Digital Commons Network^™

Proton-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectrometry In Archaeology, C. P. Swann, S. J. Fleming

Scanning Microscopy

Proton-induced x-ray emission (PIXE) spectrometry is fast developing a reputation as a powerful analytical tool in the study of a range of ancient materials, including bronze, iron, gold, glass, faience, and smelting slag. PIXE data allows determination of the primary constituents which would indicate their recipe of production and determine their bulk physical properties (e.g., color of a glass, brittleness in a metal), and of a wide range of trace elements which may indicate the source of raw material s from which an artifact was constituted. Over the past seven years, PIXE spectrometry's primary advantage over other recognized methods now …

Influence Of Cytomatrix Proteins On Water And On Ions In Cells, I. L. Cameron, G. D. Fullerton, N. K. R. Smith

Scanning Microscopy

This review concerns the influence that cytomatrix proteins have on the motional properties of water and on the major inorganic ions in cells. The techniques we used for study of water in cells and on the cytomatrix proteins include: pulsed NMR of water protons, quench cooled ice crystal imprint size, and osmotic behavior. The technique for study of ions involved use of electron-probe X-ray microanalysis of thin cryosections of cells. The cytomatrix was found to play the major role in determining the extent of hydration water in cells, The amount of hydration water varied greatly between cell types (e.g., lens …

The Surface Characterization Of Modified Chrysotile Asbestos, J. K. De Waele, F. C. Adams

Scanning Microscopy

In this paper, results of a semi-quantitative and qualitative leaching study of chrysotile and Chrysophosphate® fibers in oxalic acid and succinate salt buffer solutions with laser microprobe mass analysis (LAMMA) and electron probe X-ray micro-analysis (EPXMA) are presented, which demonstrate clearly the potential of these sensitive surface analytical tools for the analysis of natural physico-chemically modified and depleted fibers. These results are verified with those obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) for the measurement of the leached magnesium and iron concentration in solution. In order to study differences in adsorption behaviour and reaction capability between natural and chemically modified chrysotile, …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Early Atherosclerosis In Rabbits Using Aortic Casts, Ralph G. Kratky, Margot R. Roach

Scanning Microscopy

Our research involves measuring the size and location of atherosclerotic lesions on the intimal surface of arteries. To this end we have developed a new method in which scanning electron micrographs of vascular casts with impressions of these lesions on their surface are used. This method is compared with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of tissue with lesions. All three methods are found to detect lesions equally well. We also examine the cellular elements in the lesion to determine how the images are formed.

Response Of Laryngeal And Tracheo-Bronchial Surface Lining To Inhaled Cigarette Smoke In Normal And Vitamin A-Deficient Rats: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study., P. K. Jeffery, A. P. R. Brain, P. A. Shields, B. P. Quinn, T. Betts

Scanning Microscopy

The effects on surface morphology of airway epithelium of cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation alone (experiments one and two) or of CS in combination with hypovitaminosis A (experiment two) was investigated using specific pathogen free rats. Eight morphologically distinct cell types were distinguished overall. Apart from atypical squamous lesions each of the other cell types could be found in varying proportions in all experimental groups. CS alone caused an increase in the frequency with which intra-lumenal mucus was seen and an increase in the occurrence of secretory cells of types IV (i.e.,'merocrine') and V (i.e.,'apocrine'). In experiment one, the area of …

Surface Morphology Of Human Airway Mucosa: Normal, Carcinoma Or Cystic Fibrosis, P. K. Jeffery, A. P. R. Brain

Scanning Microscopy

The study presents preliminary qualitative findings of an investigation of grossly normal main and lobar bronchi at sites distant to well circumscribed tumour (n=15), adjacent to tumour (n=5) or of airways obtained during heart/lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF, n=3). In the normal airways the surface epithelium was on average 50 𝝁m thick, pseudostratified and rested on a roughly contoured basement membrane. A variety of cell types were identified although many were obscured by a dense covering of cilia, occasionally interrupted by foci of squamous metaplasia. Submucosal gland structure was observed in chance vertical fractures of the airway …

The Surface Morphology Of Normal And Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries In Male Macaca Fascicularis And The Effect Of Coronary Angiography, Dwight A. Bellinger, Jon C. Lewis, Thomas B. Clarkson

Scanning Microscopy

Selective coronary angiography is one of the procedures used frequently in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Macaca fascicularis monkeys were used to study the effects of coronary angiography on coronary artery surface morphology. Fourteen M. fascicularis were fed either an atherogenic diet (0.34 mg of cholesterol/kcal and 40 to 43% of the calories as fat) for six to nine months or a control diet. For six of these animals the Judkin method of selective left coronary angiography was done 24 h prior to necropsy. The ascending aorta, right coronary artery, left circumflex (LCX), left anterior descending (LAD) …

Extension's Perspective Of Federal, State And Private Animal Damage Control Programs, Gary J. San Julian

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Extension personnel are in a unique position to observe and to be involved in animal damage control (ADC) programs at the federal, state and private levels. In order to offer educational programs, we must interpret regulations and policies to provide a workable interface between ourselves, other agencies and the public. This is not an easy task in such a sensitive and emotional area.

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Electron Probe Microanalyses Of The Crystalline Components Of Human And Animal Dental Calculi, R. Z. Legeros, I. Orly, J. P. Legeros, C. Gomez, J. Kazimiroff, T. Tarpley, B. Kerebel

Scanning Microscopy

A review of the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalyses in the study of dental calculus showed that such studies provided confirmatory and supplementary data on the morphological features of human dental calculi but gave only limited information on the identity of the crystalline or inorganic components.

This study aimed to explore the potential of combined SEM and microanalyses in the identification of the crystalline components of the human and animal dental calculi. Human and animal calculi were analyzed. Identification of the crystalline components were made based on the combined information of the morphology (SEM) and …

Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopic Imaging In Biology, G. T. Simon, Y. M. Heng

Scanning Microscopy

One of the goals in biology is to relate the ultrastructure with the movement of elements to under stand better physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) imaging, which was developed in the last decade, appears to be an ideal technique to make such correlation.

EELS takes advantage of the energy distribution of transmitted electrons which interacted with the specimen. All these electrons are collected and can be displayed as an energy loss spectrum for analytical purposes. Images can be produced from selected regions from the energy distribution allowing the mapping of specific elements. The main advantage of …

Age Dependent Dehydration Of Postmitotic Cells As Measured By X-Ray Microanalysis Of Bulk Specimens, György Lustyik, Imre Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Microscopy

In this paper we give a brief outline of our bulk specimen technique developed to measure intracellular water concentration in frozen-hydrated biological specimens by means of energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Fractured surface of the deep-frozen tissue samples is analyzed in an electron microscope (a specimen area of 15x11.5 𝝁m is scanned) using 20 kV accelerating voltage and 1-5 pA effective beam current (measured in the specimen). Strong electric charging, which is the main problem associated with the low temperature X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated specimens, is reduced by choosing optimum temperature range for the measurements (170-185 K) and by etching a …

Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscopy: Applications In Clinical Dental Research, Timothy F. Watson, Alan Boyde

Scanning Microscopy

The Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscope (TSRLM) enables the investigation of microscopic structures both at and deep to the surface of intact objects. The present paper reviews studies undertaken to determine whether the TSRLM would be usable and useful in the investigation of natural and restorative dental materials in vitro and in vivo.

It was found that the TSRLM could be used to study normal and diseased dental tissues and the new materials which are used to replace lost substance. More importantly, it could be used to characterize the interface between tooth and optically translucent materials in bulk samples, giving …

Developmental Angiogenesis: Quail Embryonic Vasculature, T. J. Poole, J. D. Coffin

Scanning Microscopy

We have examined the segregation and early morphogenesis of the embryonic vasculature by using a monoclonal antibody for immunofluorescence and by scanning electron microscopy. This antibody labels the presumptive endothelial eel ls (PECs) as they segregate from mesoderm. Similar embryos prepared for SEM revealed finer details of how these segregated cells interact to form the rudiments of the major blood vessels. Here we concentrate on the development of the dorsal aortae and the posterior cardinal veins. The dorsal aortae form from single PECs which segregate from the lateral mesoderm and aggregate into a loose cord ventral to the somites. These …

Cell Rearrangement And Directional Migration In Pronephric Duct Development, T. J. Poole

Scanning Microscopy

The morphology of the directed migration of the pronephric duct rudiment of three vertebrates, the salamander, chick and sturgeon, has been examined by scanning electron microscopy. Of particular interest in this paper are the morphology of the duct tip, the role of cell rearrangement, and the relation of duct extension to somite segmentation. The duct rudiments of all three species have motile cell processes (lamellipodia and filopodia) largely confined to their posterior tips. The salamander and sturgeon embryos extend their duct rudiments by extensive cell rearrangements. A short, wide rudiment is elongated to form a long, thin one. The chick …

Ex Vivo Platelet Deposition On Fibronectin-Preadsorbed Surfaces, William E. Collins, Deane F. Mosher, Anil R. Diwan, Kedar D. Murthy, Scott R. Simmons, Ralph M. Albrecht, Stuart L. Cooper

Scanning Microscopy

Temporal platelet deposition profiles of canine plasma fibronectin (CPFN) adsorbed to different polymers ex vivo and the in vitro characteristics of CPFN adsorption were studied in an attempt to correlate the two. The maximum platelet deposition (𝚪_plt^max) obtained at a protein preadsorption time of 30 min was greater than that obtained using an adsorption time of 120 min for all surfaces studied. At 30 min of preadsorption, 𝚪_plt^max was 520, 560 and 1230 platelets/1000 μm² on Biomer, polyethylene (PE) and oxidized PE (OXPE), respectively. In contrast, the platelet deposition at 120 min. of fibronectin …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Burnt Electric Wires, R. P. Singh

Scanning Microscopy

Aluminium and copper wires were burnt by electric short circuit and by outside flame. These wires have been studied under scanning electron microscope with a view to distinguish them in fire cases. It was observed that there were extensive grains on the cylindrical surfaces near the ends of copper wires burnt by electric short circuit. The grainy structures were continuously decreasing with distance from the ends and vanished. Aluminium wires had bucklings starting from the ends and decreasing on subsequent portions. These features were found to have a potential advantage to identify the ends specially those which did not have …

The Role Of The Cytoskeleton In Endothelial Repair, Avrum I. Gotlieb, Michael K. K. Wong, Patricia Boden, Alan Choo Fone

Scanning Microscopy

The injured endothelium undergoes rapid repair of areas of cell desquamation in order to maintain the structural integrity of the endothelial surface. Endothelial repair involves a series of processes which include endothelial cell spreading, translocation, and proliferation. These processes are well defined events which occur sequentially in time. Spreading and translocation are mediated by the cell cytoskeleton - F-actin microfilaments and microtubules and associated centrosomes. The regulation of these processes is complex and is likely due to soluble factors present at the site of injury which are released from activated endothelial cells, platelets, the subendothelial substratum, activated serum factors, and …

Somites And Axon Guidance, Kathryn W. Tosney

Scanning Microscopy

The somites are arrayed in a repeating pattern along the longitudinal axis of the embryo, as are the developing sensory and sympathetic ganglia and the spinal nerves. This pattern is not a coincidence: the somite imposes a segmental pattern on the cells and axons that invade it. Both neural crest cells and axons prefer the anterior portion of the sclerotome (the ventral part of the somite) for outgrowth. What differences in anterior and posterior sclerotome are responsible? I used scanning electron microscopy to ask whether these populations differed on the tissue level in chick embryos. This study shows that differences …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Application In Clinical Research, R. Laschi, G. Pasquinelli, P. Versura

Scanning Microscopy

Our personal experience on the application of scanning electron microscopy in cardiology, gastroenterology and ophthalmology is reviewed.

SEM has not yet significantly contributed to myocardium pathology. However, in the near future, SEM could be a reliable technique to complete the information available from other sources. As to atherosclerosis, SEM allowed us to improve our knowledge of the early stages of the disease; some pathological features, not always detected by conventional morphological examinations, can be documented. An important contribution to gastrointestinal pathology was made by SEM investigations both in the staging of some important diseases (i.e., coeliac disease, peptic ulcer, Crohn's …

Microvascular Corrosion Casting Of The Lung. A State-Of-The-Art Review, Dean E. Schraufnagel

Scanning Microscopy

Corrosion casting and viewing of replicas with the scanning electron microscope is an excellent way to study the microvascular structure of the lung. This method can demonstrate aspects of the three-dimensional relationships, branching patterns, maximum diameters, arterio-venous connections, unusual sized and shaped capillaries, development and growth, neovascular structures and changes in development and disease better than any other means. Comparisons can be made in many experimental conditions and fundamental information obtained to answer physiologic questions. This paper reviews how the lung microvasculature has been studied by corrosion casting and scanning electron microscopy and indicates new areas where investigation might be …

1987 Annual Meeting, Various Authors

Annual Reports

No abstract provided.

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Black Stain On Human Permanent Teeth, J. Theilade, K. M. Pang

Scanning Microscopy

Black stain may develop on the coronal surfaces of human teeth, and this type of stain is common in the Hong Kong Chinese population. The present study was undertaken to ascertain if the deposit conforms in composition to the black stain found elsewhere, and to describe its ultrastructure using the scanning electron microscope. Gram-stained smears were made from black stain on the teeth of 11 adult Hong Kong Chinese and studied microscopically. From another 15 persons extracted teeth exhibiting black stain were obtained and fixed. Two ground sections were made from each tooth, one was stained with toluidine blue, the …

Ultrastructural Analysis Of Enamel Formation During In Vitro Development Using Chemically-Defined Medium, P. Bringas Jr., M. Nakamura, E. Nakamura, J. Evans, H. C. Slavkin

Scanning Microscopy

To test the hypothesis that enamel biomineralization is regulated by sequential expression of an intrinsic genetic program, we designed experiments to determine if a serumless, chemically-defined medium is permissive for position-dependent ameloblast differentiation and subsequent enamel tissue-specific biomineralization in vitro. In the absence of serum or other exogenous growth factors, Swiss Webster strain mouse embryonic (15-and 16-days gestation) mandibular first molar tooth organs (cap stage) developed within 21 days in vitro into well-defined molar tooth organs expressing dentine and enamel biomineralization. Analysis of data obtained from von Kossa histochemistry for calcium salt formation, as well as ultrastructural information obtained …

Secretory Ameloblasts And Calcium Distribution During Normal And Experimentally Altered Mineralization, S. H. Ashrafi, Dale R. Eisenmann, A. E. Zaki

Scanning Microscopy

The distribution of calcium in relation to secretory ameloblasts of the rat incisor was studied. An experimental model system in which enamel mineralization was temporarily inhibited by injecting sodium fluoride and cobalt chloride was used. Potassium pyroantimonate (PPA) cytochemistry, electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used to clarify the role of the ameloblast in controlling calcium distribution during normal and experimentally altered enamel mineralization.

Secretory ameloblasts chemically-preserved in glutaraldehyde either with or without PPA were analyzed for calcium; those preserved with PPA showed higher concentrations of calcium than did those preserved with glutaraldehyde only. …

An Electron Microscopic Study Of Microfibrils Of Bone Marrow, Ferrell R. Campbell

Scanning Microscopy

After fixation of bone marrow with glutaraldehyde, tannic acid and saponin, a delicate network of microfibrils (10 nm) was observed in the extracellular space. Masses of microfibrils were most frequently observed between the endothelial cells of the sinusoidal wall and adventitial reticular cells, but were also observed at other sites throughout the marrow stroma. Microfibrils are an important component of the extracellular material of bone marrow and appear to provide an anchoring substrate for the endothelium.

Utah Science Vol. 48 No. 2, Summer 1987

Utah Science

66 SO WHAT? C. Elmer Clark

69 BIOLOGY DEPARTMENT

74 SOIL SCIENCE & BIOMETEOROLOGY DEPARTMENT

81 THE UTAH AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION: SCIENCE SERVING AGRICULTURE A review of Experiment Station research facilities and services.

97 FAMILY & HUMAN DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT

99 ECONOMICS DEPARTMENT

104 AGRICULTURAL & IRRIGATION ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

106 SOCIOLOGY, SOCIAL WORK & ANTHROPOLOGY DEPARTMENT

108 FISHERIES & WILDLIFE DEPARTMENT

110 RANGE SCIENCE DEPARTMENT

Adherent Platelets And Surface Microthrombi Of The Human Aorta And Left Coronary Artery: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Feasibility Study, B. O. Spurlock, A. B. Chandler

Scanning Microscopy

As part of a feasibility phase of an investigator-initiated multicenter NIH supported study on the Pathobiological Determinants of Athero-sclerosis in Youth (PDAY), we report observations on microthrombi and adherent platelets on the intima of the aorta and left anterior descending coronary artery. The long-term objective of this cooperative study is to define more precisely the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis during late childhood and early adulthood and to investigate the influence of selected risk factors known to be associated with clinically manifest disease in later life. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized to survey broad areas of arterial intima. Of 109 specimens …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells From Rat Muscular Arteries, William J. Krizmanich, Robert M. K. W. Lee

Scanning Microscopy

The use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for the examination of medial smooth muscle cells (SMC) is limited by the presence of connective tissue mass in the adventitia obscuring the detailed structure of the SMC. This study deals with the description of a method which selectively removes the connective tissue, allowing three dimensional observation of SMC using SEM. A number of methods were tried. One method involving post fixation with 2% Os0₄ used in conjunction with HCl proved most successful in removing the extracellular matrix of large mesenteric arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and age-matched Wistar-Kyoto normotensive rats …

Preservation Of In Vivo Morphology Of Blood Vessels For Morphometric Studies, Robert M. K. W. Lee

Scanning Microscopy

Preservation of in vivo morphology of the blood vessels is important for morphometric studies. With each fixation method (e.g., immersion fixation, perfusion fixation), there are inherent pitfalls which can easily distort vessel wall morphology, thereby creating artifacts. Alteration of the vessel wall cell volume due to tissue preparation is another common source for errors. Selection of proper morphometric protocols for comparative studies is crucial. Lack of attention in these areas is a cause of confusion and contradiction in the literature. In this review, the merits of various commonly used methods for vessel wall preparation and measurements are discussed.

Identification Of Actinobacillus Spp Cell-Surface Antigens Using Monoclonal Antibodies, Kall S. Symons

Undergraduate Honors Capstone Projects

Though a senior project is required for graduation from U.S.U. with the Honors Program, there are no written guidelines describing the requirements of a U.S.U. Honors Senior Project. This proposal seeks to show how the present research project from the College of Agriculture should meet the intended project requirements of the Honors Director.