Digital Commons Network^™

Does Handedness Impact Pulmonary Measures During Pickleball?, Samantha E. Cruz, Tashari A. Carballo, Dustin W. Davis, Bryson Carrier, Jae K. Bovell, Matahn A. Blank, Thea S. Sweder, Zhihao Yu, Setareh Zarei, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Pickleball is a racquet sport that originated in the 1960s. Due to its beginner-friendly nature, it attracts players of all ages and fitness levels. Despite becoming the most quickly growing sport in the nation, it is still underresearched. The sport’s physiological demands based on pulmonary measures, and whether the demands differ by handedness, are not fully understood. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze and assess whether differences were evident in performance and physiological responses in players when using the dominant (DH) and nondominant hand (NDH) during pickleball. METHODS: Participants were selected through convenience sampling and consisted of …

Biomechanical Indicators Of Water Jump Performance, Luke Johnston, Luke Vankeersbilck, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

During the course of the steeplechase track event athletes pass through one water jump obstacle per each of seven laps. There are many different elements of technique that can be used to improve maintenance of horizontal velocity through each obstacle. PURPOSE: This study investigated which biomechanical factors were correlated with higher ratios of exit velocity to approach velocity while negotiating the water jump obstacle. METHODS: Biomechanical data were gathered from the steeplechase event for both men and women at the USATF Outdoor Championships and Olympic Trials. Data were included from 2011 through 2023. Biomechanical data were measured from …

The Effects Of Chronic Pain Levels On Lower Extremity Muscle Activation During Jump Landing/Cutting In Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability, Isaiah K. Githuka, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Lateral ankle sprains (LASs) are the most common injury in sports. Up to 74% of individuals with an initial LAS develop chronic ankle instability (CAI) with chronic ankle pain being one of the residual symptoms. PURPOSE: To Identify the effects of chronic pain levels on lower extremity muscle activation during a maximal jump landing/cutting in CAI individuals. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. Twenty CAI individuals with high pain (High pain) (9M, 11F; age=22±2year; height= 1.74±0.10m; mass=79.4±14.6kg, pain=67.4±7.7), 20 CAI individuals with low pain (Low pain) (9M, 11F; age=21±3year; height=1.73±0.08m; mass=74.2±12.7kg, pain=91.7±3.9), and 20 healthy controls (Control) (9M, 11F; …

Effects Of Anticipation On Energy Dissipation Patterns Among Chronic Ankle Instability Patients, Joshua M. Wilson, Minsub Oh, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Ankle inversion injuries often lead to chronic ankle instability (CAI). CAI patients use altered energy dissipation patterns during jump-landing, but most studies have been limited to tasks performed under anticipated conditions. It is unclear how the anticipatory condition affects joint energetics in CAI patients. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of anticipation on energy dissipation during jump-landing among CAI, coper, and control subjects. METHODS: 60 subjects were categorized according to the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure and Ankle Instability Index. 20 CAI patients (10males, 10females, 1.74±0.1m, 69.1±10.2kg), 20 Copers (10males, 10females, 1.76±0.1m, 70.9±11.1kg), and 20 Controls (10males, 10females, 1.74±0.1m, …

Undergraduate Kinesiology Student Involvement In The Department And Sense Of Belonging By Employment Status, Ruby Delgado, Maria Sanchez-Perez, Sarah Dunn

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Many undergraduate college students find the need to work either on or off campus in order to pay for their tuition and expenses. It is unknown whether or not employment impacts a students ability to be involved in the department or feel like they belong and not typically reported for Kinesiology programs. PURPOSE: To assess the impact employment had on college students in relation to their sense of belonging and involvement with their home department and to investigate belonging and involvement in Kinesiology students. METHODS: Undergraduate college/university students (18+ years) at a public institution in Southern California were …

Repeated Maximal Exercise Measures Are Very Reliable Among Healthy College-Aged Individuals, Kjerstin Woodrum, Nicole Argueta, Jocelyn Graffius, David Pearce, Allison Rowley, Tyler Le Baron, Julie E. Taylor

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The most common way to assess cardiovascular fitness is with a maximal graded exercise test (GXT) to determine the maximal rate of oxygen consumption (VO₂ max). Maximal exercise efforts during GXT testing have been shown to be quite repeatable among active and sedentary adults, as well as cardiac patients and the elderly. With young, healthy participants, familiarization and motivation could result in improved performance measures with repeated testing. The reliability of maximal exercise measures among healthy college-aged individuals during repeated Bruce Protocol GXT assessments are yet unclear. PURPOSE: To determine how repeatable the VO₂max and other maximal …

The Effects Of Chronic Pain Levels On Joint Angle During Jump Landing/Cutting In Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability, Dallin E. Fjerstad, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

About 60% of chronic ankle instability (CAI) individuals report ankle pain persisting for longer than 3 months. They have the risk of recurrent ankle sprains while performing multiplanar tasks such as jumping with landing/cutting. However, little is known about the effects of chronic pain levels on joint kinematics differences and how chronic pain levels contribute to motor outcomes when performing multiplanar motions. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of pain levels on kinematics during jump landing/cutting in CAI individuals. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. Twenty CAI patients with high pain (high pain) (9 males, 11 females; age=22±2year; …

Examining The Acute Effects Of Virtual Reality On The Star Excursion Balance Test In Chronic Ankle Instability, Isaac T. Edwards, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, Minsub Oh, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) patients display mechanical and functional restrictions, along with neurocognitive dysfunction after lateral ankle sprains. Athletes need to divide their attention to effectively multitask during sports activities. Recent studies have utilized virtual reality (VR) to simulate dynamic sporting environments, aiming to enhance cognitive and postural control. However, little is known about the acute effects of VR on dynamic postural control in CAI patients. PURPOSE: To identify the acute effects of VR gear on dynamic postural control in CAI patients. METHODS: This study was a cross-over study. Twenty CAI patients (11males, 9females; age=21±3year; height=1.63±0.28m; mass=74±13.1kg). We …

The Effects Of Chronic Pain Levels On Lower Extremity Energetics During Jump Landing/Cutting In Chronic Ankle Instability Patients, Minsub Oh, Hyunwook Lee, Seugnuk Han, J. Ty Hopkins

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Up to 75% of patients with lateral ankle sprains develop chronic ankle instability (CAI). A majority of CAI patients report chronic pain and show altered jump landing/cutting patterns. Calculating joint energetics affected by chronic pain provides insight into understanding the effects of chronic pain levels on lower limbs in CAI patients. PURPOSE: To identify the effects of chronic pain levels on lower limb energetics during jump landing/cutting in CAI patients. METHODS: This study was a cross-sectional study. Fifteen CAI patients with high pain (High pain) (6males, 9females; age=22.1±2.1year; height=1.74±0.09m; mass=71.3±10.6kg, pain=66.9±9.4), matched 15 CAI patients with low pain …

Stress Response To Winter Warfare Training: Potential Impact Of Location, Lauren M. Visconti, Andrea C. Givens, Lorraine P. Turcotte, Laura Arrington, Karen R. Kelly

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Winter Warfare Training (WWT) is a critical component of military training to prepare individuals to move effectively in harsh conditions. Moving through snow and heavy terrain increases overall stress to the entire human system. PURPOSE: The purpose of this effort was to quantify the stress response during WWT to determine the level of physiological adaptation to extreme environments. METHODS: Mountain and mobility operators (age: 31.5±1.4 years; height: 71.1±0.5 inches; weight: 192.5±6.6 lbs.; body fat percentage: 18.0±5.0%) were recruited for this effort. Participants engaged in baseline laboratory metrics at their home station located in Colorado (CO) prior to WWT for one …

Ingestible Oxygen Supplementation Does Not Impact Maximal Aerobic Performance Measures, Julie E. Taylor, Allison Rowley, Jocelyn Graffius, David Pearce, Kjerstin Woodrum, Tyler Lebaron

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Oxygen supplementation has been used to improve physical performances for decades, most commonly in the form of bottled oxygen. Other forms of inhalable and/or ingestible oxygen have been investigated more recently with mixed results. An ingestible oxygen supplement (Ox66_TM) consisting of oxygen molecules contained within an aluminum ion clathrate structure has been shown to increase SaO₂ at rest and reduce inflammation in clinical settings. This ingestible oxygen enters through the portal vein rather than the pulmonary system. It is unclear whether this oxygen supplement would have an impact on factors related to maximal aerobic capacity (VO_{2 …}

Fluid Intake And Hydration Responses To Mass Participation Gravel Cycling, Brandon Raik, Francis Salmon, Grace Handler, Matthew M. Schubert

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Gravel cycling is a relatively new cycling discipline, with the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) hosting their first UCI Gravel World Championships in 2022. Gravel races combine features of road racing, cyclocross, and mountain biking, including various terrain of varying technical difficulty (paved roads, dirt roads, fire roads, single- and double-track trails), long distances, substantial vertical elevation gain, obstacles, and limited opportunities to stop for in-race nutrition. PURPOSE: To date, gravel racing has not been scientifically examined to determine the demands of the sport. Data from cycling road races indicate substantial fluid loss, which may impair exercise performance. This study assessed …

Impact Of Submaximal Versus Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training On Blood Glucose Regulation In Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review And Meta-Analysis, Jennifer A. Weil, Daryl Lee Parker

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is an efficient form of exercise that can potentially induce significant and clinically meaningful blood glucose improvements in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is unknown whether certain HIIT interval intensities may be more effective than others in combating hyperglycemia in T2DM. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine if submaximal or supramaximal HIIT reduces blood glucose or improves markers of insulin resistance more than the other in T2DM patients using a systematic review and meta-analytical approach. METHODS: Three databases (Embase/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and PubMed) were systematically searched in July 2021 …

Running Biomechanics And Knee Cartilage Health In Aclr Patients, Jacob K. Palmer, Hyunwook Lee, Minsub Oh, Seunguk Han, Steven P. Allen, Garritt L. Page, Dustin A. Bruening, Robert D. Hyldahl, J. Ty Hopkins, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients are more likely to subsequently suffer from knee osteoarthritis than non-ACLR counterparts. Exercise is thought to influence articular cartilage, however, it is unclear how running biomechanics are associated with femoral cartilage thickness and composition in ACLR patients. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between running biomechanics and measures of femoral articular cartilage condition (thickness and composition) in ACLR patients and control subjects. METHODS: We used ultrasound and MRI (T2 mapping sequence) to measure articular cartilage thickness and composition, respectively, for 20 ACLR patients (age: 23 ± 3 yrs; …

Effects Of A 16-Week Home-Based Strength Training Randomized Controlled Trial On Depression In Obese Latino Adolescent Boys, Emilio Rodriguez, Rakaihya Thomas, Jonathan Hernandez Aguilar, Melanie Panosian, Alexandra Knipprath, Allan Knox, Louise A. Kelly

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

While the data has shown that the overall prevalence of depression is 6% in adolescents, these statistics are primarily based on white children. Latino children are more likely to suffer anxiety, depression and other mental health disorders compared to their non-Latino peers. While incidents are higher in Latino kids (22% suffer from depression), few receive treatment when compared to white children (8% vs 14% respectively). Given the prevailing burden and impact of mental health disorders in youth, it is essential that effective interventions are identified and implemented. PURPOSE: To assess the effects of a 16-week (2x/week) home-based strength training …

Local Sweating Response To Varying Intradermal Electrical Stimulation Patterns, Gary W. Mack

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The local sweat rate response (LSR) to intradermal electrical stimulation generates a sigmodal stimulus-response curve with a peak sweat rate generated by a 30 s period of continuous stimuli at a frequency of 8-16 Hz. The firing pattern of the sudomotor nerve driving sweat gland function in vivo, however, display a bursting firing pattern. Purpose: To compare the LSR to a 30 s continuous intradermal electrical stimulation frequency to a 30 s bursting pattern with a similar total number of stimuli. We hypothesize that there would be no difference in the LSR response between the two stimuli patterns. Methods: Subjects …

Cultural Normalization Of Risk?: Exploring Brain Injury In The National Football League Using Sociocultural Analysis, Ali V. Willing, Jafra D. Thomas

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

The NFL's history includes the organization's fight against numerous lawsuits alleging excessive risk of brain injury to current and former players. A billion-dollar legal settlement by the NFL in 2022 illustrates the issue's gravity. PURPOSE: We aimed to understand why, culturally, the NFL has 'failed' to avert serious harm alleged by the lawsuits, given the lawsuits' magnitude and the known brain-injury risks of playing tackle football. METHODS: The NFL's rhetoric towards safety concerns and recommendations for injury prevention were examined vis-a-vis qualitative analysis of its organizational and media practices. This study was through one undergraduate end-of-term project focused …

Page, Tate Cromwell "Piney," 1908-1984 (Fa 1397), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Folklife Archives Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Folklife Archives Project 1397. Papers of Page, former Dean of the College of Education at Western Kentucky University, primarily concerning his work documenting the people, places, history and folklore of the Ozarks region in Arkansas where he was raised. Also includes his photographs of historic structures, made mostly in western Kentucky.

Assessing The Validity Of Several Heart Rate Monitors In Wearable Technology While Mountain Biking, Bryson Carrier, Robert W. Salatto, Dustin W. Davis, Jacquelyn Sertic, Brenna Barrios, Graham R. Mcginnis, Tedd Girouard, Benjamin E. Burroughs, James W. Navalta

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(7): 1440-1450, 2023. Purpose: This study sought to assess the validity of several heart rate (HR) monitors in wearable technology during mountain biking (MTB), compared to the Polar H7® HR monitor, used as the criterion device. Methods: A total of 20 participants completed two MTB trials while wearing six HR monitors (5 test devices, 1 criterion). HR was recorded on a second-by-second basis for all devices analyzed. After data processing, validity measures were calculated, including 1. error analysis: mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean error (ME), and 2. Correlation analysis: …

The Effect Of Topical Cannabidiol On The Progression Rate Of Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, Anastasia Alpy, George Yusuff, Michele Aquino, John Petrizzo, Robert M. Otto, John Wygand, Troy Simpson

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(3): 1426-1439, 2023. This study investigated the efficacy of topical cannabidiol (CBD) ointment in reducing localized inflammation, minimizing performance detriments, and attenuating soreness associated with delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). In a double blind randomized control trial, upper-arm circumferences, maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) for elbow flexion at 90° and 30° for college-aged participants (n = 21, age 20.8 ± 1.9 years) were assessed at baseline. Participants then performed a DOMS-inducing protocol for the biceps brachii. Topical CBD ointment and placebo (P) ointment were randomly assigned and applied 30 minutes, 24, 48 and 72 …

Prediction Of Maximum Lactate Concentration During An All-Out Anaerobic Test In Elite Ice Hockey Players, Maxime Allisse, Hung Tien Bui, Patrick Desjardins, Philippe Roy, Alain Steve Comtois, Mario Leone

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(4) 1385-1397, 2023. The lack of specific on-ice tests to predict maximum lactate concentration limits the ability of coaches to better track and develop their ice hockey players. Thus, this study aimed to develop an equation for indirectly assessing the maximum lactate concentration produced from an all-out on-ice skating effort in elite adolescent ice hockey players. Twenty elite male ice hockey players participated in this study (age = 15.7 ± 1.0 year). The lactate anaerobic skating test (LAST) consisted of skating back and forth on an 18.2 m course at maximal speed with abrupt stops …

The Effects Of Pre-Exercise Ice-Slurry Ingestion On Thermoregulation And Exercise Performance Of Highly Trained Athletes: A Scoping Review, Gopathi Pranita Ms., Keren Susan Cherian [email protected], Kommi Kalpana Dr

International Journal of Exercise Science

International Journal of Exercise Science 16(2): 1398-1412, 2023. Ice-slurry prepared from plain ice, crushed ice, or sports drink has been used as a cooling strategy before exercise to regulate body temperature and improve exercise performance. However, consensus regarding the benefit is unclear. Therefore, the present review aimed to study the effects of pre-exercise ice-slurry ingestion on thermoregulation and exercise performance of highly trained athletes. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) checklist was used. The data extraction was done using the search engine Google Scholar, and digital repositories such as Cochrane, Scopus, Medline, …

P.E.O. Sisterhood - Chapter O - Bowling Green, Kentucky (Sc 3741), Manuscripts & Folklife Archives

Manuscript Collection Finding Aids

Finding aid only for Manuscripts Small Collection 3741. Yearbooks, 1982/83-1988/89, of the P.E.O. (Philanthropic Educational Organization) Sisterhood, Chapter O, Bowling Green, Kentucky.

Ua80/1 Meeting Agenda & Minutes, W Club

University Organizations

Agenda and minutes of the November 2023 W Club Board of Directors meeting.

Ua12/2/1 College Heights Herald: Your Vote Matters, Wku Student Affairs

WKU Administration Documents

Magazine edition of the College Heights Herald for the period October 4 - November 6, 2023.

• Anderson, Alexandria. Letter from the Editor – Elections
• Reed, Bailey. Every Vote in This County is Important – Daniel Cameron, Andy Beshear
• Phelps, Maggie. The Importance of Voter Registration
• Daniel Cameron on the Issues
• Andy Beshear on the Issues
• Di Palermo, Dominic. The Bowling Green Rock Band Academy – Musicians
• Costellow, Ali. Students & Campus Organizations Prepare for November Election
• Wilborn, Price. Wokeness Is Not a Bad Thing, and People Need to Stop Saying It Is
• Edmonds, Luke. A Kentuckian’s Guide to Legal Sports …

Effects Of Running On Femoral Articular Cartilage Thickness For Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Patients And Non-Aclr Control Subjects, Aubree L. Remmel, Hyunwook Lee, Minsub Oh, Seunguk Han, Steven P. Allen, Garritt L. Page, Dustin A. Bruening, Robert D. Hyldahl, J. Ty Hopkins, Matthew K. Seeley

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) patients are more likely to develop posttraumatic knee osteoarthritis than non-ACLR counterparts. The effect of running on femoral articular cartilage thickness is unclear. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare how 30 minutes of running influences femoral articular cartilage thickness for ACLR patients and non-ACLR control subjects. We hypothesized that running would deform the femoral articular cartilage more for the ACLR patients than for the control subjects. METHODS: We recruited 20 individuals with primary unilateral ACLR and 20 matched non-ACLR controls. ACLR patients and control subjects were matched based upon age, gender, BMI, …

Influence Of Air Resistance On Ground Reaction Forces During Treadmill Running, Jared Steele, Iain Hunter

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

INTRODUCTION: Running is fundamentally driven by forces applied to the ground, eliciting ground reaction forces (GRFs) which accelerate the runner. These GRFs are divided into vertical, anteroposterior, and mediolateral components. As running speed alters, so do the patterns of these forces. By juxtaposing these GRF patterns with metabolic data, we can discern how movement patterns adapt across different running conditions. One of the key distinctions between treadmill and overground running is the influence of air resistance. METHODS: The study involved twenty-four active male runners experienced in achieving a sub-17-minute-5km or equivalent performance. The main objective was to examine the influence …

Environmental Heat Stress And Physiological Heat Strain In Construction Workers During Work In The Summer, Jonathan Specht, Erica Tourula, M. Jo Hite, Serena Garcia, Charlie Walker, Hillary Yoder, Zachary Schlader, Fabiano Amorim

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Construction workers are thirteen times more likely to die from heat-related illnesses compared to the general population. This elevaled risk results from both metabolic heat production due to the physical demands of construction work associated with high environmental heat stress. However, it is important to recognize that the magnitude of heat stress experienced varies across job types withing the construction industry reflecting the diversity of tasks performed. In addition, environmental heat stress can significantly vary for workers based on whether they operate in covered or uncovered work areas, creating varying levels of heat sttres, particularly during during summer months. Notably, …

Physical Function In Young And Older Adult Active Pickleball Players, Leighanne T. Paulson, Eric Martin, Kent J. Adams Facsm, Marcus M. Lawrence

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

Limited information exists on pickleball’s impact on physical function in adults, especially older adults (65+ years), despite reported health benefits. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the physical function of active older adult (OA) female and male recreational pickleball players via handgrip strength and fatigue, 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) test, as well as the short physical performance battery (SPPB) compared to sex-matched young adult (YA) controls. METHODS: Thirty YA (18-26 years; n=15 female/male) participants and 27 OA (65-89 years; n=13 female, n=15 male) participants who played pickleball at least three times per week were assessed for physical function outcomes of …

Effects Of Aerobic Exercise On Individulas With Down Syndrome Via Telerehabilitation, Zeel K. Patel Miss, Isha Gautami, Namrata Jain, Jacob Hinkel-Lipsker Professor

International Journal of Exercise Science: Conference Proceedings

BACKGROUND: Most of the children and adolescents with Down’s syndrome (DS) have poor aerobic capacity, physical fitness and demonstrate diminished cognitive abilities. Recent studies suggest that increased physical activity may prove to be important for maintaining components of cognition, including memory along with physical fitness.

In addition, there is interest among practitioners in determining the efficacy of virtual exercise classes, which can be more convenient for clients. However, it is unknown whether group exercise classes delivered over videoconferencing achieve desired outcomes—particularly in special populations such as those with DS.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect …