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Particle Probe Analysis In The Study Of Skin Physiology, Bo Forslind

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The basic function of provide a barrier which the epidermis is will separate the body compartment from the environment thus protecting the organism from excessive loss of water and to hinder the entrance of noxious agents. A continuous renewal of the actual barrier makes it possible to fulfill these requirements. Using particle probe analysis, electron microprobe (EMP) and proton microprobe (PMP) analysis we have demonstrated the feasibility of these techniques in the study of skin physiology. The results reported here have been obtained on quench frozen skin specimens inertly prepared by cryotechniques to produce freeze-dried sections presenting cross sections of …

Integrated Image And X-Ray Microanalysis Of Hepatic Lysosomes In A Patient With Idiopathic Hemosiderosis Before And After Treatment By Phlebotomy, M. I. Cleton, J. M. Roelofs, C. J. G. Blok-Van Hoek, W. C. De Bruijn

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Morphometrical and X-ray elemental information was extracted from Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (STEM) images of hepatic lysosomes of a patient with idiopathic hemosiderosis before and after treatment by phlebotomy. The elements of interest were (i) iron, stored in pathological quantities in hepatic lysosomal structures and (ii) cerium, used as a capture ion after a cytochemical reaction to detect acid phosphatase activity in the lysosomal structures.

Morphologically the lysosomal structures are heteromorph and the elements iron and cerium are heterogeneously distributed. With "reduced raster" (= reduced scanning area) analysis at 16 x 16 pixel points (integrating image and X-ray microanalysis), a …

Calcification In Aging Canine Aortic Valve, Kookmin M. Kim, S. H. Chang, B. F. Trump, H. Spurgeon

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Aging changes of aortic valves are thought to underlie the mechanism of calcification, which leads to calcific aortic stenosis in humans. The study of calcification in the aging valvular connective tissue has been hindered by the lack of a suitable animal model. In search of the model, canine aortic valves demonstrated age changes including calcification remarkably similar to those in humans. The mechanism of calcification was studied in the aortic valves of aged Beagles by electron microscopy. Fibroblasts in the canine aortic valves showed the most prominent age changes. The cells accumulated numerous residual bodies and appeared to disintegrate. The …

Use Of Cryogenically Prepared Samples In The Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of Dry-To-Wet Transitions, John N. A. Lott, Patrice Kerr

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cryogenic preparation has been used to study changes that occur as a dry specimen undergoes hydration. Conventional techniques such as critical point drying or anhydrous fixation are unsuitable for studying such changes. Seed tissue, a dry moss and various foods were chosen to show dry-to-wet transitions that take place after wetting of the dry sample begins. Cryogenically prepared specimens have great potential, not only in the study of changes which occur during imbibition of one sample, but also in the study of samples with different moisture content.

Regulation Of Hematopoiesis In Long Term Marrow Cultures: Role Of Humoral Factors In The Proliferation And Differentiation Of Stem Cells And Committed Progenitors, Christine Elins Eastment

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Established systems of long-term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) have contributed to our understanding of the interrelationships between the adherent stromal cells and the stem cells, committed progenitors and mature terminally differentiated cells. While cell-mediated or short range stromal interactions appear to be a major source of homeostatic control between the stromal microenvironment and the stem cells, positive and negative humoral influences or long-range mechanisms also regulate stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Adherent stromal conditioned medium generates factors which can trigger CFU-s into DNA synthesis within 18 hours or inhibit incorporation of tritiated thymidine into rapidly proliferating CFU-s. Other adherent stromal …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Kidney Cells In Culture: Surface Features Of Polarized Epithelia, J. A. Mcateer, G. S. Dougherty, K. D. Gardner Jr., A. P. Evan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the surface morphology of the renal epithelial cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1 to determine the influence of alternative culture substrate conditions on cell polarity. We observed that regardless of physical culture conditions, cells establishes and maintained polarity, expressed by the characteristics of apical and basal surfaces. culture conditions did, however, influence the orientation of cell polarity in vitro. MDCK cells were grown within collagen gel, in which individual cells exhibited clonal growth to form fluid-filled epithelial cysts. The cells of MDCK-cysts were polarized with apical surface facing the lumen and …

Sequential Scanning Electron Microscopic Analyses Of Normal And Spontaneously Occurring Abnormal Ocular Development In C57b1/6j Mice, Cynthia S. Cook, Kathleen K. Sulik

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Embryos of C57B1/6J mice were examined grossly, and by light and scanning electron microscopy on days 8 through 19 of gestation. Adult eyes were examined by slit lamp biomicroscopy and light microscopy. A spontaneous incidence of eye malformations including microphthalmia, microphakia, corneal opacity and anterior segment dysgenesis was observed at a rate of 13.2% in the adults and 10.8% in the day 14 embryos. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrates the complex series of coordinated changes in shape and tissue interrelationships observed in normal ocular development. Possible routes of abnormal ocular morphogenesis beginning as early as the time of optic vesicle formation …

Characterization Of Mucus Glycoconjugates In Normal Human Conjunctiva By Lectins In Light Microscopy, Transmission And Scanning Electron Microscopy, P. Versura, M. C. Maltarello, F. Bonvicini, R. Caramazza, R. Laschi

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Maintenance of tear film in normal conditions is dependent on 1) mucus layer integrity and 2) the presence and distribution of conjunctival epithelial cell microvilli.

In the present work a new methodology has been developed to gain correlative information about microprojection assessment and mucus composition, from the same specimen, by Light Microscopy (LM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM).

We have characterized the glycosidic residues secreted by goblet cells in normal human conjunctiva, by means of four lectins (WGA, ConA, PNA and SBA), conjugated with FITC for LM and with colloidal gold for TEM and SEM.

The …

Adhesion, Spreading And Fragmentation Of Human Megakaryocytes Exposed To Subendothelial Extracellular Matrix: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study, Y. G. Caine, I. Vlodavsky, M. Hersh, A. Polliack, D. Gurfel, R. Or, R. F. Levine, A. Eldor

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Platelet agonists and subendothelial extra-cellular matrix (ECM) induce morphological and biochemical changes in animal megakaryocytes, reminiscent of the response of platelets to the same substances. We have examined the behavior of human megakaryocytes exposed for up to 36 hours to the ECM produced by cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. By phase contrast and scanning electron microscopy these megakaryocytes demonstrated non-reversible adherence and flattening with formation of long filopodia, thus confirming that human megakaryocytes acquire platelet functional capacities. In addition, megakaryocyte fragmentation into prospective platelets was apparently induced by the ECM. Up to 50% of the adherent megakaryocytes underwent spontaneous fragmentation …

Beam Voltage Effects In The Study Of Embedded Biological Materials By Secondary Electron Detectors, C. Scala, G. Pasquinelli, P. Preda, R. Laschi

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Thin and semithin sections were extensively examined by the secondary electron (SE) detector in a conventional scanning electron microscope (SEM), and in a transmission electron microscope with a scanning attachment (STEM). Various para-meters, in particular the beam voltage, were shown to affect the final SE image (SEI). As for SEM observation, a surface contrast was imaged at low primary electron (PE) voltages (0.6-2 kV), whereas a subsurface contrast predominated at higher energies (15-30 kV). In STEM, significant differences were not detected by varying the PE in the 20-100 kV range. Surface and subsurface in-formation was simultaneously imaged even though the …

Progress Report For The Dairy Research Advisory Board, Various Authors

Other Documents

No abstract provided.

Gene And Teratogen Induced Defects Of Early Central Nervous System Development, K. S. O'Shea

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The events involved in the histogenesis of the primitive nervous system involve precise control over cell shape changes, cellular migrations, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interactions. The coordinated procession of these events results in the elevation of the neural folds, and their apposition and fusion in the dorsal midline, forming the primary neural tube. This is followed by a second series of cellular migrations and rearrangements (collectively called secondary neurulation) which result in lengthening of the caudal neural tube. After a brief consideration of the mechanisms involved in neurulation, the effects of gene or teratogen induced perturbations of these events are …

The Three-Dimensional Microstructure Of The Liver A Review By Scanning Electron Microscopy, G. Macchiarelli, P. M. Motta

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The improvement in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques has permitted us to describe the microstructure of the liver. By SEM, the liver peritoneal surface is composed of flat mesothelial cells possessing microvilli and cilia. Hepatic sinusoids connect the portal vessels with the terminal branches of the hepatic vein (central veins). Endothelial cells of the portal space arteries are elongated and arranged longitudinally, while those of the central and portal veins are polygonal and flattened, possessing microvilli. The sinusoidal endothelial cells show both small fenestrations (sieve plates), up to 200 nm in diameter, and large ones, up to 1 𝝁m. Within …

Theoretical Considerations On The Effect Of Ion Formation Conditions On The Transmission Through A Laser Microprobe Mass Analyzer, M. De Wolf, T. Mauney, E. Michiels, R. Gijbels

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A theoretical study on the ion transmission through the laser microprobe mass analyzer LAMMA 500 was made using ray-tracing computer programs. The calculations reveal that the ion transmission is strongly affected by the initial conditions of ion formation. Chromatic and spherical aberrations give rise to considerable discrimination in the univoltage lens.

A correlation is attempted between measured and theoretical transmission curves. For the latter a physically plausible plasma model was initially assumed to generate the input parameters, i.e., locus of ion formation and angular and energy distributions of the ions (atomic and cluster ions).

The model needs correction for aberration …

Proton Microprobe Analysis In Biology, Klas G. Malmqvist

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper is intended as an introduction to the field of proton microprobe analysis with special emphasis on applications in biological sciences. It is mainly intended for users of electron microscopes equipped with microprobes or other analytical equipment. The basic principles of Particle Induced X-ray Emission analysis are discussed as well as the instrumental requirements for the proton microprobe. The analytical characteristics including quantification procedures are compared with those of the electron microprobe and a review is given of various analytical applications of the proton microprobe within biology and medicine.

Mapping Solid Surfaces With A Raman Microprobe, P. M. Fauchet

Scanning Electron Microscopy

By combining an optical microscope with a standard Raman scattering apparatus, information on the structure, composition, homogeneity, and stress state of solids can be obtained with one micron resolution. After a discussion of the advantages and implementation of the technique, we examine specific applications mostly taken from our own work dealing with laser-solid interactions. In particular, we examine the structural modifications produced during laser annealing of semiconductors and laser induced damage of thin films.

Ion-Induced Auger Emission From Solid Targets, Josette Mischler, Nicole Benazeth

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We present a review of the Auger emission induced from light elements (Mg, Al, Si) bombarded by ions of intermediate energy (1 keV - 200 keV). The different physical phenomena at the origin of Auger emissions are outlined, in particular the mechanism of molecular excitation responsible for the production of inner-shell vacancies in collisions between two complex particles and the processes of Auger decay and electron transport in the solid. Auger spectra partially consist of L₂₃VV electrons corresponding to decays in the bulk; this part is similar to that observed from electron-induced Auger spectra. Superimposed on this broad …

Capacitive Coupling Voltage Contrast, S. Görlich, K. D. Herrmann, W. Reiners, E. Kubalek

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Capacitive coupling voltage contrast (CCVC) allows electron-beam testing of passivated integrated circuits (IC) without radiation damage or prior, time-consuming specimen preparation. This effect occurs when low primary electron energies are used and the electron yield of the passivation layer is greater than 1. Signal changes in the relevant interconnections are transferred to the passivation surface via capacitive coupling, but they vanish there within the storage time due to electron irradiation. A physical model explains the dependence of CCVC on three parameters: electron irradiation, the passivation material and the signals within the IC. Computer simulations based on this model describe the …

Low Energy Electron Diffraction With Microscopic Resolution, J. Kirschner, T. Ichinokawa, Y. Ishikawa, M. Kemmochi, N. Ikeda, Y. Hosokawa

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We report on the development of a Scanning Low Energy Diffraction Microscope, operating in the range of 250 to 1000 eV primary energy. By discriminating against inelastically scattered electrons, low energy electron diffraction (LEED) patterns are obtained from areas of about 100 nm in size. By selecting a particular diffracted beam dark-field images of the surface structure are obtained in the scanning mode. Examples are given for polycrystalline Si and clean and adsorbate covered Si (111) surfaces.

Electron Detectors For Electron-Beam Testing Of Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits, S. C. J. Garth, D. F. Spicer

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The increasing density of components in integrated circuits imposes severe constraints on conventional electron beam testers. The use of electron detectors consisting of combined electrostatic and magnetic fields has demonstrated improved performance over conventional electrostatic detectors. Such detectors also ease many of the practical difficulties associated with electron beam testing of Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) circuits. A detector using a single pole magnetic lens will be described and compared to detectors which use only electrostatic fields. The single pole lens detector has demonstrated superior performance to the electrostatic detector in terms of local field error and imaging resolution, allowing …

The Morphologic Categorization Of Cell Death Induced By Mild Hyperthermia And Comparison With Death Induced By Ionizing Radiation And Cytotoxic Drugs, David J. Allan, Brian V. Harmon

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper presents 1. a summary of the morphological categorization of cell death, 2. results of two in vivo studies on the cell death induced by mild hyperthermia in rat small intestine and mouse mastocytoma, and 3. a comparison of the cell death induced by hyperthermia, radiation and cytotoxic drugs.

Two distinct forms of cell death, apoptosis and necrosis, can be recognized on morphologic grounds. Apoptosis appears to be a process of active cellular self-destruction to which a biologically meaningful role can usually be attributed, whereas necrosis is a passive degenerative phenomenon that results from irreversible cellular injury.

Light and …

Charging Effects In Low-Voltage Scanning Electron Microscope Metrology, M. Brunner, R. Schmid

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Low voltage operation of the scanning electron microscope is being increasingly used to avoid negative charging in e-beam inspection and metrology. Positive charging effects, however, may still disturb the measurement accuracy even with low primary beam energies. Current investigations have revealed that no errors due to positive charging occur on resist structures on semiconductor substrates. But samples with metal structures on insulating substrates do involve disturbing effects due to positive charging. The difference in behavior between these groups of samples is attributed to the fundamental difference between insulator and conductor charging. This difference is due to different field geometries on …

Scanning Electron Microscopical And Histochemical Study Of The Endoderm In The Early Chick Embryo, Marjorie A. England, Jennifer Wakely

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The endoderm of gastrulating chick embryos shows regional variations in cell shape and size. These were studied by scanning electron microscopy, histochemistry and immunofluorescence. Particular attention was given to the distribution of the cytoskeleton. Four zones of differing morphology were observed. The changing size and shape of these zones could be correlated with the entry of the definitive endoblast through the primitive streak, displacing existing primary hypoblast to the edges of the area pellucida. Endodermal cells were shown to have a well organised cytoskeleton. The cytoskeletons of individual cells were linked to give a cytoskeletal network extending across the endoderm …

Auger Microprobe Temperature Profiles Of Contamination Residue On Single Crystal Ferrite Substrates, Christine Bisagni, Nina Veisfeld

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Single crystal manganese-zinc (MnO,ZnO.Fe₂O₃) ferrite wafers with a 50 Angstrom surface finish were subjected to a conventional cleaning procedure and then analyzed in a JAMP-10 Auger microprobe with an internal heating device. Three essential Auger peaks were monitored during the heating. Auger peak intensity vs. time profiles were obtained for the heating process. High vacuum heat treatment conditions were established for the preparation of these materials for use as substrates in UHV thin film growth.

Osmium Vapor Pretreatment Of Gnomonia Infected Leaves, C. R. Krause, J. M. Ichida, L. S. Dochinger

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A study was conducted to determine if pretreatment with osmium tetroxide (OsO₄) vapor prior to the conventional preparation procedure would increase the retention of fungal structures on leaf surfaces as observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Leaves of black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) were inoculated with conidia of Gnomoma lepfostyla (Fr.) Ces. and de Not., the etiological agent that causes anthracnose of walnut. Following lesion development, leaves were either conventionally prepared with immersion in fixative, ethanol and critical-point dried or vapor-fixed with OsO₄ before conventional specimen preparation. Data indicate that significantly more fungal structures were …

Applications Of X-Ray Microanalysis In Botanical Research, Diana M. R. Harvey

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The applications of x-ray microanalysis in botanical research are reviewed, and the special problems posed in the preparation and analysis of botanical specimens and in the interpretation of results discussed. There are four main areas of research employing x-ray microanalysis:

1. effects of salinity on plants: examination of ion distributions in leaves and roots of both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive higher plants and salt-tolerant algae and fungi;

2. effects of pollutants on plants: localization of heavy metals, particularly Pb, Cd, and Al, in algae, lichens and higher plants;

3. distributions of silicon in higher plants: silica distribution in roots and shoots, …

Utah Science Vol. 47 No. 2, Summer 1986

Utah Science

30 "CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD ... " R. J. Shaw and M. C. Williams A review of the distribution. attributes. and hazards of the naturally occurring Iiles in Utah.

36 IMPROVING PROFITS FOR UTAH DAIRY FARMS: A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES D. Bailey. J. c. Andersen and G. L. Helms Economists say feeding balanced rations. altering the crop mix. and herd expansion could help increase profits in dairying.

41 GLOBEMALLOWS: FORBS FOR UTAH RANGELANDS B. M. Pendery and M. D. Rumbaugh Gooseberry-leaf globemallow and Munro globe mallow and Munro globemallow show potential as forages for Utah's rangelands. …

The Use Of A Line Scan Ratemeter For The X-Ray Microanalytic Evaluation Of Membrane-Bound Histochemical Endproducts, Imre Zs.-Nagy, Valéria Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Although X-ray microanalysis represents a useful tool for identifying electron dense histochemical end-products, quantitative microanalytic measurements are seriously hampered in the case of the activities of certain membrane-bound enzymes. For example, the electron histochemical methods revealing K⁺-dependent pNPPase activity result in a very fine, granular reaction product of lead phosphate. Therefore microanalytic, densitometric or similar evaluations of the reaction, even in semiquantitative terms are not practical by the usual procedures.

This paper describes a method of X-ray microanalysis of thick sections (0.5 μm) processed for K⁺-pNPPase, where a sufficient amount of lead is present for X-ray …

Applications Of X-Ray Microanalysis To The Study And Conservation Of Ancient Glasses, S. Hreglich, M. Verita

Scanning Electron Microscopy

X-ray microanalysis can be successfully applied to the study of the chemical composition and weathering processes of ancient glass. The problems concerned with this kind of application are considered. A verification is conducted of the accuracy and sensitivity of this technique, which are sufficient to obtain useful information on technologies and raw materials used and consequently on the origin and dating of ancient glasses.

This analytical method also discloses meaningful data for the optimization of restoration and the choice of appropriate conservation operations.

Correlative Scanning Electron Microscopy In The Study Of Human Gastric Mucosa, F. Bonvicini, M. C. Maltarello, P. Versura, D. Bianchi, G. Gasbarrini, R. Laschi

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We studied two aspects of the human gastric mucosa: - the surface morphology of mucous cells, as viewed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); - the glycosidic components of intracellular mucins, characterized by means of lectins. The latter were conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate and with colloidal gold-silver for the visualization of the reaction products in light microscopy (LM) and in SEM (backscattered mode) respectively.

The surface morphology of mucous cells appears to be correlated to the secretory state.In gastric ulcers we found a prevalence of non-secreting cells. A decrease in glycosidic receptors for fucose-binding lectin and galactose-(l-3)-N-acetyl-galactosamine-binding lectin was also observed. …