Digital Commons Network^™

Wildlife Population Cycles: Implications For Damage Control Planning, Richard E. Griffiths

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Animal population cycles are not a newly discovered phenomena. References to irruptions (sic, Leopold 1933 p. 50) of small rodents can be found in the Old Testament, the writings of Aristotle and in European histories (Orr 1963 p. 360). The wildlife literature is filled with descriptions and studies of the population fluctuations of numerous species. Despite the vast amounts of data collected and speculation engaged in, biologists only partially understand the reasons for these fluctuations (Archibald 1977, Chitty 1952, Christian 1950, Cole 1951, Frank 1957, Hoffman 1958 Swinton 1883 and many others).

Comparison Of 8 Physical Barriers Used For Protecting Douglas-Fir Seedlings From Deer Browse, David R. Deyoe, Wieger Schaap

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The success or failure of forest regeneration efforts in western Oregon and Washington often depends on adequate control of animal damage to young seedlings. Cutover and partially stocked forest lands provide excellent habitat for animals that clip or browse young seedlings. Black and Dimock (1969) estimated that animals were responsible for roughly one out of five reforestation failures. The Cooperative Animal Damage study of coniferous plantations in Oregon and Washington (1963-1975) found that animals damaged an average of 30 percent of all unprotected Douglas-fir seedlings each year on the 165 plots studied (Black et al. 1979). Browsing by deer and …

Utah Science Vol. 44 No. 3, Fall 1983

Utah Science

57 CHEESEMAKERS ALTER THE DAIRY COW'S DIET R. C. Lamb Dairy herd management involves more than breeding for higher milk yields. Because cheesemakers are willing to pay higher prices for milk containing more fat and protein, cows are now feeding on more specialized, high-fiber, high-protein diets.

60 USU'S GROWING LACTIC CULTURE SYSTEM G. H. Richardson The Quality and Quantity of cheese a manufacturer produces depend on many factors. The choice and treatment of bacteria are among the most important decisions to be made. USU's lactic culture system can greatly increase cheese production and lower costs.

64 STORING NUTRITION D. G. …

Utah Science Vol. 44 No. 2, Summer 1983

Utah Science

23 WEATHER AND RANGE MANAGEMENT E. A. Richardson, T. F. Glover and A. 8. Haws Weather events can be crucial to rangeland management. New computer models are being used to make both the events and their consequences more predictable .

28 MOUNTAIN THERMOPSIS: Toxicity in Cattle R. L. Chase and R. F. Keeler Hazards due to Thermopsis vary with its stage of growth and the hunger level of a potential victim. Proper management requires attention to controlling the plant and the animals who may graze it.

32 SHORT-DURATION GRAZING DOUBLES YOUR LIVESTOCK? J. C. Malechek and D. D. Dwyer It …

Studies Of The San Jose Scale, Quadraspidiotus Perniciosus (Comstock) (Homoptera:Diaspididae) And Its Aphytis Nr. Vandenboshi Debach And Rosen (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae) Parasite In Northern Utah, Manas Titayavan

Biology

The biology of Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock) and its parasite, Aphytis nr. vandenboschi DeBach and Rosen, was studied. Q. perniciosus developmental time declined substantially with each increase in temperature between 18.3 and 31.0°C. Constant temperatures between 10.0 and 15.6°C or above 31°C were detrimental to A. nr. vandenboschi. The mean number of eggs laid per parasite was 12.08 at 23.8°C and 11.58 at 25.6°C. Under experimental conditions the parasite did not discriminate between previously parasitized hosts and unparasitized ones. Field investigations were in two unsprayed apple orchards, one at Brigham City and one at Hyde Park, Utah. Both male San Jose …

Utah State University Commencement, 1983 – Main Campus, Utah State University

Commencement Programs

Ninetieth Annual Commencement of Utah State University

Induction And Characterization Of Cold-Sensitive, Recessive, Sex-Linked Lethal Mutation In Drosophila Melanogaster, Faisal M. Abu-Tarboush

Biology

The study was conducted to induce and characterize cold-sensitive lethal mutations in the Basc stock of Drosophila melanogaster and then to identify the effective lethal phase (LP) and temperature-sensitive period (TSP) for the mutants. Ethyl methanesulfonate was used as the mutagenic agent in this study. Basc EMS-treated males were mated to virgin Canton-S females. The progeny from their mating was individually mated and tested for lethality at 18°C and then for viability at 25°C. The stable stocks obtained were then retested for lethality at 18°C. Two different sex-linked, recessive, cold-sensitive lethal mutants were obtained out of 884 individually tested F1 …

Fluoride Effects On The Growth And Morphology Of Two Thermophilic Cyanophytes Synechcoccus Lividus And Phormidium Laminosum, Ibrahim A. Arif

Biology

The effects of various concentrations of fluoride on growth of two thermophilic cyanophytes, Synechococcus lividus (unicellular) and Phormidium laminosum (filamentous) were studied. Growth of both algae was inhibited by fluoride in the concentrations tested. As the concentrations of fluoride increased, an extended adaptation lag phase was encountered. Synechcoccus lividus was more sensitive to fluoride than was Phormidium laminosum, being inhibited in total growth as well as growth rate. Fluoride effects on growth were compared to chloride and to chloride plus fluoride. The growth of S. lividus was stimulated by chloride alone and in combination with fluoride at all concentrations used; …

Murine Rotavirus Infection: Characterization Of The Disease And Influence Of Host Malnutrition And Dietary Protein, Roger Lee Noble

Biology

A possible correlation between malnutrition and the increased incidence and severity of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis in human infants was investigated using a mouse model originally described by others, but which was further defined and characterized as . a part of these studies. Two- or three-day-old specific-pathogen free Swiss Webster mice were orally infected with a 10% homogenate of intestines from mice infected with murine rotavirus. In the resulting disease, gross signs (diarrhea, alteration in intestinal appearance, failure to gain weight) and histologic changes typical of rotaviral gastroenteritis were manifest. Although quantification was not feasible by immunofluorescent staining, this technique did reveal …

Seasonal Patterns Of Ss-Endorphin, Ss-Lipotrophin, Acth, Α-Msh And Cortisol And Diurnal Rhythms Of Serum Melatonin, Pineal Nat Activity And Hypothalamic Mao Activity As Related To The Annual Furring Cycles In Mink (Mustela Vison), Robert Wesley Mcmullen

Biology

The purpose of this study was to determine seasonal patterns of five hormones in male mink of three different color phases during a year-long observation period. Four statistically significant pulses of cortisol were observed on November 4, February 3, April 28 and June 9. These adrenocorticoid peaks of activity corresponded with similar peaks of plasma ACTH. Concomitant with the fall and spring pelage changes (moults), α-MSH secretion was high from September through November and from May through June, but was reduced during the winter months except for a small secondary rise in January and February. Cortisol, ACTH and α-MSH levels …

A Comparison Of The Vegetation On Soils Derived From Dolomite And Quartzite In The Bear River Range, Utah And Idaho, Elizabeth E. Neely

Biology

A comparison was made of the vegetation on soils derived from the Swan Peak Quartzite and the Fish Haven Dolomite Formations in the Bear River Range of northern Utah and southern Idaho. Eight sites on open slopes were selected for study along the contact line between the two geologic formations. Two 600 m2 plots with similar elevation, slope and aspect were established at each site. The vegetation was analyzed over two field seasons by determining the species present and their percentage of canopy cover. Soils were analyzed for nutrient levels, moisture content and texture. Differences were found in vegetation patterns …

The Effect Of Long Term Storage Of Nonfat Dry Milk On Sensory Quality And On The Development Of Oxidative Derivatives Of Sterols, Nancy R. Driscoll

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Nonfat dry milk (NOM) was evaluated to determine the effect of long term storage on its sensory quality, its solubility index and on the development of oxidative derivatives of sterols. Storage variables included the form of the milk, the atmosphere in the storage container, the type of package and the storage temperature. A trained taste panel evaluated the milk for the development of cooked, metallic, and oxidized/stale flavors, mouthfeel and overall acceptability. Gas chromatography was used to determine cholesterol content and the quantity of oxidative derivatives of cholesterol present in the samples.

Although long term storage of NOM did not …

Using Videodisc Technology And The Index Of Nutritional Quality To Teach Dietary Guidance To Young Adults, Glenda Wigginton Edmunds

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A review of the literature indicated a need for nutrition education materials to be current with prevailing scientific knowledge, using advanced instructional technology. Individuals need help in applying nutrition principles to their dietary practices.

A nutrition education program utilizing the nutrient density concept and the dietary guidelines for use on videodisc with microcomputer interface was developed and evaluated. The evaluation of the program did not prove to be effective statistically but learners did show an interest in the program and had positive feedback in regard to the information presented and the technology used.

Selection And Preparation Of Lactic Culture Starters For Manufacture Of Cheddar Cheese, Aly Youssef Gamay

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A Spiral Plater and a Microtiter system were used to isolate and evaluate cultures for a paired strain culture program. Bacteriophage and temperature sensitivity data of 43 Streptococcus cremoris strains were introduced into a computer cluster program to pair the least similar strains.

Selected pairs were challenged with phage. Resistant mutants were developed.

Characteristics of proteinase positive and proteinase negative variants were examined. Proteinase positive isolates produced more changes in pH, cell mass and more generations in milk than their counter-parts. Paired proteinase negative cultures produced more change in pH and cell mass and more generations in milk than single …

The Effect Of Heat Treatment On Meat Heme And Nonheme Iron Bioavailability For The Anemic Rat, Oranong Jansuittivechakul

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Three separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of heat treatment on meat heme and nonheme iron bioavailability in anemic rats. Male weanling Sprague-Drawley rats were first made anemic, then subsequently fed with experimental diets. In the first experiment, dietary iron sources were raw or autoclaved meat mixed with ferrous sulfate to give the ratios of iron from meat and ferrous sulfate equal to 100:0, 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, and 0:100 respectively. For the second experiment, the dietary iron sources were raw or autoclaved meat mixed with bovine hemoglobin (HB) to give dietary iron ratios as described for experiment 1. …

Efficiency Of Converting Iron Into Hemoglobin As An Assay For Evaluating Iron Bioavailability, Paul Whittaker

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of iron absorption on subsequent hemoglobin regeneration was investigated by repletion and subsequent analysis of an anemic weanling rat model. Primary assay procedure in these studies was the Regeneration Efficiency method.

As repletion or curative assay techniques form the central body of investigative research in iron utilization, the first subject of inquiry was the effect of repletion interval and degree of depletion upon the animals as monitored by physical indicators such as blood volume, growth and hematinic response. Percent blood volume is a particularly useful figure in the calculation of the amount of hemoglobin iron but was found …

Effects Of Heat Treatment And Post-Treatment Holding Time On Rennet-Clotting Properties Of Milk, Zeynep Ustunol

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Samples of raw whole milk were heated at L5, 50 and 75 C for 0, 30, 60, llU and 240 min. After heat treatment each sample was subdivided and portions held at 0 C for 0, 30, 60 and 120 min. In a second experiment samples of milk were heated at 25 and 50 C for the same lengths of time as before but this time at 75 C for only 5, 10, 15 and 20 min. A constant holding time of 30 min was used after the heat treatments. Following the various heat treatments pH of each sample was …

A Study Of The Action Of Bovine Cathepsin D On Intramuscular Connective Tissue, Elimosaria Elikalia Maeda

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Cathepsin D has been postulated to play a role in the tenderization of meat with ageing. Meat toughness has been related to connective tissue content and degree of myofibrillar shortening. This investigation was undertaken to determine the activity of cathepsin D on bovine intramuscular connective tissue.

Highly purified cathepsin D preparations from bovine spleen and bovine sternomandibularis muscle were obtained by ammonium sulfate fractionation followed by affinity chromatography on pepstatin coupled to controlled pore size alkyl amine glass beads. Maximum proteolytic activity using hemoglobin as substrate was obtained at pH 3.5 and 3.8 for bovine spleen and muscle cathepsin D, …

Development, Implementation And Evaluation Of An Education Course For The Utah State University Coordinated Undergraduate Medical Dietetics Program, Cynthia Olson Obermiller

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The entry-level clinical dietitian must possess competencies in the area of communications and in the process of education. Training and practice in these areas, as related to the profession of dietetics, must be provided during the professional phase of the dietetic student's training. The purpose of this study was to develop, implement and evaluate a course for the Coordinated Undergraduate Medical Dietetics Program at Utah State University. This course, entitled Education in Clinical Dietetics, was added to the junior year fall quarter curriculum. The ten-week course combined didactic and lab experiences to provide the students with a thorough background in …

Longitudinal Pantothenic Acid Status Of Pregnant And Lactating Women, Won Oack Song

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Pantothenic acid nutritional status was evaluated in a cohort of twenty-nine Caucasian pregnant women, aged 20-35, during their third trimester of pregnancy, at two-weeks postpartum and at three months postpartum. Seventeen non-pregnant, non-lactating women who had similar demographic backgrounds as the pregnant women were selected as a control group and followed the same experimental schedule as the pregnant women. A fasting blood sample, two days 24-h urine specimens and diet record were obtained for each of two days from each subject at each period.

The mean dietary pantothenic acid intakes of the women during pregnancy (5.30±1.74 mg/day) and during lactation …

An Evaluation Of Various Methods Of Roasting Whole Turkeys From The Frozen State, Kim Merida-Klemmedson Teot

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Methods of roasting frozen turkeys were evaluated to determine the optimum final internal temperature (71,77, or 82°C), the best low oven temperature method (foil tent vs roasting bag at 93,107, 121, and 135°c), and the best overall method (foil tent-121 °c, foil tent-163°C, roasting bag-163°c, foil wrap-232°C). The lower the final internal temperature the juicier and more tender the bird however, the 77°c final internal temperature is recommended because at the 71°c internal temperature, the thigh joint was unacceptably pink. Among the low oven temperature methods, birds roasted at 121°c received the highest average sensory scores. Birds roasted by the …

Meltability And Rheology Of Model Process Cheese Containing Acid And Rennet Casein, Paul Alexander Savello

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Process cheese models were prepared by blending acid or rennet casein, milk fat, sodium chloride, 2.5% emulsifying salt and water and heating to 80 C. Acid casein cheese models were subjected to sodium hydroxide conditioning at 65 C in the cooker. Model process cheeses were acidified with lactic acid and treated by addition of undenatured and heat-denatured whey protein, four different emulsifying salts and sodium oxalate.

Meltability and toughness of the model cheese increased to a maximum with increased sodium hydroxide conditioning of acid casein to pH 7.20. These same properties decreased with addition of undenatured and heat-denatured whey protein …

Enzymic Milk Coagulation: Casein Micelle Aggregation And Curd Formation, Donald J. Mcmahon

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Enzymic milk coagulation was monitored by measuring changes in curd firmness and apparent absorbance of undiluted milk. Detection of coagulation, visually or rheologically, occurred after the milk changes from a system of aggregating particles to an extended space network. This change was observed as a shoulder in apparent absorbance plots and coagulation time was defined as the critical point in the aggregation process analogously to non-linear condensation polymerization reactions. It corresponds to the inflexion point during the period when apparent absorbance was rapidly increasing and can be calculated by fitting curd firmness data to an exponential equation.

Addition of calcium …

Establishment Of Tall Wheatgrass [Agropyron Elongatum (Host) Beav. 'Jose'] And Basin Wildrye (Elymus Cinereus Scribn. & Merr. 'Magnar') In Relation To Soil Water And Salinity, Bruce A. Roundy

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The potential of basin wildrye (Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr. 'Magnar') and tall wheatgrass [Agropyron elongatum (Host) Beav. 'Jose '] to establish on saline, arid rangelands in the Great Basin in relation to soil water and salinity was compared in field and laboratory experiments. Tall wheatgrass had higher emergence and establishment on a nonsaline and a saline soil (electrical conductivity of the saturation extract of 7 dS·m^-1) over a range of spring precipitation as simulated by sprinkler irrigation. Basin wildrye will require supplemental irrigation to establish on soils of similar salinity. In the absence of precipitation, …

Sheep Diets And Feeding Behavior In Single And Common Use Grazing Trials On Southwestern Utah Summer Range, George B. Ruyle

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A series of grazing trials were conducted on high elevation summer range near Cedar City, Utah. Cattle and sheep were stocked alone and in common in .4 hectare (ha) paddocks. Stocking rates were .76 ha/AUM in 1981 and .60 ha/AUM in 1982. Vegetation measurements were taken before and after grazing treatments to quantify vegetation disappearance. Diet samples were collected from esophageally fistulated sheep in the paddocks before grazing treatments were applied. After a predetermined level of forage utilization was achieved, the paddocks were re-sampled by the esophageally fistulated sheep to examine diets consumed from the forage-reduced vegetation. Behavioral observations were …

Nutrition And Feeding Behavior Of Goats And Sheep Grazing Deciduous Shrub-Woodland In Northeastern Brazil, James Alan Pfister

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Production of sheep and goats in the Brazilian Northeast is important for the livelihood of both subsistence and market-oriented producers. Seasonal nutritional stress on animals in the caatinga vegetational zone of this region causes periodic high mortality and chronically low productivity. Under such conditions, the survivability of goats has been higher than for other domestic livestock. Possible reasons for this include unique aspects of dietary selection and goat feeding behavior. The objectives of this research were to seasonally determine the botanical and nutritive content of goat and sheep diets, to determine forage intake by grazing goats and sheep, and to …

A Method For Separating Casein Micelles From Whey Proteins For Determining Casein In Milk, Robert N. Carpenter

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this study was to determine if size exclusion chromatography could be used to separate casein micelles from whey proteins for a rapid, direct test to measure percent casein in milk. A size exclusion chromatography column was developed for the separation having dimensions 100 by .4 cm. Packing material selected was glycophase coated porous glass supports. A Beckman DU-8B spectrophotometer monitored the casein and whey protein peaks as they eluted and a Tektronix 4052 computer accepted data points every 4 sec, storing these on tape. Absorbances and areas of each peak were used in the evaluation of samples. …

Applying The Concept Of Feeding Stations To The Behavior Of Cattle Grazing Variable Amounts Of Available Forage, Enrique R. Flores

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

A quantitative description of the foraging process is necessary for effective planning and execution of intensive grazing schemes. Foraging behavior is defined as having two components: feeding and moving. At intervals the foraging animal walks a number of steps searching for food and then pauses to feed at a new position here termed a feeding station. Five behavioral variables were analyzed under this framework: 1) time spent at a feed ing station; 2) number of bites at a feeding station; 3) steps taken between stations; 4) rate of steps; and 5) foraging time. The experimental design consisted of grazing small …

Electronic Feeding Doors For Individual Feeding Of Group Housed Sheep Compared To Individual Housing And Feeding Or Group Housing And Feeding, Ronald J. Lane

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Thirty-six mature purebred cheviot ewes and 36 polypaysired wether lambs were used in two separate experiments to determine the usefulness of an electronic feeding door as contrasted with traditional feeding situations. The sheep were stratified by weight into three management categories; group housing and feeding (G+G), individual housing and feeding (1+1), or group housing and individual feeding (G+1) using an electronic feeding door. The weight stratification formed a light and a heavy weight class resulting in a 3x2 factorial design. Two different training procedures were used to arrive at a generalized 14-day training sequence that does not require physical handling …

An Extension Teaching Demonstration Using Broiler Chicks As A Model, Joseph B. Ishaya

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This test demonstration was intended to develop a modern management program to improve broiler production in Nigeria through extension teaching methodology. The management programs included animal health, nutrition, and general care.

Some of the factors that limit broiler production in Nigeria are associated with the management strategy presently adopted by Nigerian subsistence farmers.

This report considers the effect of different protein sources on broiler nutrition and the techniques necessary to get the farmers to practice the result of up-to-date research findings.

The extension teaching demonstration reported here is based on 60 day-old chicks. Chicks were randomly assigned to two pens, …