as changes in mood and cognition, as well as the onset of cigarette craving, irritability, and other adverse withdrawal symptoms. Elucidation of neural systems involved in tobacco use and withdrawal may help predict cessation outcomes. The cholinergic and dopaminergic systems of the brain are involved in the reinforcing properties of cigarette smoking. Animal studies demonstrate that chronic nicotine exposure induces changes in beta2-subunit containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (beta2*-nAChR) expression and dopamine responsivity to …

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Studying Disease Dynamics With Manifold Learning, Manik Razdan Kuchroo Apr 2022

Studying Disease Dynamics With Manifold Learning, Manik Razdan Kuchroo

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In an effort to computationally predict causal genetic networks and derive biological pathways empirically, biomedical scientists have begun to design increasingly complicated single cell experiments. A single study can now sequence millions of cells from hundreds of patient samples across different chronological timepoints or stages of disease progression with multiple measurement modalities. None of these additional complexities, however, are adequately addressed by the current state-of-the-art computational tools. Current machine learning techniques ignore these valuable sources of information by either downsampling the number of cells to a computationally tractable number or discarding experimental information, like stage of disease, modality or timepoint, …

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Combining High Performance Mass Spectrometry And Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy For Structure Determinations Of Exotic Molecules And Reaction Intermediates, Evan Hunt Perez Apr 2022

Combining High Performance Mass Spectrometry And Cryogenic Ion Spectroscopy For Structure Determinations Of Exotic Molecules And Reaction Intermediates, Evan Hunt Perez

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

High-performance mass spectrometry is a staple for analytical chemistry in a vast number of industries and academic settings. In recent years, gas-phase analysis of highly reactive species has become prevalent, as isolation of these intermediates provides fundamental chemical insight. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) is a technique that is leveraged to generate these reactive species. Paired with mass spectrometry, cryogenic ion spectroscopy provides sharp vibrational spectra that allows for accurate structural comparison to electronic structure calculations. The combination of these two techniques enables the structure determination of a new class of ions and complexes. In this dissertation, the details of the integration …

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Keep It Barbershop: Stylistic Preservation And Whiteness In The Barbershop Harmony Society, Clifton Boyd Apr 2022

Keep It Barbershop: Stylistic Preservation And Whiteness In The Barbershop Harmony Society, Clifton Boyd

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation examines the entanglement of music-theoretical practices and sociopolitical values in the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS), a fraternal singing organization with over 15,000 members and 600 chapters in the U.S. and Canada, as well as several affiliate barbershop societies across Europe. Since its founding in 1938, the BHS has had the explicit aim of preserving the barbershop style, a four-part, a cappella singing tradition popularized in the late nineteenth century and known for its ringing harmonies and camaraderie. Yet this bonhomie had its limits: by the early 1960s, at the height of the civil rights movement, the correlation between …

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Incorporating Ancestry Information Into Association Studies Provides New Insights Into The Genetic And Epigenetic Architecture Of Smoking Trajectory, Boyang Li Apr 2022

Incorporating Ancestry Information Into Association Studies Provides New Insights Into The Genetic And Epigenetic Architecture Of Smoking Trajectory, Boyang Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Tobacco smoking is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality and the most preventable cause of a wide range of medical conditions and diseases. Studies showed that smoking was associated with both the genetic predisposition and DNA methylation signatures. To date, association studies have identified thousands of genetic variations and epigenetic alterations associated with smoking behavior. However, a large number of existing studies focused on a single ancestry group, mostly samples of European descent. Furthermore, a majority of the commonly used phenotypes including contrasts of smoking status (e.g. smoking initiation, smoking cessation) and quantitative phenotypes (e.g. pack-year, number of cigarettes …

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Tracking Carbon Cycle Behavior And Weathering Feedbacks Through Earth’S History Using Metal Isotope Proxies, Joachim Katchinoff Apr 2022

Tracking Carbon Cycle Behavior And Weathering Feedbacks Through Earth’S History Using Metal Isotope Proxies, Joachim Katchinoff

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The balance between carbon inputs – via degassing and breakdown of organic carbon – and outputs – via silicate weathering and organic carbon burial – on Earth dictate the concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (pCO2), which in turn, plays a major role in temperature and habitability in Earth’s past and future. Our understanding of Earth’s global carbon cycle and the processes that control it hinges, in part, on the tools and models that we use to track and reconstruct previous climates and environmental change. In this dissertation, I will present both empirical- and model-driven studies that contribute alternative and more …

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Essays On Chinese Foreign Lending, James Sundquist Apr 2022

Essays On Chinese Foreign Lending, James Sundquist

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

What does the rise of Chinese lending to foreign governments mean for developing and developed countries? Recent progress in cataloguing Chinese loans and describing their differences from Western-led lending has not led to greater consensus among answers to this question. Broad frames such as ``debt-trap diplomacy'' have been criticized for overstepping their bounds of empirical support, while narrower studies frequently treat China as sui generis, rather than connecting their findings to open debates in political economy. Drawing on newly-developed methodology and original data collection, this dissertation refines our understanding of the causes and consequences of Chinese foreign lending. Specifically, I …

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Improving Paleoclimate Reconstructions Using Models And Observations Of Foraminifera, Daniel E. Gaskell Apr 2022

Improving Paleoclimate Reconstructions Using Models And Observations Of Foraminifera, Daniel E. Gaskell

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This study investigates the biological and morphological factors controlling carbon and oxygen stable isotope fractionation in foraminifera (δ13C and δ18O) and uses these findings to address two major questions of paleoclimate—the effect of warm climates on organic carbon cycling and the strength of polar amplification through geologic time. Using a chemical model of the foraminifera’s diffusive boundary layer, it is shown that metabolism and the physical arrangement of algal symbionts on the spines and rhizopodia of planktonic foraminifera can significantly affect the δ13C signal recorded in their shells. This finding implies that vertical gradients of δ13CDIC in the Eocene were …

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The Differential Effects Of The 13f Disclosure Rule On Institutional Investors, David Kwon Apr 2022

The Differential Effects Of The 13f Disclosure Rule On Institutional Investors, David Kwon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The 13f disclosure rule, which requires institutional investors to disclose mainly stock investments, has garnered significant attention in recent years. Some believe that copycatting activities from outside investors can harm disclosing investors’ returns, while others argue that copycatting is non-existent due to the 13f reporting delay, and that even if copycatting did exist, it would benefit disclosing investors’ returns. Do copycats harm institutions’ returns? First, I find that due to the narrow definition of the 13f rule, mainly stock investors (who comprise about 15% of institutional assets) must disclose on 13fs and so mainly stock investors are exposed to potential …

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Engineering Functional Distal Lung Epithelium, Katherine Leiby Apr 2022

Engineering Functional Distal Lung Epithelium, Katherine Leiby

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The potential for lung tissue engineering to generate lung tissue capable of gas exchange ultimately rests upon the ability to reconstitute a functional barrier between the air and blood spaces in the engineered lung alveolus. The success of this endeavor will rely in large part on the recapitulation of an alveolar epithelium, comprising alveolar epithelial type 1 cells (AEC1s) and type 2 cells (AEC2s), which provides a surface for gas diffusion, actively maintains critical features of blood-gas barrier function, and comprises resident AEC2 stem cells for ongoing maintenance and repair of the distal lung. Yet, since the beginning of this …

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Ion Transport In Membranes With Sub-Nanometer Pores: Material Design And Selectivity Mechanisms, Xuechen Zhou Apr 2022

Ion Transport In Membranes With Sub-Nanometer Pores: Material Design And Selectivity Mechanisms, Xuechen Zhou

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As of 2017, over 800 million people around the world still lacked the access to safe drinking water. With over 97% of the earth’s water stored in the ocean, reverse osmosis (RO) seawater desalination has been proposed as a promising solution to boost the water supply and alleviate the water shortage. Polyamide (PA) thin-film composite (TFC) membranes are the state-of-the-art membranes for RO separation and a typical PA TFC membrane can reject over 99% of the sodium chloride (NaCl) in the feed stream. Despite their exceptional water-salt separation capability, current PA membranes have two major limitations: 1) they are highly …

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Learning About Safety: Conditioned Inhibition As A Novel Approach To Fear Reduction Targeting The Developing Brain, Paola Odriozola Apr 2022

Learning About Safety: Conditioned Inhibition As A Novel Approach To Fear Reduction Targeting The Developing Brain, Paola Odriozola

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Fear serves an adaptive function by allowing an organism to predict potentially aversive events from environmental cues, increase vigilance, and avoid potential danger. However, fear responses can become maladaptive when they are excessive or prevent an individual from engaging in goal-directed activities (Rothbaum & Davis, 2003). Anxiety disorders, which are characterized by this failure to regulate fear, are the most common psychiatric illnesses, affecting up to one-third of the population (Kessler et al., 2005). Adolescence is a peak time for the onset of mental illness, with anxiety being the most common disorders (Beesdo et al., 2009; Merikangas & Swanson, 2010), …

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Tumor-Intrinsic Mechanisms Of Immune Evasion And Metabolic Reprogramming For T Cell Immunotherapy, Paul Renauer Apr 2022

Tumor-Intrinsic Mechanisms Of Immune Evasion And Metabolic Reprogramming For T Cell Immunotherapy, Paul Renauer

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Immune evasion is a critical step of cancer progression that can occur through tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. Tumor-intrinsic mechanisms such as immune checkpoints have been promising targets for immunotherapy; However, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of immune evasion, as well as unexplored strategies to improve current immunotherapies. We hypothesized that we can identify novel genetic factors that mediate immune escape by leveraging in vivo tumorigenesis screens in hosts with different levels of immunocompetence. Specifically, parallel high-throughput genetic knock-out screens were performed in immortalized hepatocytes that are able to generate tumors in immunocompromised but not wild-type mice to determine …

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Multi-Task Learning For Cardiac Motion Analysis And Segmentation In Echocardiography, Kevinminh Ta Apr 2022

Multi-Task Learning For Cardiac Motion Analysis And Segmentation In Echocardiography, Kevinminh Ta

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death globally and impose great economic and societal burden. Of these diseases, coronary artery disease is the most prevalent. Occlusions in the coronary artery restricts the flow of blood to the myocardium, leading to tissue damage and subsequent adverse cardiac remodeling and congestive heart failure. Early detection of myocardial dysfunction is imperative in reducing the overall mortality rate through timely intervention. To that end, there is significant motivation to develop automated techniques to characterize cardiac function using cost-effective and non-invasive tools. Motion and morphology analysis using echocardiography give insights into overall cardiac health …

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