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Extrusion-Cooking Of Pea Flour: Structural And Immunocytochemical Aspects, Hassane Ben-Hdech, Daniel J. Gallant, Brigitte Bouchet, Jacques Gueguen, Jean-Pierre Melcion

Food Structure

Pea flour was submitted to extrusion-cooking under various conditions. The progressive structural transformation was investigated by light microscopy and immuno- gold transmission electron microscopy. Each of the three major compounds, i.e., starch granules, protein bodies, and cell wall fragments, develop a specific, independent structure. Protein bodies aggregate and fuse giving a protein matrix. Starch granules swell, deform, come into contact with each other, and ultimately also fuse together. The resulting gel expands giving a honeycombed structure. Consequently, the protein matrix is arranged into dense strata, i.e,. protein fibers in cross or longitudinal sections, disrupted by the expanded starch gel. Cell …

Textural And Microstructural Properties Of Frozen Fish Mince As Affected By The Addition Of Nonfish Proteins And Sorbitol, K. S. Yoon, C. M. Lee, L. A. Hufnagel

Food Structure

Changes in textural and microstructural properties of washed and unwashed frozen fish mince were studied as affected by the addition of non fish proteins (soy protein isolate, milk protein isolate, egg white, and wheat gluten at 2 , 4 or 6%) and 6% crystalline sorbitol. Soy and milk proteins and sorbitol reduced the hardness of frozen fish mince, while egg white and wheat gluten made the texture firmer without rubberiness developing after frozen storage. All nonfish proteins and sorbitol stabilized the myofibrillar organization by reducing freeze-induced contraction of myofibrils.

The mechanisms of reducing texture hardening appear to be different between …

Pathology Of Turkey Skeletal Muscle: Implications For The Poultry Industry, Andrzej A. Sosnicki, Barry W. Wilson

Food Structure

Processed turkey meat is one of the fastest growing procucts of the food industry. However, recently there have been some problems associated with the texture, cohesiveness, and juiciness of turkey meat. These changes in quality may be due to growth related alterations in he turkey musculoskeletal system. Abnormalities sue as leg weakness and edema, deep pectoral myopathy ar.d focal myopathy may be associated with the rapid increase in body weight brought about by years of intensive genetic selection. More studies are necessary to understand the hereditary and environmental factors influenc:ng turkey muscle differentiation and growth, abnormalities and, consequently, meat quality.

Fat-Holding In Hamburgers As Influenced By The Different Constituents Of Beef Adipose Tissue, A. Olsson, E. Tornberg

Food Structure

The effects of addition of adipose tissue, rendered fat, rendered fat + the separated connective tissue and rendered fat + gelatin, respectively, were compared on the fat-holding properties of hamburgers upon heating. The fat losses on frying (175 °C, 3.5 minutes on each side) were substantially less than in the net test (cooking in a water bath at 77 oc for 35 minutes, followed by a centrifugation step). Fat losses during frying were governed both by the instability of the fat and the migration of the fat out of the product. The fat losses determined by the net test, however, …

Project Reports, Various Authors

Other Documents

No abstract provided.

Diapause In The Earthworm, Aporrectodea Longa: Morphological And Quantitative X-Ray Microanalysis Of Cryosectioned Chloragogenous Tissue, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

The earthworm, Aporrectodea longa, which experiences an apparent obligatory physiological resting state (“diapause”) in the temperate Summer, was collected monthly from February through to October. Morphological examination of the chloragocytes, and quantitative electron probe X-ray microanalysis of their constituent chloragosome granules prepared by cryoultramicrotomy and air-dried/smearing, were undertaken over this period. Worms entered diapause in May, and emerged from it between August and September. The long-term energy stores in the form of lipid, in addition to the more usual polysaccharide (glycogen) reserves, were accumulated by early diapause; the lipid was gradually consumed during diapause. In addition, the structure and composition …

Utah Science Vol. 51 No. 3, Fall 1990

Utah Science

96 Shouting from the Rooftop and Lo king under the Table

100 Food Fear That Fizzled

104 When You and Microbes Share the Same Food: How to Prevent Foodborne Illnesses

106 Bacteria 1, Director 0

109 Research in Brief

113 “Natural Isn’t Necessarily Nontoxic

116 Clarifying the Risk of Pesticide Residues

119 Taking Step for Safe Food

120 Home Canning: Do it Safely

121 Tip for Handling Meat and Poultry

124 Food Substitute Pose Nutritional Concerns

125 National Research Council Dietary and Health Recommendations

127 Tests Guarantee Milk’S Safety

128 No Compromises when Safety is Involved

Kidney Structure Investigations Using Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Corrosion Casts - A State Of The Art Review, H. Ditrich, H. Splechtna

Scanning Microscopy

The corrosion casting technique using acrylic resins in the scanning electron microscope (SEM), was originally developed to investigate renal microvascular structure and is now also successfully used in studies on various other organs. However, in the last two decades nearly 100 papers have been published on the renal vascular anatomy of various taxa of vertebrates or on pathomorphological structures of kidneys, using this technique. Analyzing these works, trends and developments in this field can be summed up as follows: The majority of studies are anatomical works on the vascular system of kidneys from all vertebrate classes. In addition, experimental pathological …

A Ranking Of Critical Issues Facing American Families, Glen O. Jenson Ph.D, Ted W. Warstadt

All Archived Publications

In April 1990 a documented list of 33 Critical Issues Facing American Families was sent to a nationwide sample of 1,23 I persons. This list identified and briefly overviewed various social concerns which effect the family as an institution. The sample was selected by State Extension Specialists serving the needs of families. Each specialist was asked to identify 20 people from their state. The sample included persons who were professional staff working for Extension, University teachers/researchers in a family-related discipline, public school educators, and other persons who had and had not used Extension Services in the recent past.

Gelatin Of Myosin Filament Under High Hydrostatic Pressure, Katsuhiro Yamamoto, Takeo Miura, Tsutomu Yasui

Food Structure

Gelation of myosin filaments under high hydrostatic pressure was investigated. At room temperature myosin filaments in 0.1 M KCl and 20 mM phosphate, pH 6.0, formed gels at 280 MPa and a protein concentration above 2 mg/ml or at 210 MPa and 3 mg/ml. However, no pressure-induced gelation was observed at 140 MPa. The gel strengths of pressure-induced gels were almost proportional to the protein concentration and they were comparable to those of heat-induced gels. The association of myosin filaments and the structural disturbance seemed to coincide with the formation of the gel. The microstructure of the pressure-induced myosin gel …

Histomorphometric Analysis Of The Rat Proximal Tibial Metaphysis By “Linear Scanning”, R. G. Erben, B. Kohn, W. A. Rambeck, H. Zucker

Scanning Microscopy

Twenty-four female Sprague-Dawley rats (10 weeks old, 200g BW) were either sham-operated (n = 6) or ovariectomized (ovx). Ovx rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 6 each) : ovx; ovx + 1,25(OH) ₂D₃; ovx + l,25(OH)₂D₃ + 1,24,25(OH)₃D₃. The vitamin D metabolites were fed orally starting the day after surgery. After 7 weeks all rats were sacrificed and the proximal tibiae were processed undecalcified for quantitative histomorphometry. Conventional histomorphometric analysis of the distal zone (> 1 mm from the growth cartilage) of the tibial metaphysis revealed a dramatic …

Morphological Abnormalities In Vitamin B6 Deficient Tarsometatarsal Chick Cartilage, P. G. Masse, V. E. Colombo, F. Gerber, D. S. Howell, H. Weiser

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that deficiency of vitamin B₆ would produce morphological characteristics of osteochondral lathyrism. To accomplish this goal, morphological characteristics of chick cartilage in which lathyrism was produced by two separate dietary regimens was compared to morphological changes encountered in vitamin B₆ deficiency. Vitamin B₆ deficiency should reduce activity of lysyloxidase needed for producing intermolecular cross-links. The question to be addressed was: would this latter deficiency impair collagen morphological features and secondarily other structures indirectly by reducing collagen molecular assembly? Failure of cross-linking of collagen in the positive controls …

From Hela Cell Division To Infectious Diarrhoea, J. Stephen, M. P. Osborne, A. J. Spencer, A. Warley

Scanning Microscopy

Hela 83 cells were grown in suspension both randomly and, synchronously using hydroxyurea which blocks cells at the Gl/8 interface. Cryosections were prepared, freeze-dried and analyzed by X-ray microanalysis. As cells moved into S and through M phases [Na] and [Cl] increased; both returned to normal levels upon re-entering Gl phase. The Na/K ratio was 1:1 in Gl phase. Infection of HeLa 83 cells in Gl phase with vaccinia virus resulted in no change in intracellular [Na].

Infection of neonatal mice with murine rotavirus was localized to villus tip enterocytes and gave rise to diarrhoea which was maximal at 72h …

Microbial Colonization In Human Periodontal Disease: An Illustrated Tutorial On Selected Ultrastructural And Ecologic Considerations, Charles M. Cobb, William J. Killoy

Scanning Microscopy

The oral cavity is populated by a prodigious microbial flora that exhibits a unique successional colonization of enamel and subgingival root surfaces. A wide range of oral sites provide different ecologic conditions and are, therefore, populated by different commensal microbial combinations. The sequence of microbial colonization, regardless of location within the oral cavity, commences with the acquisition of salivary and/or crevicular fluid-derived pellicle.

As the process of successional colonization of the gingival crevice area proceeds uninterrupted, achieving critical mass between 10 and 21 days, gingivitis becomes evident at a clinical level. However, at a histologic level, gingivitis may be evident …

Perceptions Of The Honors Program, Andrea Price

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

The purpose of this project was to measure how aware the students and faculty of Utah State University are of the Honors Program and its offerings. Questionnaires were sent to a random selection of faculty, students, and Honors students.

The Microstructure Of Raw Meat Batters Prepared With Monovalent And Divalent Chloride Salts, Andre Gordon, Shai Barbut

Food Structure

Cold stage scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and light microscopy (LM) were used to examine the effect of NaCl (2.5%), MgC1₂ , CaC1₂ , KCl, LiCl (calculated ionic strength, IS = 0.43) and 1.5% NaCl (IS = 0.26) on the microstructure of comminuted raw meat batters (fat added) and comminuted meat mixes (no fat added). Cryo-SEM revealed that comminuting the lean meat with different chloride salts resulted in the formation of different types of gel structures. Differences were mainly in gel strand thickness, the degree of interlinking between strands and the size of pores within …

Relative Seed Preferences Of The Deer Mouse (Peromyscus Maniculatus): Field And Laboratory Observations, Krista Anne Maguire

Biology

Field and laboratory experiments were conducted during the 1989 growing season to examine the seed preferences of two geographically distinct deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) populations. Of the ten seed species offered, balsam root (Balsamorhiza sagittata (Pursh)Nutt.), Indian rice grass (Oryzopsis hymenoides (R. & S.) Ricker), millet (Panicurn miliaceum L.), and antelope bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata (Pursh) DC.) seeds were more preferred than big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata Nutt.), yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.), shadscale (Atriplex confertifolia (Torr. & Frems.) Watts.), wild rye (Elymus cinereus Scribn. & Merr.), western wheat grass (Pascopyrum smithii …

Applying Resource Based Competition Models To Variable Environments, Linda C. Abbott

Biology

Competition for resources can influence patterns of species abundance. Disturbances can alter the outcome of competition, and affect species diversity. In this study, a competition experiment was designed to quantify the effects of disturbance intensity and frequency on the outcome of algal competition for phosphorus. The disturbance chosen was an intermittently supplied limiting resource, phosphorus. The two algal species used represented divergent life history strategies. Pediastrum, a colonial, green alga, is adapted to exploit periods of high phosphorus concentration, while Staurastrum is the superior competitor in phosphorus poor environments. The competition experiment included five treatments that received phosphorus pulses …

Comparative Foraging Ecology Of Sheep And Goats In Caatinga Woodland In Northeastern Brazil, Scott L. Kronberg

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Small-ruminant production is an important part of the agricultural economy of northeastern Brazil. However, mild-to-severe undernutrition of livestock is an annual occurrence. Goats can tolerate the marginal forage conditions better than sheep, but the mechanisms underlying their superior tolerance are not understood.

An analysis of animal liveweights at the end of the year-long study indicated that reproducing mixed-race goats gained nearly twice (P<.05) the weight of reproducing hair-sheep of the Santa Ynez breed, and non-reproducing goats gained about 1.2 times more (P<.05) weight than non-reproducing sheep. Daily weight gains of lambs were less (P<.10) than those of kids for their first 80 days of life.

In the wet season, reproducing sheep and goats gained similar (P>.05) weight, while non-reproducing sheep gained more (P≤.05) than non-reproducing goats. Non-reproducing goats had greater (P<.05) forage organic matter intake (OMI) than the corresponding sheep in the two wet periods. In the late-wet period, non-reproducing goats had greater (P<.05) digestible energy intake (DEI) than corresponding sheep did but had similar (P>.05) digestible protein intake (DPI) as sheep.

In the dry …

Autecological Characteristics Of Chrysopogon Aucheri And Cymbopogon Jwarancusa, Dominant Rangeland Grasses In Baluchistan, Mohammad Saleem

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Controlled environment experiments were designed to study the germination, seedling development, and defoliation responses of Chrysopogon aucheri and Cymbopogon jwarancusa to better understand their autecology and potential use in range improvement programs in Baluchistan.

In experiment 1, Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater seed fill and viability than Chrysopogon aucheri. When incubated at six different alternating temperature regimes, seeds of Cymbopogon jwarancusa had greater cumulative germination at five temperature regimes and faster germination at the colder temperature regimes than Chrysopogon aucheri.

In experiment 2, seedling shoot and root development was characterized at 15-day intervals over a 60-day period. Seedlings of …

The Effect Of Seasonal Cattle Grazing On California Bighorn Sheep Habitat Use, Melanie J. Steinkamp

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The effect of seasonal cattle grazing on a newly reintroduced population of California bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis californiana) in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Idaho, was studied. The hypothesis that bighorn sheep avoid cattle was tested. The issue of avoidance between bighorn sheep and livestock is arguable. Some studies have found that bighorn sheep avoid cattle while others have found no response of bighorn sheep to cattle.

Evidence was found to document the avoidance of cattle by bighorn sheep. The size of the bighorn's home range and core area decreased with the movement of cattle into areas of high bighorn …

Purification And Immunological Reactivity Of Commercial Microbial Milk Clotting Enzyme Preparations, Chima I. Osuala

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Commercial microbial milk clotting enzyme preparations were purified by immunoaffinity chromatography using purified antibody covalently coupled to porous glass beads as the column matrix. Commercial enzyme preparation diluted in 1 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 5.0 was then biospecifically adsorbed to the column matrix by end-over-end mixing of the glass-antibody complex in the enzyme solution for 12 h at 5°C. The antibody bound enzyme adsorbed glass beads were soaked in .2 M glycine or ethanolarnine at pH 7.0 to block uncoupled reactive sites on the matrix. Following this, the column was washed with 1 mM sodium acetate …

Coping Strategies Of Dairy-Farm Husbands And Wives In Five Northern Utah Counties, Joel Phillip Brandley

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The purpose of this study is to provide a better understanding of the coping strategies used by dairy-farm couples. The independent variables of size of farm, where the respondents grew up, off-farm employment, age, amount of formal education, and debt-to-asset ratio of the farm are analyzed to determine their impact on the use of coping strategies by the dairy-farm husbands and wives.

A sample of 116 dairy farm-couples was drawn from five counties in Northern Utah. The farm husbands and wives were each interviewed separately using a structured questionnaire.

Due to the racial and religious composition of the sample and …

Day-Specific Time Use By Underachieving Adolescents, Dorothy Jean Cassingham

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The data for this study were obtained in October 1989 through the use of a 128-item questionnaire given to students attending an alternative high school in Ogden, Utah. The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale was included as part of the questionnaire. A total of 166 usable questionnaires were received from the students.

The objectives of this research were to determine if relationships between self-esteem, race, gender, and religion and time use could be detected in at-risk adolescents. The data collected indicate that self-esteem, religion, gender, and race have only slight significance upon the self-reported time use of the alternative high school student. …

Toward A Cultural Interpretation Of The Chinese Restaurant In The Mountain West, Li Li

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

The history of Chinese restaurants in the American West shows that Chinese food became a part of the social and cultural realities for Chinese people, especially in the earliest years, partly because regional food helped maintain regional language and dialect. Beyond that, it also demonstrates how restaurants--even more than other service industries such as laundries--provide a living context in which Chinese met non-Chinese, and where the non-Chinese could become acquainted with Chinese art, eating customs, regional cookery, embroidery, and even family life. In other words, the Chinese restaurant became in time a bridge between the two cultures, and has therefore …

Carbon Dioxide Toxicity In Wheat, Robert Spanarkel

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

This research was conducted to quantify short- and long-term effects of atmospheric carbon dioxide on wheat. Growth, development, and yield of the spring wheat cultivar Veery-10 were measured in response to CO₂ concentrations of 340 (ambient), 1200, and 2500 μmol moI^-1 of CO₂ air. These 3 CO₂ levels were chosen to provide a control group, a predicted optimal CO₂ environment, and a potentially toxic CO₂environment, respectively. A recirculating hydroponic system provided a near-optimal root-zone environment that was identical for all CO₂ treatment levels. Environmental factors, other than CO₂, were …

An Experimental Analysis Of Second-Order Conditioned Taste Aversion: Drug Pairing Facilitated Through Excitation Of Geotactic Behavior, John H. Gatling

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

In two experiments, second-order conditioned taste aversion techniques were employed to develop aversions in rats, with a geotactic-excitation procedure as the independent variable. Periodic tilting of an experimental apparatus resulted in angular orientation changes of all subjects located within compartments of the chamber. The effect was excitation of geotactic behaviors, expressed as locomotor activity within the confines of these compartments.

In the first experiment, two groups of rats (n = 6) were exposed to experimental protocols which were identical with the exception of the independent variable. Three conditioning trials were presented, separated by five to seven days, within which …

A Descriptive Study Of Range Livestock Operations In The Somali Central Rangelands, Abdinasir M. Abdulle

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Information on livestock operations, particularly what kind of livestock operations are practiced in the Somali central rangelands, and how these operations differ for different herders in different vegetation types and farming systems, could serve as a major tool in making management decisions. This study provides a detailed description of range livestock operations in the Somali Central Rangelands. It also answers some important management questions.

Range livestock operations were inventoried through personal interviews with the owners and herders. Data are supplemented by previous nation-wide and regional survey statistics. Herd productivity data which include herd structures, age, age-related sales, slaughters, gifts, and …

The Effects Of Disease, Prey Fluctuation, And Clear-Cutting On American Marten In Newfoundland, Canada, Richard J. Fredrickson

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Individual variation in survival and behavior of American marten (Martes americana) was studied in relation to disease, prey fluctuation, and clear-cutting from 10 January 1986 through 20 August 1987 in Newfoundland, Canada. Thirty-seven of forty marten captured on the study area were telemetered and monitored for part or all of the study.

Marten mortality was concentrated in two intervals, fall 1986 and late winter 1987. Mortality during fall 1986 was attributable to encephalitis, while marten deaths during late winter 1987 resulted from predation and starvation attributable to the prey decline. Nonsuppurative encephalitis was first detected 7 October 1986; …

Substrate Concentration, Calcium Concentration And Κ-Casein Hydrolysis In Milk Coagulation, Fenjin He

All Graduate Theses and Dissertations, Spring 1920 to Summer 2023

Milk coagulation consists of four overlapping phases: enzymic hydrolysis, micelle aggregation, gelation and syneresis. The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of added CaCl₂ on milk coagulation and the relationship between enzymic hydrolysis and micelle aggregation with substrate at different concentrations.

Addition of CaCl₂ to milk is widely practiced in industry and in laboratories. This changes calcium concentration, pH and ionic strength. It is impossible to separate these three variables and investigate each one independently.

Addition of low levels of CaCl₂ shortens coagulation time and increases curd firming rate. Low levels of CaCl_{2 …}