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Engineering Treatment Of Hazardous Wastewaters Utilizing Dye-Sensitized Photooxidation, Betty-Ann Naeger, R. Ryan Dupont, William M. Moore

Reports

Studies were conducted to determine the applicability of photooxidation for the degradation of selected hazardous and refractory organic compounds. These photochemical oxidation reactions occur through the transfer of energy from electronically excited sensitizer molecules which attain excited states by absorbing visible light energy. Optimum conditions for photooxidation were established based on sensitizer concentration and reaction pH for four polynuclear aromatic pollutants. The rate of photooxidation was found to be independent of the initial substrate concentration for methylene blue-sensitized reactions, and dependent on substrate concentration for solutions without a sensitizing dye. Photolysis of substrate mixtures established acridine and anthracene as photochemically …

A Preliminary Study Of The Role Of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells In The Maintenance Of Villous Structure Following X-Irradiation, M. G. Wyatt, S. P. Hume, K. E. Carr, J. C. L. Marigold

Scanning Microscopy

The mechanism of gastrointestinal villous damage following ionizing irradiation is complex. Various compartments within the gastrointestinal tract have in turn been considered important for the maintenance of normal villous structure. To date, however, evidence for a single overriding regulator of epithelial well-being is lacking.

In this study, the role of the gastrointestinal (enteroendocrine) cells is explored and comparison made between endocrine cell number and villous structure.

Experiments were organised using hath control and irradiated groups of mice. Two time points (1 and 3 days) and three radiation doses (6, 10 and 18Gy) were employed. A simple method for endocrine cell …

Surface Characterization Of Biomaterials By Immunogold Staining - Quantitative Analysis, Kinam Park, Scott R. Simmons, Ralph M. Albrecht

Scanning Microscopy

The labeling of target proteins by immunogold particles has been analyzed based on Einstein's law of Brownian motion. The theory was confirmed from the experiments which employed antifibrinogen gold markers to label fibrinogen molecules adsorbed on the polyethylene surface. The theory predicts that the degree of labeling depends on the concentration of gold markers, temperature, medium viscosity, size of gold markers, and staining time. Of these factors most important is the concentration of immunogold particles. Small change in the marker concentration results in a significant variation in the staining efficiency when other variables are kept constant. The effect of temperature …

The Contribution Of Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis (Epxma) To Pollution Studies, A. J. Morgan, C. Winters

Scanning Microscopy

This paper surveys the literature on the use of EPXMA in conjunction with (heavy metal) pollution studies.

Metal-accumulating compartments are usually granules or vacuoles of 6 main types (i) extracellular, soluble and fairly pure calcium carbonate granules; (ii) insoluble, calcium and phosphorus-rich granules, of ten containing several metal contaminants; (iii) multifunctional, calcium and phosphorus granules containing a high proportion of rather complex organic molecules; (iv) copper-(and sulphur) rich granules; (v) iron-(and phosphorus) rich granules; (vi) Cd, Zn, Cu and Hg -containing vacuoles, where the metals are presumably complexed with cysteine-rich metallothionein proteins, or their derivatives. With a few exceptions, types …

Nature And Properties Of Cardiovascular Deposits, B. B. Tomazic, E. S. Etz, W. E. Brown

Scanning Microscopy

Mineral deposits from human aortas and bioprosthetic devices implanted in experimental animals show close similarities in chemical composition, solubility and structural characteristics. Chemical analyses show compositions corresponding to a Na, Mg, CO₃ substituted apatitic calcium phosphate. Synergistic XRO, FT-IR and Raman Mi crop robe spectroscopic data provided coherent indication of Type-B CO₃^2- incorporation. Microscopic and electron microprobe microanalyses, however, indicate substantial morphological and spatial heterogeneity in the deposits.

Solubility and kinetic dissolution data of the mineral fraction of deposits can be compared with the corresponding data of octacalcium phosphate (OCP). This may indicate that OCP is a …

Structure-Function Relationships In Radiation-Induced Cell And Tissue Lesions: Special References To The Contributions Of Scanning Electron Microscopy And Hematopoietic Tissue Responses, T. M. Seed

Scanning Microscopy

Contributions of scanning electron microscopy to the field of radiation biology are briefly reviewed and presented in terms of an overall goal to identify and characterize the structural features of radiation-induced lesions in vital cell and tissue targets. In the context of "lesion" production, the major radiation-elicited response sequences, the types and nature of measured end points, and governing temporal and radiobiological parameters are discussed and illustrated by using results derived from both in vitro cell systems and in vivo studies that measured tissue responses from various organ systems (respiratory, digestive, circulatory, and central nervous systems). Work in our laboratory …

Assessment Of Qualitative And Quantitative Data From Pathological Hairs – A Critical Evaluation Of Scanning Electron Microscope And Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Analyses, B. Forslind, K. Wirén, K. G. Malmqvist

Scanning Microscopy

Analysis of single hair fibres in genetic disorders is a desirable complement to the clinical diagnosis. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) allows detailed study of the surface morphology of hair fibres which may explain some mechanical characteristics of the pathological hair. Quantitative elemental data may indicate biochemical or metabolic abnormalities.

In this preliminary study we assess the feasibility of combining SEM and proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis on single hair fibres from 12 cases of genetic disease influencing the integument status. We conclude that SEM is a valuable tool in the analysis of hair pathology. The macro-PIXE technique involves …

Review Of Statoconia Formation In Birds And Original Research In Chicks (Gallus Domesticus), Cesar D. Fermin, Makoto Igarashi

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews published materials on statoconia formation in birds, and emphasizes works dealing with the embryonic chick (Gallus domesticus) saccule and utricule. Histological, biochemical and histochemical aspects of forming statoconial membranes and statoconial crystals of mammals are included. Results from our work with chick embryos permitted us to conclude that statoconia probably do not form by seeding of a subunit around central core. Instead, immature statoconia may emerge already formed, from a segmenting mass of organic material that seems to be secreted by the supporting cells of the saccular and utricular maculae. Crystallization of each statoconium may …

Studies Of Otoconial Development In A “Giant-Crystal” Strain Of Chicks Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, Polarized Light Microscopy, And X-Ray Crystallography, Joanne Ballarino, Howard C. Howland

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Otolith formation was studied in a mutant strain of low-fertility Delaware chicks which exhibit an otolithic defect. In all chicks of this strain, otoliths were present as a fused crystal mass which contained abnormally large (giant) otoconia. Studies of the formation of such otoliths during embryonic development revealed that from the very earliest stages the otoconia were much larger than normal, and in the saccular and utricular otoliths formed a fused mass. These results are interpreted as supporting a hypothesis of the de novo formation of giant otoconia in this giant-crystal strain as opposed to the recrystallization hypothesis proposed for …

Preparation Methods For Light Microscopic And Ultrastructural Studies Of Fetal Rat Bladder, M. Cano, S. L. Johansson, R. B. Wilson, L. B. Ellwein, T. Sakata, S. M. Cohen

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Little is known about in utero urinary bladder embryogenesis and the development of the urothelium of laboratory animals. Previous scanning and transmission electron microscopy studies in rats and mice have indicated that the highly specialized superficial cells of the urothelium complete their differentiation at a very late stage of fetal development or shortly after birth. Limitations in methodology in the past have precluded extensive examination of earlier stages of bladder development. Innovations in preparatory procedures of the bladder of rat fetuses have been developed which make possible detailed scanning and transmission electron microscopic and light microscopic examination of cloaca and …

Scanning Electron Microscopy In Bone Pathology: Review Of Methods, Potential And Applications, A. Boyde, E. Maconnachie, S. A. Reid, G. Delling, G. R. Mundy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This article reviews the applications of SEM methods to human bone pathologies referring to studies made at UCL. We consider the methods which may be most suitable; these prove to be not "routine" in the context of most bio-medical applications of SEM.

Valuable information can be obtained from a bone sample if its edges are ground flat, before making either (a) a matrix surface preparation by washing away all the cells or (b) a mineralising front preparation, by also dissolving the osteoid -for which hydrogen peroxide is recommended to produce a robust specimen. BSE contrast from a cut block surface …

Statolith Formation In Cnidaria: Effects Of Cadmium On Aurelia Statoliths, D. B. Spangenberg

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Statolith formation in Cnidaria was reviewed with an emphasis on Aurelia statoliths. The review provides information on the chemical composition, mechanisms of initiation of mineralization, and effects of environmental factors on Cnidarian statolith formation. Environmental factors discussed include modified sea water ingredients, X-irradiation, clinostat rotation, and petroleum oil ingredients. A detailed account of the effects of cadmium on mineralization and demineralization of Aurelia statoliths is given. Cadmium at dosages of 2 to 4 μM significantly reduces statolith numbers in developing ephyrae. At a dosage of 3 μM, cadmium accelerates statolith loss in unfed ephyrae studied at 4 and 8 days …

Dolores Archaeological Program: Anasazi Communities At Dolores: Middle Canyon Area, Book 2 Of 2, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

Archaeology/Anthropology

This volume is a collection of published reports from the Middle Canyon area of the Dolores Project in southwestern Colorado. Included in the volume are 4 site reports and 3 analytical chapters produced by the Dolores Archaeological Program. This volume includes information on the environmental setting of the Middle Canyon area, a summary of Dolores Archaeological Program systematics, and a brief description of Dolores cultural history.

Phase Transitions Of Calcium Oxalate Trihydrate And Epitaxy In The Weddellite-Whewellite System, Sergio Deganello

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The phase changes calcium oxalate trihydrate-weddellite, weddellite-calcium oxalate monohydrate and calcium oxalate trihydrate-whewellite are individually examined at the atomic level from a theoretical point of view; concomitantly the topological requirements necessary for phase stability are clarified for each structure type. In solution a sequential series of phase transitions according to the steps calcium oxalate trihydrate-weddellite-whewellite is not likely to be energetically favoured; direct conversion of calcium oxalate trihydrate to whewellite should be, instead, ordinarily expected.

It is formally demonstrated that along two axial directions a set of atoms is in essentially identical positions in both weddellite and whewellite. This notwithstanding, …

Permanent Noise-Induced Damage To Stereocilia: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study Of The Lizard's Cochlea, Michael J. Mulroy

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Alligator lizards were exposed to broadband noise ranging in intensity from 106 to 132 dB SPL for two hours and permitted to recover from 19 to 62 days. Hearing loss was assessed by comparing the auditory nerve component of the cochlear potential recorded at the end of the recovery period with that recorded before the noise exposure. The stereocilia in these ears were examined with a scanning electron microscope. These sensory hairs showed pathological changes similar to those described in mammalian cochleas with noise-induced damage. In decreasing order of severity the damage included completely missing auditory papillas, missing hair cells, …

Genes, Manganese, And Zinc In Formation Of Otoconia: Labeling, Recovery, And Maternal Effects, L. C. Erway, N. A. Purichia, E. R. Netzler, M. A. D'Amore, D. Esses, M. Levine

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Published studies indicate that genes and dietary manganese deficiency cause vestibular defects and ataxic behaviors. Manganese deficiency during development causes otoconial defects in mice, rats, guinea pigs, and chicks. Mutant genes cause otoconial defects in mice, mink, and poultry. Manganese supplementation prevents the otoconial defects in some mutant mice and mink. Manganese is essential, before crystallization of the otoconia, for synthesis of mucopolysaccharides and otoconial matrix. Such defects can be induced, after otoconia are crystallized during fetal development, by dietary zinc deficiency and sulfonamide treatment (inhibits carbonic anhydrase, a zinc-requiring enzyme). Manganese and/or zinc supplementation ameliorates otoconial defects in pallid …

Ultrastructure Of Bone Marrow Of Rats After Severe Hemodilution With Starch Or Modified Hemoglobin, Ferrell R. Campbell, Richard D. Rink

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The ultrastructure of bone marrow of rats was studied 24 h after exchange-transfusion with solutions of starch or modified hemoglobin to a hematocrit of 10-15. Blood smears of the transfused rats had 17-20% reticulocytes as compared to 5-6% for sham operated controls. In the transfused rats marrow macrophages had numerous heterolysosomes apparently containing the starch or hemoglobin from the transfused solutions. Endothelial cells and reticular cells also possessed a few heterolysosomes thought to contain starch or hemoglobin. Reticular cells of the transfused rats contained numerous glycogen particles scattered throughout the cytoplasm or arranged in large masses. Synthesis of glycogen may …

Applications Of X-Ray Microanalysis In Botanical Research, Diana M. R. Harvey

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The applications of x-ray microanalysis in botanical research are reviewed, and the special problems posed in the preparation and analysis of botanical specimens and in the interpretation of results discussed. There are four main areas of research employing x-ray microanalysis:

1. effects of salinity on plants: examination of ion distributions in leaves and roots of both salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive higher plants and salt-tolerant algae and fungi;

2. effects of pollutants on plants: localization of heavy metals, particularly Pb, Cd, and Al, in algae, lichens and higher plants;

3. distributions of silicon in higher plants: silica distribution in roots and shoots, …

Utah Science Vol. 47 No. 2, Summer 1986

Utah Science

30 "CONSIDER THE LILIES OF THE FIELD ... " R. J. Shaw and M. C. Williams A review of the distribution. attributes. and hazards of the naturally occurring Iiles in Utah.

36 IMPROVING PROFITS FOR UTAH DAIRY FARMS: A COMPUTER SIMULATION OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES D. Bailey. J. c. Andersen and G. L. Helms Economists say feeding balanced rations. altering the crop mix. and herd expansion could help increase profits in dairying.

41 GLOBEMALLOWS: FORBS FOR UTAH RANGELANDS B. M. Pendery and M. D. Rumbaugh Gooseberry-leaf globemallow and Munro globe mallow and Munro globemallow show potential as forages for Utah's rangelands. …

Intrauterine Device (Iud) Associated Pathology: A Review Of Pathogenic Mechanisms, Waldemar A. Schmidt, Karmen L. Schmidt

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper summarizes our studies of IUD-related disease with those previously published by others. Our data are based upon 51 IUDs and 42 index cases of IUD-related disease demonstrating specific processes. Gross, dissecting microscope, scanning electron microscope and X-ray microanalysis examinations were made of selected IUDs and associated tissues. Tissue associated with the IUDs revealed inflammation in 59.4%, calcific material in 6.3% and no abnormality in 34.4%. JUD-associated tissue responses were accompanied by changes of the IUD; these changes involved deposition of substances upon the IUD surface and degradation of the JUD itself. Disintegration of the IUD, its string or …

Scanning And Transmission Electron Microscopic Study Of Recovered Porcine Aortic Valved Conduits, D. J. Allen, I. H. Fentie, J. T. Davis, Angela Lineen

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Four explanted porcine aortic valved conduits were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Sources of obstruction such as neointima or "peel" and calcification were observed. In one sample the neointima was found to possess an unusually large expanse of squamous cells partially lining the luminal surface. This lining much resembled a normal endothelium, which is not an expected feature of neointima. Cells, presumably of host origin, were noted upon the leaflet surfaces. They did not seem as well organized as those found on the neointima. Calcification did not seem greatly advanced but was clearly apparent. Certain treatments proposed by …

Statoconia Formation In Molluscan Statocysts, Michael L. Wiederhold, Christine E. Sheridan, Nancy K. R. Smith

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The gravity sensors of all molluscs phylogenetically below the cephalopods are spherical organs called statocysts. The wall of the sphere contains mechanosensory cells whose sensory cilia project into the lumen of the cyst. The lumen is filled with fluid and dense "stones", the statoconia or statoliths, which sink under the influence of gravity to load, and stimulate, those receptor cells which are at the bottom. The statuconia of Aplysia californica are shown to be calcified about a lamellar arrangement of membranes. Similar lamellar membrane arrangements are seen within the receptor cells, and their possible role in the formation of the …

Adverse Effects Of Metals On The Alveolar Part Of The Lung, Anne Johansson, Per Camner

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Rabbits were exposed to low levels of metal dust or metal ions by inhalation for 1-8 months, 5 days/week and 6h/day. Following exposure lung tissue was examined by light and electron microscopy, the lung content of phospholipid was analyzed and the morphology and function of alveolar macrophages were investigated.

Metallic nickel dust as well as soluble nickel chloride produced accumulation of macrophages and laminated structures in alveoli and increased volume density of alveolar type II cells. The amount of phospholipids was elevated, mainly due to an increase in disaturated phosphatidylcholine. After one month exposure to metallic nickel dust or soluble …

Ultrastructural Studies Of Intercellular Contacts (Junctions) In Bone Marrow. A Review, Ferrell R. Campbell

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reviews ultrastructural studies of the intercellular contacts or junctions between cells of the bone marrow. Studies using tannic acid and glutaraldehyde as a fixative have shown pentalaminar complexes between many types of cells in marrow of mice and chicks. These intercellular contacts occur between adjacent stromal cells, between stromal cells and developing blood cells and, in marrow of mice, between migrating blood cells and cells of the sinusoidal wall. Because of their location and widespread occurrence, it is believed these contacts may represent a type of adherent junction helping to maintain an orderly arrangement of blood cells and …

Evidence For The Use Of A Diamond Drill For Bead Making In Sri-Lanka, A. J. Gwinnett, L. Gorelick

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The use of a diamond splinter turned by a bow drill to drill the quartz beads in present day Cambay, India has been documented. A group of Cambay beads were made available for study. They were compared with a similar group of quartz beads excavated in Mantai, Sri-Lanka. These were dated stratigraphically c.700-1000 A.D. Silicone impressions were made of the drill holes from selected beads from both Cambay and Mantai. These were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy. The pattern of drilling was the same, suggesting that the technique of drilling with a diamond splinter and bow drill was …

Data Collection And Presentation Procedures For The U.S. Army's Chemical Hazard Assessment Warning System (Chaws), Michael H. Merry

All U.S. Government Documents (Utah Regional Depository)

This report describes the basic procedures and references more detailed documents for the operation of meteorological and air quality sensing instrumentation, data depiction and analysis systems for an incinerator pilot plant located at the Tooele Army Depot site near Salt Lake City, Utah. It discusses the site topography and climatology, sensor configuration, calibration, quality assurance and data reporting procedures for the monitoring system and demonstrates their compliance with applicable environmental regulations of United States Federal Government and the State of Utah.

Histochemistry Of Colloidal Iron Stained Crystal Associated Material In Urinary Stones And Experimentally Induced Intrarenal Deposits In Rats, Saeed R. Khan, Raymond L. Hackett

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Organic material associated with the calcium oxalate crystals in urinary stones and experimentally induced nephrolithiasis was stained with colloidal iron and analysed by energy dispersive x-ray microanalysis using standard techniques. Iron was positively identified in the stained specimens indicating that some of the organic material is an acidic mucosubstance. The results also indicate that some of the organic material of urinary stones may originate in the kidneys.

Utah State University Commencement, 1986 – Main Campus, Utah State University

Commencement Programs

Ninety-Third Annual Commencement of Utah State University

In Vitro Study Of The Effect Of Lead On Natural Killer Cell Activity, Hesham Saleh Ibrahim

Biology

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of lead on the natural killer (NK) cell, a type of lymphocyte which is considered to be a first line of defense against tumors. In this study, the effect of lead on NK cell activity and interferon-augmented NK cell activity has been investigated along with the possible mechanisms by which lead affects these activities. Four approaches were used in an attempt to determine possible mechanisms by which lead affects NK cells: viability testing of treated/untreated cells; testing the effect of lead on the NK cell activity in the presence/absence of …

An Emergency Transfusion Technique, Ann Rich

Biology

The purpose of this study was to develop a transfusion technique that could be used in developing countries and in times of civilian disaster or wartime, when electricity and sophisticated equipment are not available. This technique consists of the use of a device for direct transfusion, consisting of plastic tubing connected to a stopcock and syringe, and a method of direct compatibility testing. The device was tested on sheep using a flow rate of 1 ml/s. No problems were encountered and no adverse reactions were observed. The compatibility technique was tested on 150 blood specimens. It was able to detect …