Digital Commons Network^™

Parent Motivational Climate, Sport Enrollment Motives, And Young Athlete Commitment And Enjoyment In Year-Round Swimming, Rachel E. Williams, Christine M. Habeeb, Thomas D. Raedeke, Dee Dlugonski, Katrina D. Dubose

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 358-372, 2022. Parents are known to influence the athlete sport experience through motivational climates. Athletes’ perception of motivational climates and their own motives for sport participation influence enjoyment and long-term sport commitment. It is unknown, however, the extent parent motives for initially enrolling their child in a year-round sports program associate with children’s sport participation enjoyment and commitment. The purposes of this study were to (a) determine parent motives for enrolling their child (5-8 years) in year-round swimming and (b) explore the relationships of parent motives and motivational climates with child enjoyment and commitment. …

Validation Of A New Ramping Aerobic Exercise Protocol (Ndks) In Overweight, Obese, And Normal Weight Individuals, Jill K. Nustad, Mckaela E. Halvorson, Alexa L. Scott

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 386-398, 2022. The research purpose was to establish reliability and validity of determining VO_2max via a new NDKS (Nustad Dressler Kobes Saghiv; named for the sir names of department faculty at the time) ramping protocol compared to the Standard Bruce protocol in normal weight, overweight, and obese individuals. Forty-two physically active participants (23M, 19F) ages 18-28 years were grouped into normal weight (N = 15, 8F, BMI 18.5-24.9 kg/m²), overweight (N = 27, 11F, BMI = 25-29.9 kg/m²), and Class I obese (N = 7, 1F, …

Effect Of Different Training Programs At Self-Selected Intensity On Body Composition, Perceptual Responses And Fitness Outcomes In Obese Women, Ragami Chaves Alves, Alysson Enes, Lucio Follador, Jonato Prestes, Sérgio Gregório Da Silva

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(4): 373-385, 2022. Obesity induces several disorders, such as android obesity, insulin resistance, and coronary/peripheral artery disease, and obese individuals commonly have low adherence to training programs. Exercise at self-selected intensity is a feasible strategy to avoid dropouts of training routines. We aimed to assess the effects of different training programs at self-selected intensity on body composition, ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), feelings of pleasure and displeasure (FPD) and fitness outcomes (maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max) and maximum dynamic strength (1RM)) in obese women. Forty obese women (n = 40; Body Mass Index: 33.2 ± …

Acute Effects Of Velocity-Based Resistance Training On The Physical Functional Performance Of Older Adults, Suzy S. Pinto, Ewertton S. Bezerra, Keuly G. Silva, Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo, Abderaouf B. Abderrahman

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(3): 399-413, 2022. The aim of this study was to analyse the acute effects of velocity-based resistance training on the physical and functional performance of older adults. Twenty participants (70.4 ± 7.4 years) performed the deadlift exercise, in two different resistance training protocols. The moderate-velocity protocol (MV) predicted maximum loads so that the movement velocity during the concentric phase remained in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 m/s and the high-velocity protocol (HV) predicted maximum loads so that the movement velocity remained between 0.8 and 1.0 m/s. The jump height (cm), handgrip strength (kg), and …

Using Personality And Temperament To Predict Exercise Behavior: A Pilot Study Of The Braverman Nature Assessment, Ben M. Rosicky, Eric E. Hall

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 15(5): 341-357, 2022. The Braverman Nature Assessment (BNA) is intended to determine the dominant monoamine neurochemical that drives an individual’s temperament and behavior. The measure has been colloquially praised for the ability to determine the most effective exercise protocols for an individual based on their “dominant nature.” This study seeks to examine the proposed relationship between the Braverman Natures and exercise behavior. Seventy-three adults (57 females) between ages 18-65 (mean = 26 years) completed an online survey consisting of the BNA, Big Five Personality Inventory (BFI), and Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study Physical Activity Questionnaire (ACLSPAQ). …

Chronic Effects Of Heavy Load Activity Performed Before Resistance Training Sessions On The Physical Performance Of Youth Soccer Players, Guilherme Borsetti Businari, Julio Benvenutti Bueno De Camargo, Paulo Henrique Barbosa, Felipe Alves Brigatto, Marcelo Saldanha Aoki, Tiago Volpi Braz, Charles Ricardo Lopes

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(6): 1421-1434, 2021. The adoption of resistance training (RT) programs has been shown to positively influence sports performance-related parameters. However, the chronic effects of maximal strength protocols on the performance of soccer players are not completely investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of performing two repetition maximum (2RM) before a resistance training session on the physical performance of youth soccer players. Seventeen players (under-20 category) were allocated in one of the following groups: 2RM + resistance training group (2RM + RT, n = 8) and resistance training group (RTG, n …

Comparison Of The Local Temperature, Lactate And Glucose After Three Different Strength Training Methods, Felipe J. Aidar, Dihogo Gama De Matos, Raphael Fabricio De Souza, Marcelo Danillo Matos Dos Santos, Anderson Carlos Marçal, Eduardo Borba Neves, Breno Guilherme De Araujo Tinoco Cabral, Victor Machado Reis

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 14(4): 1408-1420, 2021. This study aimed to evaluate the local temperature, lactate, and blood glucose in three strength training methods. The study included 12 male subjects; (22.15 ± 5.77 years, 76.85 ± 9.15 kg, 1.72 ± 0.09 m), with minimum of 12 months of strength training experience, and all participated in the three training methods: the occlusion training (Kaatsu); the tension training (Tension); and the traditional training (Traditional). The Kaatsu training consisted in 3 sets of 10RM with occlusion device in both arms inflated to a 130% occlusion pressure. In addition, the tension method was …

Ua12/2/1 Housing Guide, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Magazine edition of the College Heights Herald.

• Crawford, Ashlyn. Dear Readers
• Honeck, Adelle. Houseplant Tales
• Honeck, Adelle. How Well Do You Know Your Roommate?
• Jones, Tea. The B Word: 3 Tips to Budget Finances
• Jones, Tea. Get Your Space Together
• Wilson, Gabby. The Perfect at Home Game Night
• Wilkerson, Abigail. Adventures in Dorm Living

A Handbook For Lightboard Technology In The Kinesiology Classroom, Whitley J. Stone, Andrew Swanson, Jack Lambert

Educational Practices in Kinesiology

Presenting pedagogical content on a digital platform is commonplace in the 21^st century classroom. Now, presentations are given virtually to students who are learning both synchronously and asynchronously. With students learning from a distance, faculty must find means to elevate their delivery to foster engagement on an easily disconnected platform, thus winning the competition for their attention. Use of Lightboard technology meets the need to deliver innovative teaching and learning, but it is also simple for the faculty to use. This manuscript outlines the process of setting up, managing, and producing media from a Lightboard studio. We provide the …

Benefits Of Chinese Qigong Mind-Body Exercise Program On Salivary Biomarkers And Physical Functions In Older Adults, Salmaan Faghihi, Ashley Nguyen, Karen Cruz, Mary Bahwawsi, Joseph Nocito, Zenong Yin, Yan Du, Tianou Zhang

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Chinese Qigong mind-body exercise such as Five Animal Frolics have been shown to improve quality of life, physical functions, cognitive functions, and mental health in older adults with various chronic health conditions. However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the biological mechanisms, underlying the health effects after exposing to conventional and mind-body exercise. PURPOSE: The purpose of the study is to profile the changes associated with salivary biomarkers and physical functions after exposure to a 12-week five animal frolics, Chinese Qigong mind-body exercise program in community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: Thirteen community-dwelling adults who attended the Senior …

The Impact Athletic Trainers Have On Post-Injury Mental Health Concerns With Secondary School Athletes, Daniela Hernandez, Andrea Green

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Mental health has always been part of an individual’s life concerns. Recently, it has become of a bigger topic as the stigma surrounding it has decreased and people have talked more openly about it. PURPOSE: As the knowledge of mental health has grown, it is important to analyze any impact that injuries have had on athletes. It is known that time-loss injuries may lead to depression, anxiety, and other mental health concerns in those who heavily identify with their athletic personality especially at the high school level. Of importance, is the role that having an athletic trainer may have in …

Associations Between Relative Power On Different Measures Of Change Of Direction Speed, Javier A. Zaragoza, Quincy R. Johnson, Robert G. Lockie, Margaret T. Jones, J. Jay Dawes

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Change of direction speed (CODS) is an important characteristic for successful athletic performance in most sports. However, it stands to reason that different CODS tests may have different athletic attributes that influence success on these assessments. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships between relative power and two different measures of CODS. METHODS: Data from 39 NCAA division I (age: 20.1 ± 1.2yrs; height: 164.9 ± 6.5cm; body mass: 63.8 ± 7.8kg) and 18 NCAA division II (age: 19.3 ± 1.2yrs; height: 165.7 ± 5.7cm; body mass: 63.3 ± 6.3kg) women’s soccer teams was …

Comparison Of Sagittal Plane Knee Walking Kinematics When Wearing Over-The-Counter Support Devices, Chase Hinojosa, Seth Berg, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of wearing a knee compression sleeve and a hinged knee brace on kinematics of the knee to not using a support device while walking in healthy college students. METHODS: A convenience sample of 20 participants with no lower extremity surgical or injury history in the past 6 months was recruited for this study. All participants provided informed consent prior to beginning participation. A 12-camera motion analysis system was used to track the three-dimensional motion of sixteen passive reflective markers attached to the lower extremities of each subject according to the VICON Lower Extremity Plug-in Gait …

The Prevalence Of Wrist Wrap Use In Actively Competing Powerlifters, Dillon R. Harris, Thomas D. Cardaci, Harry P. Cintineo, Richard D. Pham, Kristen A. Dunsmore, Leslee K. Funderburk, Steven B. Machek

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Wrist wraps are often ergogenically employed by competitive powerlifters to improve bench press performance, but several product-specific variations may impact any potential benefits. Moreover, the prevalence of athletic wrist wrap use is hitherto undescribed. PURPOSE: to characterize the pervasiveness of wrist wrap use amongst competitive powerlifters with regards to style (flexible [F] or stiff [S]), length, and tightness amongst competitive powerlifters. METHODS: Powerlifters (n = 70; 27±6y) who competed in the last two years were randomly recruited at sanctioned meets across the USA. After providing consent and following a 5-minute seated rest, participant wrist wrap use descriptive data (wrap style …

Advantages Of Study Abroad For Multicultural Participants, Shuntay Raglin

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Study abroad has its advantages and disadvantages, which can vary depending on background, support, or cultural upbringing. Individuals that participate in study abroad face a variety of factors that contribute to their participation or their lack of regarding care for diverse populations. PURPOSE: It is important to look at the impact that an individual’s cultural background has on supporting the education that is to be gained from study abroad experiences. Then, it is necessary to understand how these experiences translate into the individual’s healthcare practice. METHOD: This study assessed data from any health care providers age 18 and older whom …

Males, But Not Females, Demonstrate Mitochondrial Dysfunction In The C26 Model Of Cancer Cachexia, Ricky D. Solis, J. William Deaver, Eleanor R. Schrems, Ana Regina Cabrera, Seongkyun Lim, Francielle Morena Da Silva, Tyrone A. Washington, Nicholas P. Greene, Michael P. Wiggs

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cancer cachexia is characterized by progressive muscle wasting that can lead to symptoms such as anemia, severe weight loss, and fatigue. These symptoms can lead to limitations in activities of daily living and can cause resistance to chemotherapy treatments in cancer patients. There are no current treatments available to treat cancer cachexia and a critical need remains to identify mechanisms of cancer cachexia. Recently, our group identified mitochondrial disfunction precedes muscle atrophy in males but not females in a model of lung cancer induced atrophy. However, it is unknown whether this finding is replicated when studying a different type of …

The Impact Of Socialization On Newly Certified Athletic Trainers, Jordan Gossett, David Taylor, Andrea Green

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Professional education programs can often focus purely on course content. The lack of socialization especially amongst diverse communities can hinder the development of soft skills especially in those preparing for a career in healthcare. PURPOSE: Athletic trainers are not only a part of their work environment, but also their unique individual community. They develop a relationship with their athletes, fellow faculty, physicians, and other stakeholders. No matter their own personal background, to be an effective athletic trainer they must be able to engage in the varying aspects of their work environment. It they are unable accomplish this, their standard …

Maintenance Of Muscle Size And Function Following In-Season Training Of Division I Football Athletes, Sofia Guerrero, Lyric Richardson, Amy Reira, Emma Bozarth, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During in-season training for collegiate athletes, there are fewer metabolically demanding resistance training sessions compared to other seasons of the programmed macrocycle. The shift of training duration and intensity for the in-season mesocycle may hinder an athlete’s ability to maintain gains from prior training cycles. In-season training commonly focuses on maintaining muscle mass and reducing the probability of atrophy. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to examine the potential adaptations following in-season training on muscle size and function in Division I (DI) athletes METHODS: Fifteen DI football athletes (mean ± sd; age, 20 ± 2 years; height, 189.6 ± …

Training Modifications In Endurance Athletes Due To Covid-19 Restrictions, Birinder Nijjar, Meena Shah, Kamiah Moss, Andreas Kreutzer, Austin J. Graybeal, Robyn Braun-Trocchio, Yan Zhang, Ryan R. Porter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The COVID-19 pandemic created a situation that abruptly altered the life of nearly every individual, forcing them to adjust their daily habits. Adults who regularly engaged in daily physical activity, either as recreational, collegiate, or professional athletes prior to lockdowns had to subsequently adapt and change their training regimens. PURPOSE: To determine which characteristics (age, sex, education level, socioeconomic status, primary endurance sport, whether the athlete is being coached or following a training program, and prior competition medaling) of recreational, collegiate, and professional endurance athletes were associated with training changes due to COVID-19 safety restrictions. METHODS: A cross-sectional …

Novel Energy Drink Improves Mood And Raises Blood Pressure, But Has No Effect On Cardiac Qtc Interval Or Rate-Pressure Product In Young Adult Gamers, Nathaniel Helwig, Laura Schwager, Emily Rogers, Nile Banks, Chris Lockwood, Nathaniel D.M. Jenkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Novel energy drink formulations have been introduced to the market that are purported to have nootropic effects – including improving mood. Despite their rapidly growing popularity, especially among video gamers, there is minimal evidence supporting their efficacy or establishing their cardiovascular safety profiles. PURPOSE: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial to investigate the effects of acute consumption of a non-caloric, novel energy drink (NED) containing 200 mg caffeine, citicoline, tyrosine, B-vitamins, and carboxylic acids on mood and cardiovascular safety outcomes. We hypothesized that NED would improve mood without significant adverse cardiovascular effects when compared to placebo. METHODS: Forty-five …

Bilateral Comparison Of Cross-Sectional Area Of The Vastus Lateralis Among Rodeo Athletes Who Use A Lead Leg While Competing, Sheridan Stiteler, Lyric Richardson, Amy Riera, Emma Bozarth, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Skeletal muscle morphology commonly occurs in athletes who train for specific adaptions to meet the demands of the performance task. For rodeo athletes, specific performance tasks require the use of unilateral dominance. Specifically, the use of a “lead leg” when competing may display adaptations when compared to an underutilized opposite limb. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to bilaterally compare the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the vastus lateralis (VL) among rodeo athletes who use a lead leg during their performance versus those who do not. METHODS: Thirty-seven male and female (± 1yrs; 66.38 ± 3.94 cm; 156.89 …

Effect Of Block Design On Rotational Characteristics Of A Swim Start, Samuel I. Anderson, Riley A. Barlage, Carl P. Shaulis, Scott P. Mclean

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Start block design in swimming had received little attention in the literature until the introduction of the kick plate. De Jesus et al. (2022) and Beretic et al. (2012) concluded that use of the kick plate provided advantages primarily in reducing block time and generating greater horizontal takeoff velocity and flight distance. This previous work has not considered how block design may affect the rotational characteristics of a swim start. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of start block design on the rotational characteristics of a swim start. METHODS: Fourteen university-level competitive swimmers (21.1±2.1 yrs, …

The Gap Between Education And Retention Of Concussion Protocol, Symptoms, And Risks In Collegiate Athletes, Kathryn Smith

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

In the past 25 years, sports-related concussions (SRC) or traumatic brain injuries (TBI) have been increasing nationwide. TBIs have become an important public health issue because of the large number of concussions sustained, the generally young age of patients at the time of injury, and the potential cumulative effects of repeated injuries. PURPOSE: To determine if there is a gap between education and retention of concussion protocol, symptoms, and risks in collegiate athletes. METHODS: An IRB approved Google Form survey was collected from 167 student athletes to determine the specificity and extent of the gap between education and retention. Participants …

Correlation Among Hemodynamics And Selected Biochemical Parameters In Hispanic College Students, Alexis Lopez, Jorge Bejar, Ulku Karabulut

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the correlation among large arterial elasticity index (LAEI), small arterial elasticity index (SAEI), mean arterial pressure (MAP), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), systemic vascular resistance (SVR), total vascular impedance (TVI), pulse pressure (PP), cardiac ejection time (CET), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), fasting blood glucose (GLU), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) in Hispanic college students. METHODS: Twenty-seven (13 males and 14 females) Hispanic college students (age= 22.00 ± 4.26) volunteered to participate in this study. Each subject visited the exercise physiology lab twice, where …

Effect Of Meditation Before Eccentric Exercise On Induced Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness In Elbow Flexors Of Normal Healthy Adults, Ella M. Ruehr

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is a condition characterized by discomfort and swelling in the muscle that typically occurs after high-intensity or eccentric exercise. The positive psychological and physiological effects of mindfulness meditation suggest that it may be useful as a method for preventing DOMS. PURPOSE: To examine the effect of mindfulness meditation on DOMS in normal, healthy adults. METHODS: Twenty-two undergraduate students, ages 18-22, participated in an eccentric bicep curl exercise protocol and 15-minute mindfulness meditation session. Participants exercised one arm before the meditation session (control arm), and one arm after the meditation session (experimental arm). Range …

Effects Of Physical Activity Intervention On Indicators Of Disease Progression In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (Cll) Patients, Justin Crane

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Within chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients, increased expression of the exhaustion marker PD-1 and the activation marker HLA-DR by CD4+ T cells is indicative of disease progression and associates with poor outcomes. Physical activity (PA) may slow disease progression. Whether PA impacts CD4+ T cell phenotype in CLL patients is unknown. PURPOSE: To compare the proportion of HLA-DR+PD-1+ CD4+ T cells in CLL patients before and after 4 months of interventions designed to increase PA. METHODS: CLL patients (N=24) within 3 months of diagnosis were entered into a 4-month exercise training program consisting of at-home aerobic and/or resistance training exercises …

Correlation Between Previous Diagnosed Ankle Injuries And The Rate Of Diagnosed Osteoarthritis Within Athletic Trainers, Sarah Maples, Andi Green, Steve Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While athletic trainers take care of many active individuals from prevention to rehabilitation of injury and illness, these healthcare professionals do not often apply the same concepts to their own health. After may years of standing along sidelines and other playing surfaces, they may often find themselves with osteoarthritis (OA) of various joints especially the ankle. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to expand the knowledge in certified or licensed athletic trainers regarding the rate of OA as it correlates to their own personal ankle injuries and to develop an understanding of how important it is as health …

Laboratory Measurements Of Division 1 College Baseball Players To Predict Field Base Performance, Sebastian Ortiz, Lyric Richardson, Emma Bozarth, Amy Riera, Kase Pennartz, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Cross-sectional area (CSA) of skeletal muscle has been commonly used as a predictor of force production. Peak force (PF) production during maximal contractions of the lower body can be a primary indicator of an athlete’s potential to perform on the field. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to use CSA for the VL and RF and PF to predict 60-yard dash times. METHODS: Fifteen male athletes (20.64 yrs. ±1.54, 182.89 cm. ±5.74, 196.58 kg ±21.2.) participated in this investigation. Sixty-yard dash times were recorded from each athlete prior to laboratory testing. Skeletal muscle CSA were taken from the VL …

Monitoring Firing Behaviors Of Motor Unit Action Potentials During Low-Intensity Fatiguing Contractions, Dakota Harris, Lyric Richardson, Amy Riera, Emma Bozarth, Micheal Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Motor Units (MU) are systematically activated from increasing size in accordance to the size principle. As muscle fatigue sets in, MU firing rate increases in response to sustaining whole-body force production during a low-loaded sustained contraction with respect to MU size and MU interspike intervals (ISI). PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the motor unit firing behaviors during low-force isometric fatiguing contractions. Methods: Following 3 MVCs, eight lower-body resistance trained males (23.38 ± 2.88 yrs.; 178.38 ± 7.85 cm; 86.10 ± 11.88 kg) performed 60 second submaximal (30% MVC) isometric ramp contraction of the knee extension …

Bilateral Comparison Of Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Thickness In Division I Baseball Athletes, Cade M. Parrish, Brittany Dowling, Eli Williams, Mitchel Magrini, Quincy Johnson, Michael Luera

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

It has been established the mechanics of throwing a baseball contributes to ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injury because of the repetitive valgus stress on the anterior band of the UCL, as it is the primary stabilizer of valgus stress in the elbow. This repetitive stress has been shown to cause adaptations in tensile properties leading to damage or failure of the UCL. Previous research has shown that ultrasound imaging may have the ability to detect changes in the UCL before the onset of symptoms in pitchers. PURPOSE: This study was performed to compare bilateral UCL thickness in Division I …