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Matrix Effects In Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometric Analysis Of Biological Tissue, Margaret S. Burns, David M. File, Vaughn Deline, Pierre Galle

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We have made several observations during the course of our studies that show the presence of matrix effects in soft biological tissue and standards. The sputtering rate of gelatin is approximately twice that of epoxy resin, but the ion yield of lithium in gelatin is an order of magnitude less than in epoxy. Osmium impregnation of freeze-dried material significantly alters the localization of calcium, but not potassium and barium. The absolute count rate for calcium in osmicated tissue is increased several-fold above that in freeze-dried tissue. Scanning electron microscopy of sputtered material shows the formation of cones during sputtering, which …

Cryoultramicrotomy And Immunocytochemistry In The Analysis Of Muscle Fine Structure, L. -E. Thornell, G. S. Butler-Browne, E. Carlsson, H. M. Eppenberger, D. O. Fürst, B. K. Grove, B. Holmbom, J. V. Small

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cryoultramicrotomy, which avoids the use of harsh fixation procedures, deleterious dehydration and plastic embedding can be combined with immunocytochemis try to determine the ultra-structural localization of cellular proteins. Our attempts to use the cryosectioning technique in combination with immunolabelling to bridge the gap between light and electron microscopic analysis of muscle morphology have enabled us to obtain new information on fibre typing at the ultrastructural level. Furthermore, we have obtained a marked improvement in the resolution of myofibrillar structures by using semithin cryosections for fluorescence microscopy. Data are also presented on correlated light and electron microscope immunocytochemistry of myocardial intermediate …

Characterization Of Clay Fabric Using Critical Point Drying To Preserve Clay Texture And Morphology, B. E. Wawak, W. L. Campbell

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Critical point drying is a sample preparation technique that minimizes damage to some clay fabrics in reservoir rocks. In this technique, the original pore fluids in a sample are replaced successively with acetone, liquid carbon dioxide and air without allowing a high energy meniscus to pass through the sample. Acetone replacement is accomplished in a diffusion dehydration system. SEM micrographs show striking differences between critical point dried clay samples and air dried samples.

Studies Of Otoconial Development In A “Giant-Crystal” Strain Of Chicks Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polarized Light Microscopy, And X-Ray Crystallography, Joanne Ballarino, Howard C. Howland

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Otolith formation was studied in a mutant strain of low-fertility Delaware chicks which exhibit an otolithic defect. In all chicks of this strain, otoliths were present as a fused crystal mass which contained abnormally large (giant) otoconia. Studies of the formation of such otoliths during embryonic development revealed that from the very earliest stages the otoconia were much larger than normal, and in the saccular and utricular otoliths formed a fused mass. These results are interpreted as supporting a hypothesis of the de novo formation of giant otoconia in this giant-crystal strain as opposed to the recrystallization hypothesis proposed for …

Chromatid Behavior In Late Mitosis: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis Of Mammalian Cell Lines With Various Chromosome Numbers, D. A. Welter, D. A. Black, L. D. Hodge

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Chromatid activity during the process of nuclear reformation following metaphase is a period of mitosis where little precise information is available. Nuclear reformation requires that chromosomes, at metaphase and chromatids during anaphase and telophase align, position and associate in a clearly defined sequence to insure the specific design of each nucleus. Four cell lines with chromosome numbers ranging from seven to almost seventy were chosen to determine whether the process of nuclear assembly is the same throughout. Chromosomal alignment at metaphase is found to be radial in all four cell lines. Chromosome positioning is essentially the same in all four, …

Quantitative Microanalysis By Time-Of-Flight Laser Probe Mass Spectrometry, J. F. Eloy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Quantitative multielement microanalyses of insulators and refractory materials are made with an advanced laser microprobe mass spectrometer (LPMS-2S). A plasma in local thermal equilibrium (LTE) is generated in a field-free region in the ion source by a short laser pulse. A magnetic time-of-flight (TOF) mass analyzer is used to optimize ion transmission and mass separation. And, an Eloy-Unsold wide aperture ion detector provides the low noise and wide dynamic range required for accurate analyses. The characteristics of the LPMS-2S are demonstrated with NBS standard reference glasses and are compared with the characteristics of the commercially available LAMMA and LIMA microprobe …

The Effect Of Glutathione Depletion By Diamide, Diethyl Maleate Or Buthione Sulfoximine On The Surface Structure Of Mouse L-Cells, Joseph G. Szekely, Anya U. Lobreau

Scanning Microscopy

Radiosensitizers that act by reducing glutathione levels have been studied by many workers as agents to enhance the killing of hypoxic tumour cells. In this paper we describe a scanning electron microscope (SEM) study of the surface morphology of mouse L-cells after exposure to three of these: diazenedicarboxylic acid bis N, N-dimethylamide (diamide), DL-buthionine-S, R-sulfoximine (BSO) and diethyl maleate (DEM). Diamide at 0.1 to 0.6 mMol/L for 10 min produced large blebs on the cell surface as seen in the SEM. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) images show that these are clear, featureless regions of cytoplasm. BSO treatment for 24 hat …

Preparation Methods For Light Microscopic And Ultrastructural Studies Of Fetal Rat Bladder, M. Cano, S. L. Johansson, R. B. Wilson, L. B. Ellwein, T. Sakata, S. M. Cohen

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Little is known about in utero urinary bladder embryogenesis and the development of the urothelium of laboratory animals. Previous scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies in rats and mice have indicated that the highly specialized superficial cells of the urothelium complete their differentiation at a very late stage of fetal development or shortly after birth. Limitations in methodology in the past have precluded extensive examination of earlier stages of bladder development. Innovations in preparatory procedures of the bladder of rat fetuses have been developed which make possible detailed scanning and transmission electron microscopic and light microscopic examination of cloaca and …

Insites, Fall 1986, Utah State University

inSites

Magazine of the Department of Landscape Architecture and Environmental Planning

The Interface Of Cells And Their Matrices In Mineralized Tissues: A Review, S. J. Jones, A. Boyde, N. N. Ali

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The interface between cells and matrices in mineralized tissues formed in vivo has been studied mainly by looking at the matrix surface, which is easily prepared, and not at the cell surface, which presents problems. Vertebrate calcified tissues range from being acellular to highly cellular, but for all the tissues the formative cells lay down and organise a cell-specific matrix, although this may be deposited initially on a different tissue-type. The formation of hard tissues is a group activity of many cells; resorption is the province of one cell, though it may be controlled by others in the vicinity.

Cell-matrix …

Scanning Electron Microscopy In Bone Pathology: Review Of Methods, Potential And Applications, A. Boyde, E. Maconnachie, S. A. Reid, G. Delling, G. R. Mundy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This article reviews the applications of SEM methods to human bone pathologies referring to studies made at UCL. We consider the methods which may be most suitable; these prove to be not "routine" in the context of most bio-medical applications of SEM.

Valuable information can be obtained from a bone sample if its edges are ground flat, before making either (a) a matrix surface preparation by washing away all the cells or (b) a mineralising front preparation, by also dissolving the osteoid -for which hydrogen peroxide is recommended to produce a robust specimen. BSE contrast from a cut block surface …

Variation In The Sizes Of Resorption Lacunae Made In Vitro, S. J. Jones, A. Boyde, N. N. Ali, E. Maconnachie

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The assessment of in vitro osteoclastic activity has, until recently, been dependent on the analysis of organ culture experiments. We have developed a single cell resorption assay so that the resorptive function of individual osteoclasts could be studied. This paper examines the biological variation in the sizes of resorption lacunae produced by bone cell cultures derived from neonate rats and rabbits, and prehatch or hatchling chicks. Cultures were run for 24h for all species; and in addition for 48h for rat, 9 or 12 hours for rabbit and 3-7 hours for chick. The numbers of the nuclei of osteoclasts seeded …

Utah Science Vol. 47 No. 3, Fall 1986

Utah Science

70 CHROMOSOMES AND INFERTILITY IN DAIRY CATTLE T. D. Bunch, A. Maciulis and S. L. Henderson The analysis of chromosomes is providing valuable information about genetic abnormalities in cattle.

78 THE APPLICATION OF BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTS TO LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT D. F. Balph and M. H. Balph Several principles useful in the study of human behavior may also explain livestock behavior.

86 GENETIC PROBLEMS IN MINK CULTURE L. C. Ellis and N. C. Pace Mink are an ideal animal to study genetic problems in other animals and humans.

94 UNDERSTANDING THE APPLE MAGGOT D. W. Davis and V. P. Jones Findings are …

Hormonal Regulation Of Capillary Fenestrae In The Rat Adrenal Cortex: Quantitative Studies Using Objective Lens Staging Scanning Electron Microscopy, R. P. Apkarian, J. C. Curtis

Scanning Electron Microscopy

High magnification studies of the fenestrated capillary endothelium in the zona fasciculata (ZF) of rat adrenal glands were performed using the objective lens stage of an analytical scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with a lanthanum hexaboride emitter (LaB₆). Resolution of surface substructure of the luminal membrane obtained with specimens decorated with gold/palladium (Au/Pd) was compared with that observed in others sputter coated with tantalum (Ta). High magnification (50,000x) of the fenestrated endothelium demonstrates that tantalum coating of the cryofractured adrenals improves the substructural detail compared to that seen in Au/Pd decorated specimens.

The procedures used in specimen preparation, …

Basal Lamina At The Epithelial-Connective Tissue Junction In The Rat Forestomach, Esophagus, Tongue And Palate: Scanning Electron Microscopic Study, Merideth T. Hull, K. A. Warfel

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The squamous epithelium lining the rat foregut was removed by incubating fresh, unfixed specimens in 2N sodium bromide. The surface morphology of the exposed subepithelial basal lamina was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Areas examined included hard and soft palates, oropharynx, tongue, esophagus, and forestomach. The basal lamina was continuous over all surfaces. Basal lamina corrugations were not present at all sites. The saucer-like defects of lymphocyte migration that are present in the basal lamina beneath the squamous epithelium of the skin were not observed in rat foregut. The epithelial-connective tissue interface of the rat esophagus does not have the …

Development Of The Otolith In Embryonic Fishes With Special Reference To The Toadfish, Opsanus Tau, Bernd H. A. Sokolowski

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The development of the saccular otolith and the otolithic membrane was studied in the toadfish (Opsanus tau) using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Development of the saccular otolith and its otolithic membrane in Opsanus begins with the formation of the primordia in embryos of 17-20 somite age. Calcification of the primordia begins shortly afterwards, although increased calcium layering and formation of the otolithic membrane corresponds to the development of a group of cells lying peripheral to the developing sensory epithelium. These cells contain an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum.

The Role Of Marrow Architecture And Stromal Cells In The Recovery Process Of Aplastic Marrow Of Lethally Irradiated Rats Parabiosed With Healthy Litter Mates, Keiki Hayashi, Koichi Kagawa, Michiyasu Awai, Shozo Irino

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Bone marrow aplasia was induced in rats by whole body lethal irradiation (1,000 rads by x-ray), and rats died of irradiation injury within 7 days.

Correlative studies at light (LM), transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrated swelling of endothelial and reticular cells and hemorrhage due to detachment of sinus endothelial cells on days 1 and 2. With time, structural recovery occurred without hemopoietic recovery. Reticular cells developed small intracytoplasmic lipid droplets on days 3 and 4. This resulted in fatty a plastic marrow within 7 days. On the other hand, in the marrow of irradiated rats parabiosed with …

Freeze-Dried Embedded Specimens For Biological Microanalysis, L. Edelmann

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The main problems associated with freeze-drying of biological material for electron microscopy concern the freeze-drying temperatures and times necessary to minimize artifacts. Due to the many parameters involved these problems have to be resolved experimentally. It can be shown that good morphological preservation of chemically unfixed material is possible when freeze-drying is done exclusively in a temperature range between -80°C and -50°C. OsO₄ vapour fixation of the freeze-dried tissue is not necessary and should be avoided because it may cause ion redistribution artifacts. Embedding at low temperature of properly freeze-dried material does not seem to disturb structure and ion …

Experimental Investigation Of The Genesis Of Struvite Stones In Cats, G. Sanders, A. Hesse, D. B. Leusmann

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Infrared spectroscopy of feline urinary stones revealed that struvite was the main constituent in 77.6 % of all concrements. However, only in 30.8% (16/52) of struvite stone patients were any infections of the urinary tract detected.

Scanning electron microscopical comparison of non-infected feline struvite stones and human struvite concrements which had grown in the presence of infection revealed clear differences. All the feline struvite concrements were of coarse crystalline construction with the crystalline form typical of struvite. Traces of partial solution and stratification were frequently detected on the crystalline surfaces. The human struvite stones whose growth had been accompanied by …

Some Thoughts About The Conservation Of Scanning Electron Microscopic Preparations Of Diatoms In A Museum Repository, J. J. Lee, C. W. Reimer, R. Mahoney

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The Scanning electron microscope (SEM) is now an indispensable tool for the study and the description of diatoms. Many new species have been described from SEM preparations and problems now arise with the preservation of designated types and other comparative material. Moisture contributes to the deterioration of diatom stubs. Special care must be taken to store stubs in vacuum desiccators in order to keep heavy metal coatings from peeling from the siliceous surfaces of diatoms. One alternative is to mount the designated type on a coverglass so that it can be inverted, mounted in Hyrax and preserved indefinitely for light …

Visualization Of Cytoskeletal Elements And Associated Retroviral Antigens By Immunogold Transmission Electron Microscopy Of Detergent Extracted Cells, E. J. Basgall, M. M. Soong, W. A. F. Tompkins

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Several investigators have reported an association between the cytoskeleton and viral antigens. In our laboratory, biochemical immunofluorescence and immuno-gold electron microscopy studies were conducted on TX-100 extracted NIH/3T3 cells infected with Moloney-murine leukemia virus. Cytochalasin B treatment causes reversible microfilament disruption and a concomitant decrease in virus production. No effect on microtubules was seen. Immuno-gold electron microscopy reveals an association between cytoskeletal action and the viral antigens gp70 and p15E. The results of these immunocytological and biochemical studies indicate that the cytoskeleton may play an integral role in transport and processing of viral gene-envelope products.

Phorbol Ester (Tpa)-Induced Surface Membrane Alterations In B-Type Hairy Cell And Lymphocytic Leukemia Cells, Aaron Polliack, Dorit Gurfel, Rachel Leizerowitz, Helena Feinstein, Yair Gazitt

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This report documents phorbol ester (TPA)-induced changes in cell morphology, and in vitro growth patterns in 9 patients with hairy cell leukemia (HCL), 21 with B-type CLL and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in leukemic phase (NHL), and 10 with acute non lymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL). TPA caused cells from HCL to adhere strongly and produce elongated cytoplasmic extensions. Many of these cells had an appearance resembling fibroblasts, while others showed marked surface ruffling and spreading containing increased dense bodies, and phagolysosomal vacuoles as seen by transmission electron microscopy.

This HCL in vitro growth pattern after TPA exposure differed from that seen in B-CLL …

The Motile Behavior Of Virus-Transformed 3t3 Cells, Guenter Albrecht-Buehler

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Using metallic gold in various assays for the motility of cultured tissue cells, the paper compares the movements of surface projections and the locomotion of polyoma (Py3T3) and SV40 (SV3T3) virus-transformed 3T3 cells with the behavior of the parental 3T3 cells.

The movement of surface projections was assayed by the ability of filopodia, lamellipodia and blebs of freshly plated cells to remove colloidal gold particles from a particle-coated glass substrate. The ability of filopodia to probe the environment for points of anchoraqe was tested by observing cells plated on glass whose filopodia touched the surface of a neighboring area of …

Statolith Formation In Cnidaria: Effects Of Cadmium On Aurelia Statoliths, D. B. Spangenberg

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Statolith formation in Cnidaria was reviewed with an emphasis on Aurelia statoliths. The review provides information on the chemical composition, mechanisms of initiation of mineralization, and effects of environmental factors on Cnidarian statolith formation. Environmental factors discussed include modified sea water ingredients, X-irradiation, clinostat rotation, and petroleum oil ingredients. A detailed account of the effects of cadmium on mineralization and demineralization of Aurelia statoliths is given. Cadmium at dosages of 2 to 4 μM significantly reduces statolith numbers in developing ephyrae. At a dosage of 3 μM, cadmium accelerates statolith loss in unfed ephyrae studied at 4 and 8 days …

Otoconia As Test Masses In Biological Accelerometers: What Can We Learn About Their Formation From Evolutionary Studies And From Work In Microgravity?, Muriel D. Ross, Kathleen M. Donovan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews previous findings and introduces new material about otolith end organs that help us to understand their functioning and development. In particular, we consider the end organs as biological accelerometers. The otoconia are dealt with as test masses whose substructure and evolutionary trend toward calcite may prove significant in understanding formation requirements. Space-flight helps illuminate the influence of gravity, while right-left asymmetry is suggested by study of certain rat strains.

The Gill Arch Of The Striped Bass, Morone Saxatilis. Ii. Microvasculature Studied With Vascular Corrosion Casting And Scanning Electron Microscopy, Judy A. C. King, F. E. Hossler

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The gill vasculature of euryhaline striped bass, Morone saxatilis, was examined by scanning electron microscopy of corrosion casts prepared by injecting resin (either Mercox/Sevriton or L.R. White) into the ventral aorta. The vasculature of the striped bass gill appears to be similar to that of other euryhaline species. The striped bass gill has three major vascular systems: (1) a respiratory system, (2) an arterio-venous system, and (3) a nutritive system. In the respiratory system, blood from the afferent branchial artery flows to each filament via an afferent filamental artery, and from there to the highly vascularized respiratory lamellae. Lamellar …

The Biomineralization In Social Wasps (Vespinae): The Presence Of Statoliths, J. S. Ishay, T. Shimony, L. Arcan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In social wasps granular aggregates occur mainly in the head region and the body integument. In the former location they are present both on the outer and inner side of the frons. On the outer side of the frons, in a groove traversing its center, there is a deep pit surrounded by a membrane which forms a cyst-like sac. In the pit of the hornet Vespa orientalis (Linne, 1771), there are aggregates comprising silicon (Sl), potassium (K), calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe), which are arranged in morula-like fashion. A granular material is secreted at the base of sensory hairs …

A Review Of The Tribes Diphaglossini And Dissoglottini (Hymenoptera, Colletidae), Charles D. Michener

Mi

No abstract provided.

Genes, Manganese, And Zinc In Formation Of Otoconia: Labeling, Recovery, And Maternal Effects, L. C. Erway, N. A. Purichia, E. R. Netzler, M. A. D'Amore, D. Esses, M. Levine

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published studies indicate that genes and dietary manganese deficiency cause vestibular defects and ataxic behaviors. Manganese deficiency during development causes otoconial defects in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and chicks. Mutant genes cause otoconial defects in mice, mink, and poultry. Manganese supplementation prevents the otoconial defects in some mutant mice and mink. Manganese is essential, before crystallization of the otoconia, for synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and otoconial matrix. Such defects can be induced, after otoconia are crystallized during fetal development, by dietary zinc deficiency and sulfonamide treatment (inhibits carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-requiring enzyme). Manganese and/or zinc supplementation ameliorates otoconial defects in pallid …

Topical Modes In The Preparation Of Human Spleen Specimens For Routine Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies, Haim Gamliel, Harvey M. Golomb, Eliezer Avinoah, Dorit Gurfel, Aaron Polliack

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Various preparatory techniques were used to improve scanning electron microscopy images of the fine structure of vascular, cellular, and cordal-reticular components of normal human spleens. The progressive method of fixation (GTGO) applied in the present study, allowed air drying of the tissues and rendered the specimens conductive even in newly fractured surfaces. Vascular perfusion proved necessary only in studies of the splenic blood vessels, while a simple immersion of tissue blocks in the washing solution resulted in better images of the white pulps. Interstitial (trans-splenic) perfusion was found to be superior to vascular perfusion for routine preparation of spleen tissues, …