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Utah Science Vol. 44 No. 1, Spring 1983

Utah Science

1 CANNED RAINBOW TROUT D. T. Bartholomew, C. A. Ernstrom, and V. T. Mendenhall Canned trout is nudging canned tuna on grocery shelves thanks to a cooperative venture at USU. Trout meat that used to be lost to human consumption has been made available.

4 GRAPES TO MAKE YOUR OWN RAISINS J. L. Anderson, M. G. Weeks, W. A. Varga, G. Scott, and C. P. Brennand All grapes are not equal when it comes to converting them into raisins. Utah's climate makes local testing of varieties especially crucial. There are, however, varieties and raisin,-making techniques that can be recommended for …

Grand Prairie Water Supply Project - Phase 1, Richard C. Peralta, Roberto Arce, Timothy M. Skergan

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

On the Grand Prairie, rice has required irrigation. Present day economics are favoring irrigation for soybeans as well. Water needs are currently being filled primarily from three sources: rainfall, a Tertiary aquifer and a Quaternary aquifer. Rainfall and rainfall storage meet some of the total water needs. The Tertiary aquifer lies at depths of 750 to 1400 feet beneath the surface of the Grand Prairie. Some water is obtained from the formation, but the outlook for significantly increasing withdrawals is bleak because of the cost involved in drilling new wells. Roughly seventy-five percent of the irrigation water needs are met …

Evaluation And Accessing Of Data For A Water Resources Simulator, Richard C. Peralta, Roberto Arce, Timothy Skergan

Civil and Environmental Engineering Faculty Publications

This report evaluates the availability of data needed to use a groundwater simulation model for real time conjunctive water management in the Arkansas Grand Prairie. It is assumed that the goal of such management is to protect existing groundwater rights by maintaining water levels so that wells do not go dry, even in time of drought.

Sufficient hydrogeologic data exists to use the simulation model to predict the effect of known pumping rates on groundwater levels. Developing an optimal set of "target" levels and annually managing pumping to achieve those levels requires additional data: fall groundwater levels, degree of connection …

Crsp Power Peaking Capacity: Generation At Outlet Glen Canyon Unit, Arizona: Concluding Report, Robert N. Broadbent, Clifford I. Barrett

Elusive Documents

No abstract provided.

Interagency Hazard Mitigation: 90-Day Post Flood Recovery Progress Report, Hazard Mitigation Team (Utah)

Elusive Documents

As a result of an extended period of abnormally high precipitation, prolonged snow melt, and subsequent high water tales, Utahns, in 1983 suffered from landslides, debris flows, flooding, and a dam failure. On April 30, 1983, the President determined the Spanish Fork slide-dam and Thistle flood covering Utah, Carbon, and Emery Counties was of sufficient seventy and magnitude to issue a Major Disaster Declaration under Public Law 93-288. The incident period was not closed until July 1, 1983. By the time all flooding had ceased, nineteen additional counties (over 75% of Utah) had been included in the Declaration.

Proceedings From The 20th Annual Marschall Invitational Italian Cheese Seminar 1983, Various Authors

Cheese Industry Conference

No abstract provided.

Understory Vegetation Inventory: An Efficient Procedure, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

The Understory Vegetation Inventory Procedure used on Forest Survey plots provides some basic information about the plant community that, when combined with other information, can be used for wildlife habitat and forage evaluation, grazing use potential, potential climax and seral stage of vegetation, and estimation of land productivity in terms of biomass.

Evaluating Nonindustrial Private Landowners For Forestry Assistance Programs: A Logistic Regression Approach, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

As budgets in forest management agencies become more restrictive, cost-effective programs become more important. This paper describes a quantitative tool for setting priorities for the forestry assistance program administered by the Montana Division of Forestry. Logistic regression was used to better identify the type of forest owners to which assistance should be directed. (In logistic regression, the dependent variable is a probability that a certain event or activity will occur.) Data supporting model development were obtained from a questionnaire survey of forest landowners in the western portion of Montana. Four models were developed that pertain to past use of technical …

Histological Differentiation Among Abiotic Causes Of Conifer Needle Necrosis, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Symptoms induced by phytotoxic gases within conifer needles can be differentiated histologically from those caused by other abiotic agents including winter drying, drought, and salt. However, it is not possible to differentiate among symptoms caused by hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, ethyl mercaptan, and hydrogen sulfide. Phytotoxic gases cause hypertrophy and hyperplasia of vascular parenchyma, endodermis collapse, and intense vascular staining. The other abiotic agents induce mesophyll collapse with little or no observable effects on vascular tissues. Histological analyses should be useful in diagnosis of air pollution-induced injury and damage in coniferous forests.

Preliminary Geologic Map Of The Beaver Lake Mountains Quadrangle, Beaver And Millard Counties, Utah, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Preliminary geologic map of the Beaver Lake Mountains quadrangle. This map is preliminay and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards and stratigraphic nomenclature.

Preliminary Surficial Geologic Map Of The Fisher Valley-Professor Valley Area, Southeastern Utah, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Preliminary surficial geologic map of the Fisher Valley-Professor Valley Area, Southeastern Utah.

Ground Water In The Southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah And Colorado, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The potential for developing oil-shale resources in the southeastern Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado has created the need for information on the quantity and quality of water available in the area. This report describes the availability and chemical quality of ground water, which might provide a source or supplement of water supply for an oil-shale industry.

Ground-Water Hydrology And Projected Effects Of Ground-Water Withdrawals In The Sevier Desert, Utah, United States Geological Survey

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

The principal ground-water reservoir in the Sevier Desert is the unconsolidated basin fill. The fill has been divided generally into aquifers and confining beds, although there are no clearcut boundaries between these units--the primary aquifers are the shallow and deep artesian aquifers. Recharge to the ground-water reservoir is by infiltration of precipitation; seepage from streams, canals, reservoirs, and unconsumed irrigation water; and subsurface inflow from consolidated rocks in mountain areas and from adjoining areas. discharge is by wells, springs, seepage to the Sevier River, evapotranspiration, and subsurface outflow to adjoining areas.

Coal Hydrology Bibliography, United States Bureau Of Land Management

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

In compiling this bibliography, Geological Survey publication lists, existing Geological Survey bibliographies, and the Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) data base were searched for pertinent Geological Survey publications that contained information relevant to the hydrology of a coal area. The WRSIC abstracts were used unedited as received from the WRSIC data base. Also included are reports of the Energy Mineral Rehabilitation Inventory and Analysis (EMRIA) program, coal leasing environmental impact statements and environmental analysis reports, and Bureau of Land Management land-use planning documents containing information about coal hydrology. Only those documents authored by either the Geological Survey or the …

The Challenge Of Producing Native Plants For The Intermountain Area, U.S. Forest Service

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Germination of wildland seeds is often dependent on proper seed collection and storage. A systematic approach to germination testing will often pinpoint the type of dormancy of seeds in wildland species and lead to germination enhancement.

Scs Natinoal Engineering Handbook: Section 15, Irrigation, Chapter 12--Land Leveling, U.S. Department Of Commerce

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

Land leveling or land grading for irrigation is modifying the surface relief of a field to a planned grade to provide a more suitable surface for efficiently applying irrigation water. Normally land leveling requires moving a lot of earth over several hundred feet. This should not be confused with land planning, land smoothing, or land floating. They are usually accomplished with special equipment to eliminate minor irregularities, and they do not change the general topography of the land surface. Rough grading is removing knolls, mounds, or ridges and filling pockets or swales in a field that is not to have …

Production And Product Recovery For Complete Tree Utilization In The Northern Rockies, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

In this study, a whole-tree harvesting system designed to produce logs and chips was evaluated on four sites, each with a different silvicultural prescription. The system consisted of: feller-bunchers, grapple-equipped rubber-tired skidders, a tree processor, a whole-tree chipper, and a hydraulic log loader. Production rates for the overall system and for its various components were developed with time-motion study techniques. Variation in productivity between study areas was analyzed with respect to stand and site characteristics.

Winter Injury Of Sagebrush And Other Wildland Shrubs In The Western United States, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

The objective of this paper is to briefly review winter injury of plants and shrubs in particular, document the observed winter injury of 1976-77, and correlate the occurrence with weather records.

Estimating The Rate And Amount Of Tree Loss From Mountain Pine Beetle Infestations, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Because of recurrent depredations by the mountain pine beetle in lodgepole pine, managers have less than a 50 percent chance of growing lodgepole pine to 16-inch diameters in most stands. This paper describes a Rate of Loss Model that estimates the amount of tree and volume loss per year and the longevity of the infestation, and shows how the model can be incorporated into forest planning. The model assumes optimum conditions for the life of an epidemic. However, actual field conditions can cause beetle populations to deviate from predictions causing a bit of overestimation, which is not considered serious in …

Llaffs - A Lightning-Locating And Fire-Forecasting System, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

This publication contains programs and documentation to implement an algorithm for calculating lightning fire probability. This calculation is based on a model originally developed for the National Fire-Danger Rating System. The model algorithm estimates the probability that a lightning discharge from cloud to ground will ignite a fire in fuels at the ground terminus of the lightning. Probability is estimated using variables that are measures of the fuel state and type, rain, and lightning. Details of the model can be found in Fuquay and others (1979), Latham (1979), and Fuquay (1980).

Salvage And Thinning Operations In Second-Growth Ponderosa Pine Stands, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

This report describes and discusses a harvesting system made up of commercially available equipment and modified farm tractors that has been successfully used to salvage and thin second-growth ponderosa pine stands. Commercial equipment consisted of fellerbunchers, a skidder, and a chipper. Farm tractors were equipped with grapples and metal reinforcings to adapt them to forest use.

Planning For Rural Human Services: The Western Energy-Impact Experience, United States Department Of Health And Human Services, Office Of Human Development Services

Fuel Sources

Beginning in the mid-1970's, the development of energy resources in the western United States created significant changes in the small, rural communities of this area. Many of the changes were the result of the rapid influx of population associated with industrial activities. It has long been recognized that communities subject to rapid growth have difficulty meeting the physical facility needs of their residents, such as housing, shopping and school facilities, and sewer and water services. In recent years, a growing recognition of the importance of the social effects of rapid community growth has also developed. These effects include the deterioration …

Measuring Species Diversity On Revegetated Surface Mines: An Evaluation Of Techniques, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Mines and Mineral Resources

This report reviews the three most commonly used techniques for measuring species diversity in plant communities: (1) diversity indices, (2) rank correlation tests, and (3) similarity indices. The author discusses the suitability of each technique for assessing species diversity on mined land and evaluates the most often used indices, test statistics, or coefficients of each technique. Applications of the Shannon-Weiner diversity index, Spearman's rank order correlation coefficient, Motyka and others' and Bray and Curtis' version of Sorensen's similarity index, and Spatz' version of Jaccard's index for assessing mined land species diversity are presented in the appendix.

Fireline Production: A Conceptual Model, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildfires

This report describes a conceptual model that provides a framework for the components of fireline production. Other conceptual or operational fire-related models may be linked with this production model. Major components and relationships are diagramed.

Comparison Of Model High-Latitude Electron Densities With Millstone Hill Observations, Jan Josef Sojka, Robert W. Schunk, J. V. Evans, J. M. Holt, R. H. Wand

All Physics Faculty Publications

Model predictions of the diurnal variations of plasma convection velocities and electron densities in the high-latitude ionosphere were compared with Millstone Hill incoherent scatter radar observations for an equinox day on which there was moderate magnetic activity. On the observation day, three major morphological features were evident at 500 km, including a dayside high density region, a nightside mid-latitude trough, and a region of slightly enhanced densities in the auroral zone. Although the dayside high density region was due to solar EUV radiation, it was not symmetrical about local noon (1000-1900 LT sector) owing to the effect of horizontal transport. …

Experimental Evidence For The Acceleration Of Thermal Electrons By Ion Cyclotron Waves In The Magnetosphere, A. J. Norris, J.F. E. Johnson, Jan Josef Sojka, G. L. Wrenn, N. Cornilleau-Wehrlin, S. Perraut, A. Roux

All Physics Faculty Publications

Ion cyclotron waves (ICWs) at frequencies just above f He+ , the helium gyrofrequency, are often observed by the ESA satellites GEOS 1 and GEOS 2. Young et al. (1981) have shown the close connection between these ICWs and the presence of thermal He+ ions in the outer magnetosphere. The purpose of this paper is to provide experimental evidence for the acceleration of thermal electrons by the large amplitude ICWs. The wave power in the ultra low frequency (ULF) range near f He+ is compared with the distribution function of low energy electrons, measured by instruments aboard the GEOS satellites. …

Internal Filters : Prospects For Uv-Acclimation In Higher Plants, Martyn M. Caldwell, Ronald Robberecht, Stephan D. Flint

Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah

Wavelength-selective absorption of solar radiation within plant leaves allows penetration of visible radiation to the chloroplats, while removing much of the damaging ultraviolet-B radiation. Flavonoids are important in this wavelength-selective absorption. Induction of flavonoid synthesis by solar radiation, and specifically by UV-B radiation, is discussed as this relates to the potential acclimation of plants to enhanced solar UV-B radiation that would result from stratospheric ozone reduction.

The Effects Of Ultraviolet-B Radiation On Plant Competition In Terrestrial Ecosystems, Warren G. Gold, Martyn M. Caldwell

Green Canyon Environmental Research Area, Logan Utah

Evidence regarding the interaction of ultraviolet-B radiation and plant competition in terrestrial ecosystems is examined. The competitive interactions of some species pairs were affected even by ambient solar UV-B radiation when compared to control pairs grown without UV-B. Also, the total shoot biomass of these species pairs was depressed under ambient UV-B. Relatively large increases in UV-B radiation altered the competitive interactions of some species pairs grown in pots under field conditions, but did not affect the total shoot biomass production of those pairs. Recent field experiments have examined the competitive interactions of wheat and wild oat under a simulated …

Food Microstructure

Food Structure

No abstract provided.

Fluorescence Quenching At High Quencher Concentrations, David Peak, T C. Werner, R M. Dennin Jr., J K. Baird

All Physics Faculty Publications

Chemical reactions occurring in dense media at high reactant concentrations can be described by rate ‘‘constants’’ which are actually functions of concentration. We present a theoretical model in which this so‐called rate constant ‘‘renormalization’’ occurs for the specific case of fluorescence quenching in solution. We show that both the quenching and the excitation rate constants can become concentration dependent. We fit our theory to several sets of experimental data—our own and some from the literature—and show that excellent agreement is obtained by varying a single free parameter, namely, the efficiency with which a fluorophore‐quencher collision leads to a quench of …