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Processor Microarchitecture Security, Shuwen Deng Apr 2022

Processor Microarchitecture Security, Shuwen Deng

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

As computer systems grow more and more complicated, various optimizations can unintentionally introduce security vulnerabilities in these systems. The vulnerabilities can lead to user information and data being compromised or stolen. In particular, the ending of both Moore's law and Dennard scaling motivate the design of more exotic microarchitectural optimizations to extract more performance -- further exacerbating the security vulnerabilities. The performance optimizations often focus on sharing or re-using of hardware components within a processor, between different users or programs. Because of the sharing of the hardware, unintentional information leakage channels, through the shared components, can be created. Microarchitectural attacks, …

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Inflammatory Stress Disrupts Endothelial Cell Cholesterol Homeostasis And Increases Srebp2-Dependent Gene Expression To Amplify The Acute Inflammatory Response, Joseph Wayne Montano Fowler Apr 2022

Inflammatory Stress Disrupts Endothelial Cell Cholesterol Homeostasis And Increases Srebp2-Dependent Gene Expression To Amplify The Acute Inflammatory Response, Joseph Wayne Montano Fowler

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Immunometabolism is a growing field that centers on a core paradigm:perturbations in metabolism alter a cell’s biological response in immunity and, likewise, inflammatory signals, such as cytokines and pathogens, can directly influence cellular metabolism. Although the carbons within cholesterol cannot be used for catabolic energy production, there is a growing appreciation that a similar relationship exists between cholesterol homeostasis and immunity. The majority of this literature is focused on cholesterol dynamics in the context of leukocyte immunobiology. However, the endothelium also plays an important role during the acute inflammatory response. Endothelial cells (ECs) rapidly respond to extrinsic signals, such as …

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Essays In Financial Economics, Canyao Liu Apr 2022

Essays In Financial Economics, Canyao Liu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In my dissertation, I dive into three specific areas in financial economics. Chapter 1 of my Ph.D. dissertation studies how the boom in off-exchange trading at the market close affects the close price discovery. In recent years, investment banks like Goldman Sachs have started a "guaranteed close" business where investors looking to buy or sell shares of a certain stock can get a guarantee from the bank to execute their orders at the close price set on the primary exchange. Using the TAQ data and a quasi-experimental shock from NYSE fee cut, we find that when the fraction of trades …

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Synthesis And Transport Properties Of Topological Crystalline Insulator Snte Nanowires, Pengzi Liu Apr 2022

Synthesis And Transport Properties Of Topological Crystalline Insulator Snte Nanowires, Pengzi Liu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Over the last decade, significant progress has been made in studying topological materials whose wavefunctions possess a distinct topological invariant signature barring adiabatic deformation from a trivial phase to a non-trivial phase. There has been mounting experimental evidence for the presence of topological nature in nanomaterials due to their favorable surface-to-volume ratio and phase-coherent confinement. Considering that the material synthesis and transport measurement challenges must be overcome before topological nanomaterials can be used in next-generation electronic devices, in my dissertation, I focus on improving crystal quality and controlling dimensions of topological crystalline insulator SnTe in nanoscale as it provides a …

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Essays In Inference For Nonparametric Regression Models, Koohyun Kwon Apr 2022

Essays In Inference For Nonparametric Regression Models, Koohyun Kwon

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation presents three essays in inference for nonparametric regression models. The first chapter, “Bias-Aware Inference for Conditional Average Treatment Effect Functions,” proposes a new method to construct a confidence band for the conditional treatment average treatment effect (CATE), as a function of a continuous covariate in a randomized controlled trial. My confidence band is bias-aware, taking into account the maximum smoothing bias of the nonparametric estimators used to construct the confidence band. I provide a computationally simple procedure to obtain a bias-aware confidence band whose half-length at each evaluation point is asymptotically shortest uniformly over the domain of the …

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Neural Graph Transfer Learning In Natural Language Processing Tasks, Irene Li Apr 2022

Neural Graph Transfer Learning In Natural Language Processing Tasks, Irene Li

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Natural language is essential in our daily lives as we rely on languages to communicate and exchange information. A fundamental goal for natural language processing (NLP) is to let the machine understand natural language to help or replace human experts to mine knowledge and complete tasks. Many NLP tasks deal with sequential data. For example, a sentence is considered as a sequence of works. Very recently, deep learning-based language models (i.e.,BERT \citep{devlin2018bert}) achieved significant improvement in many existing tasks, including text classification and natural language inference. However, not all tasks can be formulated using sequence models. Specifically, graph-structured data is …

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Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min Apr 2022

Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three independent essays that examine how to improveinformation transmission and how to incentivize learning. In Chapter 2, I study the role of a recommender’s career concerns in his relation-ship with a consumer when the recommender has a private type in expertise. An informed type has valuable expertise for the consumer, whereas an uninformed type does not. The uninformed type cannot mimic the informed type, suggesting that the informed type can build a reputation for competence. However, I find that the relationship breaks down completely if the recommender is sufficiently patient. In Chapter 3, which is co-authored …

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Calibration Instrumentation For The Hydrogen Intensity And Real-Time Analysis Experiment, Emily Rita Kuhn Apr 2022

Calibration Instrumentation For The Hydrogen Intensity And Real-Time Analysis Experiment, Emily Rita Kuhn

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Hydrogen Intensity and Real-time Analysis eXperiment (HIRAX) is a 21 cm neutral hydrogen intensity mapping experiment to be deployed in the Karoo Desert in South Africa. It aims to improve constraints on the dark energy equation of state through measurements of large-scale structure at high redshift, while doubling as a state-of-the-art fast radio burst (FRB) detector. This dissertation focuses on two aspects of the HIRAX instrument characterization: (1) optimizing the signal-to-noise of antennas, through the design and implementation of a custom test-bed for determining the noise temperature of radio antennas operating between 400-800MHz, and (2) mapping the HIRAX telescope …

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Spectroscopic Characterization Of Microhydration: Studying Molecular Properties, Acidity And Solvation In Ionic Water Clusters Using Cryogenic Infrared Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy, Sayoni Mitra Apr 2022

Spectroscopic Characterization Of Microhydration: Studying Molecular Properties, Acidity And Solvation In Ionic Water Clusters Using Cryogenic Infrared Vibrational Predissociation Spectroscopy, Sayoni Mitra

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Molecular level interactions give rise to the macroscopic chemical and physical properties of bulk electrolyte systems. A fundamental knowledge of these interactions facilitates understanding of this behavior and enables rational manipulation of the system at the molecular level. Among the experimental techniques, vibrational spectroscopy is widely used in several variations including linear absorption spectroscopy, ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy, and interface specific spectroscopy. The advantage of using vibrational spectroscopy to study systems at the molecular level is its sensitivity towards structural information as well as relatively high time resolution. Standard solution phase and surface-sensitive spectroscopies, however, suffer from the drawback that the …

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4pi Single-Molecule Switching Nanoscopy For Live-Cell Imaging, Kevin Hu Apr 2022

4pi Single-Molecule Switching Nanoscopy For Live-Cell Imaging, Kevin Hu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

plays a critical role in cell biology due to its ability tovisualize molecules of interest inside living cells with high specificity and contrast. However, diffraction of light limits spatial resolution to ~250 nm. Super-resolution microscopy bypasses this physical limit to achieve resolutions of ~10 nm, which is nearly the size of many biological macromolecules. Notably, 4Pi single-molecule switching nanoscopy achieves this resolution in all three spatial dimensions, finally making it possible to resolve specific proteins within convoluted structures like the Golgi. However, the current implementation is only compatible with dead or fixed cell samples, restricting experimental design. To explore the …

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Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min Apr 2022

Essays On Information Economics, Weicheng Min

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation consists of three independent essays that examine how to improveinformation transmission and how to incentivize learning. In Chapter 2, I study the role of a recommender’s career concerns in his relation-ship with a consumer when the recommender has a private type in expertise. An informed type has valuable expertise for the consumer, whereas an uninformed type does not. The uninformed type cannot mimic the informed type, suggesting that the informed type can build a reputation for competence. However, I find that the relationship breaks down completely if the recommender is sufficiently patient. In Chapter 3, which is co-authored …

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Light Microscopy Of Proteins In Their Ultrastructural Context, Ons M'Saad Apr 2022

Light Microscopy Of Proteins In Their Ultrastructural Context, Ons M'Saad

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Fluorescence light microscopy is an essential tool in biomedical research. In immunofluorescence, fluorophore-conjugated antibodies are used to detect specific proteins of interest in a fixed biological sample. With recently developed nanoscopy techniques, whole cells can be imaged at an isotropic spatial resolution of ~10 nm, revealing accurate protein distributions on the nanoscale. However, most localized proteins are imaged against a dark background, which forbids seeing the overall subcellular compartments (ultrastructural context) that encompass them. Electron microscopy (EM), on the other hand, offers a complete cellular overview on the scale of a few nanometers. However, EM fails to reliably detect specific …

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Network Approaches To The Study Of Genomic Variation In Cancer, Hussein Mohsen Apr 2022

Network Approaches To The Study Of Genomic Variation In Cancer, Hussein Mohsen

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Advances in genomic sequencing technologies opened the door for a wider study of cancer etiology. By analyzing datasets with thousands of exomes (or genomes), researchers gained a better understanding of the genomic alterations that confer a selective advantage towards cancerous growth. A predominant narrative in the field has been based on a dichotomy of alterations that confer a strong selective advantage, called cancer drivers, and the bulk of other alterations assumed to have a neutral effect, called passengers. Yet, a series of studies questioned this narrative and assigned potential roles to passengers, be it in terms of facilitating tumorigenesis or …

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Structural Analysis Of Complex Bacterial Secretion Systems, Donghyun Park Apr 2022

Structural Analysis Of Complex Bacterial Secretion Systems, Donghyun Park

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

From the moment Anton van Leeuwenhoek saw bacteria for the first time to the modern era of the ‘resolution revolution’ by the Nobel prize-winning method single particle cryo-electron microscopy (EM), advances in microscopy have led to visual observations that enhance our understanding of life at a wide range of scales, from millimeters to angstroms. The increasingly popular imaging technique cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) is uniquely suited for visualizing protein complexes and cellular features at high resolution in their native environment. This technology presents great potential for visualizing host-pathogen interactions. The work within this dissertation utilizes cutting-edge cryo-ET technologies to visualize different …

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Applications Of Dynamic Modeling And Statistical Analysis To Infectious Diseases, Alyssa Sholeh Parpia Apr 2022

Applications Of Dynamic Modeling And Statistical Analysis To Infectious Diseases, Alyssa Sholeh Parpia

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In this dissertation, I explore the disproportionate burden of infectious disease outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics and the projected impact of interventions for mitigating their harm on populations in Cameroon and the United States. The spatial heterogeneity in vaccination coverage and access to care in Cameroon creates areas that are highly susceptible to measles transmission. In the US, the HIV epidemic is increasingly concentrated in the southern states in addition to larger cities with variable levels of prevention and linkage to sustained treatment. Disparities in COVID-19 burden exist by race and geography across Michigan, in part due to systemic racism and …

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Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni Apr 2022

Essays On Discrimination And Spatial Inequality, Luca Perdoni

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

The Effects of Federal “Redlining” Maps: a Novel Estimation Strategy, with Disa M. Hynsjö Redlining, the systematic denial of credit to residents of a community, is often cited by activists and policymakers as one cause of enduring urban inequality. It is widely understood that the federal government started redlining in the 1930s. Government maps, identifying disadvantaged neighborhoods with the color red, have become a symbol of institutional discrimination. However, historians have disputed the ultimate influence of such maps on access to credit, and evidence of any causal economic impacts is scarce due to a lack of data and estimation challenges. …

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Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian Apr 2022

Critical Theory In Revolt: Angela Davis, Rudi Dutschke, Hans-Jürgen Krahl And The Frankfurt School, 1964-1972, Cecilia Sebastian

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation charts an alternative history of Frankfurt School Critical Theory through its critical reception and appropriation by students involved in anti-authoritarian, anti-capitalist, and anti-imperialist social movements in the United States and West Germany in the 1960s and 1970s. There, many student readers of the tradition, including those named in the title, found opportunities to refine and critique their mentors’ ideas about capitalism and the state, racism and fascism, technology and mass culture, and the nexus of theory and praxis. They resisted the domestication of Critical Theory into the purely academic discourse of philosophy, sociology, and political theory, and instead …

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Measurement Of Correlations Between Neutral Pions And Charged Hadrons With Respect To The Event Plane In Heavy Ion Collisions With Alice, Michael Henry Oliver Apr 2022

Measurement Of Correlations Between Neutral Pions And Charged Hadrons With Respect To The Event Plane In Heavy Ion Collisions With Alice, Michael Henry Oliver

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

In Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion collisions, such as those done at the Large HadronCollider (LHC) and Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), the high energy densities create an exotic state of matter not seen since the first few microseconds past the Big Bang, a Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) where quarks and gluons are not confined into hadronic bound states. The properties and evolution of this matter can be studied using a naturally existing probe: the hard QCD (Quantum Chromo-Dynamics) jets that are produced in partonic hard scatters at the beginning of the collisions. Similarly to the x-rays in medical Computed Tomography, the …

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Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria Apr 2022

Aesthetics And Asceticism: The Paradox Of The Bodily Senses In The Catholic Reformation, Thomas Joseph Santa Maria

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

According to most accounts, following the reformations Protestant worship and tradition became asensual by emphasizing encounters with biblical texts through reading the Bible or hearing sermons. Conversely, Early Modern Catholicism became synonymous with the sensuous, meaning it exploited the senses of faithful Catholics through its incense, art, music, sacraments, and practices. This dissertation challenges these assumptions by demonstrating that there were two sides to Catholic piety that existed in a paradoxical relationship. Surely, Catholic worship appealed to the senses to teach the faith, to meditate and contemplate in prayer, and to move Catholics to greater piety by emulating the saints …

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Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung Apr 2022

Deep Risk Prediction And Embedding Of Patient Data: Application To Acute Gastrointestinal Bleeding, Dennis Shung

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Acute gastrointestinal bleeding is a common and costly condition, accounting for over 2.2 million hospital days and 19.2 billion dollars of medical charges annually. Risk stratification is a critical part of initial assessment of patients with acute gastrointestinal bleeding. Although all national and international guidelines recommend the use of risk-assessment scoring systems, they are not commonly used in practice, have sub-optimal performance, may be applied incorrectly, and are not easily updated. With the advent of widespread electronic health record adoption, longitudinal clinical data captured during the clinical encounter is now available. However, this data is often noisy, sparse, and heterogeneous. …

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Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda Apr 2022

Three Essays In African Politics, Constantine Msisiri Manda

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

This dissertation advances scholarship on identity politics in sub-Saharan Africa by showing how characteristics of ethnic groups interact with historical events to produce new identities, beliefs and behaviors. Comparisons are centered either on political hierarchy; relative size of ethnic groups; and political, economic, and geographic dimensions with relevant decisions made by pre-colonial and post-colonial African political rulers as they select the extent to which they may use religion to justify their political rule; the extent to which they may favor co-ethnics in cabinets; and the extent to which they take appropriate actions or implement appropriate policies as it relates to …

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Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah Apr 2022

Hegel’S Institutional Enlightenment: A Study Of The Political Institutions In Hegel’S Philosophy Of Right, Darren King Zhuan Nah

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

“Hegel’s Institutional Enlightenment: A Study of the Political Institutions of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right” examines how Hegel responded to Prussian feudal elites who employed the ideas of “liberty” and “parliaments” to advance their interests. In contrast to other scholars who argue that Hegel sought to moderate the radical individualism of bourgeois liberalism, this work finds that he is instead better understood as responding to aristocratic liberalism. This approach frames Hegel’s political thought as a response to feudal reaction and the rise of Junker-led agrarian capitalism rather than problems of bourgeois and industrial society per se. I demonstrate how Hegel had …

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Uncovering Hidden Diversity In Plants, Xing Wu Apr 2022

Uncovering Hidden Diversity In Plants, Xing Wu

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

One of the greatest challenges to human civilization in the 21st century will be to provide global food security to a growing population while reducing the environmental footprint of agriculture. Despite increasing demand, the fundamental issue of limited genetic diversity in domesticated crops provides windows of opportunity for emerging pandemics and the insufficient ability of modern crops to respond to a changing global environment. The wild relatives of crop plants, with large reservoirs of untapped genetic diversity, offer great potential to improve the resilience of elite cultivars. Utilizing this diversity requires advanced technologies to comprehensively identify genetic diversity and understand …

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Searching For Dark Matter With Cosine-100, William Gray Thompson Apr 2022

Searching For Dark Matter With Cosine-100, William Gray Thompson

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

For more than two decades, the DAMA collaboration has claimed a direct discovery of dark matter. This claim comes in the form of an annual modulation in the event rate of a sodium iodide-based dark matter detector that has persisted for more than two decades. Currently, this modulation is observed at a significance of 12.9σ. While such a discovery would be a milestone in physics, significant doubt has been cast on the validity of DAMA’s discovery claim, as it is in conflict with the null results reported by other direct detection experiments. Despite this tension, a direct test of DAMA’s …

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Jet To Event Activity Correlations In Small System Collisions At Star, David J. Stewart Apr 2022

Jet To Event Activity Correlations In Small System Collisions At Star, David J. Stewart

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

At sufficient energy densities, ultra-relativistic heavy ioncollisions produce a quark gluon plasma (QGP), in which quarks and gluons are deconfined into an extended medium. High energy partons in the collision scatter at short time scales, may afterward interact with the QGP media, and ultimately hadronize into a collimated spray of particles. Experimentally, these particles are algorithmically clustered into jets, which are used as proxies for the initiating partons and therefore as probes of the QGP's properties. This thesis presents jet measurements from $\sqrt{s_\mathrm{NN}}$=200~GeV $p$+Au collisionsrecorded by STAR at RHIC in 2015. These are the first reported semi-inclusive jet results for …

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Custom Cell Placement Automation For Asynchronous Vlsi, Yihang Yang Apr 2022

Custom Cell Placement Automation For Asynchronous Vlsi, Yihang Yang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Asynchronous Very-Large-Scale-Integration (VLSI) integrated circuits have demonstrated many advantages over their synchronous counterparts, including low power consumption, elastic pipelining, robustness against manufacturing and temperature variations, etc. However, the lack of dedicated electronic design automation (EDA) tools, especially physical layout automation tools, largely limits the adoption of asynchronous circuits. Existing commercial placement tools are optimized for synchronous circuits, and require a standard cell library provided by semiconductor foundries to complete the physical design. The physical layouts of cells in this library have the same height to simplify the placement problem and the power distribution network. Although the standard cell methodology also …

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The Formats Of Spatial Representations, Sami Yousif Apr 2022

The Formats Of Spatial Representations, Sami Yousif

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Mental representations are the essence of cognition. Yet, to understand how the mind works, we must understand not just the content of mental representations (i.e., what information is stored), but also the format of those representations (i.e., how that information is stored). If we want to understand how sensory information is translated into symbolic representations, if we want to know how the mind forms ‘cognitive maps’, if we want to know how the firing of neurons can lead to the emergent phenomenon of human cognition — all of these things require us to understand how information is organized in the …

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Mixed Methods Evaluation Of Data Systems For Tuberculosis In Uganda, Elizabeth Bennett White Apr 2022

Mixed Methods Evaluation Of Data Systems For Tuberculosis In Uganda, Elizabeth Bennett White

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Surveillance is a cornerstone of public health, providing the data required to monitor disease trends, evaluate the impact of interventions, inform policy, and guide programmatic decision making. In order for this data to be informative and useful, however, it must be timely, accurate, and complete. In the context of tuberculosis (TB), which continues to cause millions of cases of disease and deaths each year, surveillance data is known to have gaps including undercounting cases and incomplete reporting by health facilities. To accelerate TB control and elimination, reliable data is needed to improve quality of TB care. Furthermore, challenges with unique …

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Efferent Modulation Of Spontaneous Activity In Developing Sensory Systems, Yixiang Wang Apr 2022

Efferent Modulation Of Spontaneous Activity In Developing Sensory Systems, Yixiang Wang

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

Patterned spontaneous activity plays an instructive role in developing sensory systems. Before hearing onset, inner support cells release ATP and induce spontaneous firing of neighboring inner hair cells. This periphery-initiated spontaneous activity propagates throughout the auditory hierarchy via the afferent pathway, coordinating neural activity in distinct tonotopic zones in the central auditory system. Similarly, spontaneous retinal waves initiated in the retina by starburst amacrine cells (stage II) or bipolar cells (stage III) were observed throughout the visual system via the retinotopic visual afferent circuits. Deciphering the underlying mechanisms of patterned spontaneous activity is critical to elucidate its instructive role in …

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On Integrals Of Matrix Coefficients Associated To Spherical Models, Elad Daniel Zelingher Apr 2022

On Integrals Of Matrix Coefficients Associated To Spherical Models, Elad Daniel Zelingher

Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Dissertations

We define a local ingredient of the Ichino-Ikeda conjecture for isometry groups, for representations arising as local components of irreducible automorphic cuspidal representations lying in generic packets, without assuming temperedness everywhere. The representations in consideration are parabolically induced from characters and a tempered representation.

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