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Applying Height Growth And Site Index Curves For Inland Douglas-Fir, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Forestry

Methods for estimating both site index and dominant height growth for inland Douglas-fir in the Northern Rocky Mountains are presented and discussed. The methods should be applicable over a wide range of stand conditions because no restrictions were placed on species composition, stand density, spacing, or age structure in the original stem analysis sample. Increased accuracy can be obtained if habitat type is considered, because the shape of the site index curves varied with respect to three major habitat series groupings. Results are summarized in the form of equations, tables, and graphs. Precision curves are used to illustrate the relationship …

The Delphi Method: Application To Elk Habitat Quality, United States Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service

Wildlife Conservation and Management

This paper reports on the results of a study designed both to gather important information through Delphi and to evaluate several key features of the Delphi process. We intend to present information developed, and also describe and discuss Delphi so as to make resource managers more comfortable with it, aware of its potential, and willling to consider it along with other information gathering tools.

The State Of Water In The Cell, William Negendank

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A number of scientists in the early 20th century conceived cell water and ions as existing in unique "colloidal" or "bound" states. Work in the 1930's, however, established the assumption that most of cell water and of K exist in a free state like that of a dilute aqueous solution, so that the osmotic activity of cell K serves to balance that of the high concentration of extracellular Na. This assumption underlies theoretical concepts of membrane pumps, Donnan equilibria, and cell potentials, and led to the now classical membrane-osmotic-pump-leak concept of cell ionic distributions and volume maintenance. Nevertheless, the results …

Cell Volume Regulation Studies With The Electron Microprobe, Mary Jo Ingram, F. Duane Ingram

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Lumbricals from the hind feet of young rats are dissected free, stretched to approximately 125% of resting length, and mounted on individual, simple plastic forms. After recovery in physiological saline, the isolated muscles are incubated for periods of 40 to 60 min. in one of a series of hypertonic bathing solutions. The composition of each bathing solution is identical, except for osmolality which is increased with lactose. At least one muscle from each animal is incubated in a control solution to serve as a control muscle for that particular set of 5 to 8 muscles. Mounted muscles are removed from …

The Glass Knife In Ultramicrotomy, Lahja Sevéus, Cecilia Tarras-Wahlberg

Scanning Electron Microscopy

To obtain the best ultrathin sections in ultramicrotomy and cryoultramicrotomy, a high quality knife is of paramount importance. Glass knives were introduced for ultramicrotomy, in the manually broken form, in 1950. Since the introduction of mechanical knifemakers, the production of glass knives has become a standardized laboratory routine. In conventional ultramicrotomy different knife angles are used to cover different specimens and embedding media. The 50° knife broken with a small deviation of the score from the diagonal of the square gives a long useful edge, especially if damping during breaking is used. The 50° knife is, therefore recommended as the …

Human Metaphase Chromosome Preparation For Scanning Electron Microscopy - A Consideration Of Inherent Problems, T. D. Allen, E. M. Jack, C. J. Harrison, D. Claugher, R. Harris

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Although the physical dimensions of chromosomes are such that they fall well within the spatial resolving power of scanning electron microscopes, results in the past have been disappointing. This is most likely due to limitations in preparative techniques, coupled with the initial necessity to separate the chromosomes from the remainder of the metaphase cell. Two approaches have been employed, a; to use a variety of isolation buffers which provide bulk chromosome preparations, b; to use metaphase spreads prepared essentially as for light microscopy and re-processed for SEM. In the former, wide variations in chromosome surface topography and fibre organisation arise …

Preparation Of Cryosections For Biological Microanalysis, Karl Zierold

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The element distribution in biological cells and tissues can be revealed by electron probe microanalysis from ultrathin cryosections. In particular, the distribution of physiologically important and often mobile elements such as Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca can be studied in cryosections on an ultrastructural level. The cryopreparation technique required for this purpose consists of 1. cryofixation, 2. cryosectioning, 3. cryotransfer including freeze-drying and carbon coating if necessary, 4. energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis in a cold stage equipped scanning transmission electron microscope. The lateral analytical resolution of this method is less than 50 nm in freeze-dried ultrathin (about …

Immuno-Cytochemistry With Backscattered Electrons, D. Soligo, E. De Harven, M. T. Nava, G. Lambertenghi-Deliliers

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Some cytochemical reaction products are visible inside the cytoplasm of cells observed with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) using the backscattered electron imaging (BEI) mode. Methods can be utilized whenever they result in the deposition of heavy metal, like silver, lead or osmium at the sites of the enzymatic reaction.

More recently the BEI mode of the SEM has been demonstrated to improve the detection of immunogold labeled cell surface antigens. Colloidal gold particles, 40 to 15 nm in diameter can be efficiently used for immuno-specific labeling. Moreover, cytochemical reactions can be applied to previously immunogold labeled cells, therefore combining …

A Review And Evaluation Of The "Appraisal Report Estimating Fair Market Rental Value Of Public Rangelands In The Western United States Administered By Usda - Forest Service And Usdi - Bureau Of Land Management", Darwin B. Nielsen, E. Bruce Godfrey

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The use of rangelands administered by agencies of the federal government by domestic livestock has been an issue associated with controversy for many years. One of these issues that has surfaced periodically has been the fees charged livestockmen who use lands administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and Forest Service (FS). This issue became politically "hot" in 1977 and 1978. This controversy became intense enough that Congress established a fee formula as part of the Public Rangelands Improvement Act (PRIA) of 1978. Congress directed that this formula be used during a seven-year trial period. It was further stipulated …

Wood Resource In Aspen: Ecology And Management In The Western United States, J.R. Jones, N.V. Debyle, R.P. Winokur

Aspen Bibliography

Aspen has not been cut extensively in the West; in fact, it has been grossly underutilized. For example, as recently as 1975, the aspen harvest from National Forests in four Forest Service regions in the Rocky Mountain area was 7.64 million board feet.¹ Additional minor volumes were cut on special-use permits for products such as fuel and corral poles. The total amount cut represented only 0.1% of the net volume available in these aspen forests.

Utah Science Vol. 46 No. 4, Winter 1985

Utah Science

112 THE BIG ROCK CANDY MOUNTAIN F. B. Salisbury A researcher who has periodically studied the unusual mountain over a period of three decades says the mountain has not yet yielded all of its secrets. And photographs indicate that while natural change appears to occur slowly, the face of the mountain can be altered in a few hours by heavy rainfall.

119 NEW GRASSES FOR INTERMOUNTAIN RANGELANDS K. H. Asay, W. H. Horton and W. T. Hansen II Researchers are developing several productive grasses, even some which promise to capitalize on the desirable attributes of quackgrass.

124 DEATH RATES AND …

Management Overview, J.R. Jones, R.P. Winokur, W.D. Shepperd

Aspen Bibliography

No abstract provided.

Comparison Of Bootstrap And Jacknife Statistical Procedures, Amanuel Gobena

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

This report compares the bootstrapping to jacknifing statistical procedures in terms in bias, confidence interval and estimation of median. Related literature have been reviewed. A bootstrap allows a researcher to get an approximation to the distribution of possibly complicated statistical summaries. It is based on random sampling with replacement from experimental units. Jacknife has also been in operation prior to bootstrapping statistical procedure. The jacknife divides the data into subgroups and obtains partial estimates of these subgroups by omitting one subgroup at a time. When both of these statistical resampling procedures are compared the bootstrap has less bias, more accurate …

The Size Distribution Of Bovine Casein Micelles: A Review, C. Holt

Food Structure

This review considers the average size and size distribution of bovine casein micelles as measured by electron microscopy, light scattering and controlled pore glass chromatography, and the origin and biological function of the size distribution.

Recent work by electron microscopy has given average sizes in reasonable agreement with measurements on the same milk sample by light scattering . It is suggested that natural variations in averaqe micelle size and overestimation of micelle radii by light scattering methods as well as deficiencies in electron microscopical methodology were responsible for past discrepancies.

Electron microscopy and controlled pore glass chromatography provide evidence that …

Thermal Analysis Microscopy For The Study Of Phase Changes In Fats, J. M. Deman, A. N. Mostafa, A. K. Smith

Food Structure

An investigation was carried out using the Mettler FPBOO Thermosystem to study polymorphic transitions of several monoacid triglycerides and hydrogenated Canola oil. The system includes a central processing unit connected with a thermal microscopy hot stage that allows the measurement of heat flow to the scrnple . Scanning electron microscopy was also used to examine the same samples after osmium tetroxide fixation . The results obtained relate phase transitions occurring during heating and cooling with the morphology of the various crystal structures.

Changes In Typical Organelles In Developing Cotyledons Of Soybean, K. Saio, K. Kondo, T. Sugimoto

Food Structure

Soybean cotyledonary cells harvested every 5-10 days at 15 to 60 days after flowering (OAF), were investigated by means of light and transmission electron microscopy. In the early developing stages (15-20 OAF) most of the cells were occupied by large, centrally located vacuoles while the cytoplasm was restricted to a thin layer against the cell wall and contained numerous ribosomes, mitochondria, plastids, small amounts of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and minute lipid bodies. At about 25 OAF, spherical organelles which contained protein, lipid and sugar (PLS bodies), appeared and then increased in number and in size. Vacuoles had protein deposits lining …

Ultrastructural And Biochemical Investigations Of Mature Human Milk, Robert J. Carroll, Jay J. Basch, John G. Phillips, Harold M. Farrell Jr.

Food Structure

The casein complexes (casein micelles) of human skim milk were evaluated by electron microscopy. Fourteen samples of human milk were obtained from seven donors whose stage of lactation varied from 1 to 23 months. Compositional and biochemical parameters were measured to evaluate the nature of these samples. For mature human milks, 2-13 months of lactation, average percentage of solids-notfat was found to be 8.32 ± 0.16. Protein compositions of the skim milks were studied by the Coomassie blue dye binding method and by SDS-gel electrophoresis; total protein and casein were found to be 0.62 ± 0.18 and 0.29 ± 0.02 …

Identification And Modeling The Impact Of Marine Shale Bedrock On Groundwater And Stream Salinity: Upper Colorado River Basin, Christopher J. Duffy, Jerome J. Jurinak, Sanjay Sangani, Ali Azimi

Reports

Recent studies have shown that groundwater is a major contributor to stream salinity in the Upper Colorado River Basin. The primary salt sources are the marine shales and shale residuum that underlie the soils of much of the basin. A field site in the Price River Basin, a tributary to the Green and Colorado Rivers, was selected to study the physical and chemical factors that control the interactions between groundwater and these shales. Preliminary data were available at the site as a result of a Bureau of Reclamation study conducted by CH2M Hill. On the basis of the CH2M Hill …

Development Of Design Criteria For Sensitizer Photooxidation Treatment Systems, Richard J. Watts, V. Dean Adams, E. Joe Middlebrooks

Reports

Sensitized photooxidation is a physicochemical process that can degrade many toxic and refractory organic pollutants. A trace quantity of sensitizer added to the waste absorbs visible light; electronically excited intermediates then transfer the energy to decompose the waste. Engeineering design criteria were developed for industrial waste treatment lagoons that would use sensitized photooxidation. Design criteria were developed regarding optimum lagoon pH, optimum sensitizer concentration, depth and sizing of lagoons, dissolved oxygen requirements, and effect of temperature on photooxidation rate. Treatment of the refractory pesticides bromacil, terbacil, and fluometuron was investigated using methylene blue and riboflavin as sensitizers. Methylene blue-sensitized photooxidation …

Water Well Pump Efficiency Monitor Units, Calvin G. Clyde, Duard S. Woffinden, Graeme Duncan

Reports

Indroduction: As the costs for pumping municipal, industrial and irrigation water rise, owners and the public area giving increased attention to energy conservation. One way to conserve energy is to operate water pumps at or near peak efficiency. The measurement of pump efficiency usually requires a special test equipment, a skilled operator and time to perform the test. Owners may find it more economical to waste power than to monitor for inefficiencies. One way to help change this situation is to develop inexpensive equipment for unskilled people to use to obtain rapid measurements of pump efficiency under typical operating conditions. …

Methodology Report: Updating The Estimation Of Water Surface Elevation Probabilities And Associated Damages For Great Salt Lake , David S. Bowles, L. Douglas James, D. George Chadwick, Ronald V. Canfield, Norman Stauffer

Reports

No abstract provided.

Problems Of Small Privately Operated Water Companies In Utah, Jay M. Bagley, Frank W. Haws

Reports

Although one in seven domestic water supply systems in Utah are privately owned and operated, they are characteristically small with 94 percent serving populations of less than 1,000. Per capita costs of service vary greatly but become relatively high for locations that are remote, where terrain and climate are extreme, where scale economies are absent, and where materials and skills for system repair and replacement are not locally available. Statistics indicate that the incidence of water quality violations relate strongly to system size. Yet corrections are often more difficult to achieve because well trained and full time operators cannot be …

A Methodology For Estimating Instream Flow Values For Recreation, Parvaneh Amirfathi, Rangesan Narayanan, A. Bruce Bishop, Dean Larson

Reports

Water flowing in streams has value for various types of recreationists and is essential for fish and wildlife. Since water demdns for offstream uses in the arid west have been steadily increasing, increasing instream flows to enhance the recreational experience might be in conflict with established withdrawals for uses such as agriculture, industries, and households. Since market prices are not observable for instream flows, the estimation of economic value of instream flow would present well known difficulties. The household production function theory was used to build the theoretical model to measure economic value of instream flow. A representative sample of …

Combining Microscopy And Physical Techniques In The Study Of Cocoa Butter Polymorphs And Vegetable Fat Blends, J. D. Hicklin, G. G. Jewell, J. F. Heathcock

Food Structure

Transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction have been used to study the cocoa butter polymorphs and blends of cocoa butter with a hydrogenated vegetable fat. The results indicate the presence of six polymorphs and confirm observations made by other workers. Vegetable fat addition affects both the molecular structure and the morphology of the crystals observed. After temperature cycling, a blend containing 50% vegetable fat developed two crystal types and differences in the X-ray pattern were apparent. Correlations could be made between the known molecular structure and the morphology observed in most of the polymorphs. In selected cases, …

Crystal Morphology Of Cocoa Butter, D. M. Manning, P. S. Dimick

Food Structure

The multiple melting points of triglycerides have been known and studied for more than a century by numerous workers. The ability of fat to undergo polymorphic changes is important mainly due to its effect on product texture and appearance. Polymorphic resolidification during storage of cocoa butter into higher melting forms can destroy the smooth glossy appearance of a confectionery product. This manuscript will review the polymorphic characteristics and composition of cocoa butter from Theobroma cacao. A discussion of common fat behavior relative to tempering and bloom formation will be included. Scanning electron microscopy and polarized light microscopy aided in visually …

Effects Of Emulsifying Agents On The Microstructure And Other Characteristics Of Process Cheese - A Review, Marijana Caric, Miroslav Gantar, Miloslav Kalab

Food Structure

Sodium phosphates , polyphosphates, and citrates are melting salts (emulsifying agents) most commonly used in the manufacture of process cheese either alone or in mixtures . Their role during processing is to sequester calcium in the natural cheese, to solubilize protein and increase its hydration and swelling, to facilitate emul sification of fat , and to adjust and stabilize pH.

Changes taking place in natural cheese during processing can be studied by microscopy. Micrographs demonstrating the emulsification of fat , presence of salt crystals, and partial solubilization of protein in labo ratory- made and commercial process cheeses have been used …

Genetics And Variation In Aspen: Ecology And Management In The Western United States, J.R. Jones, N.V. Debyle

Aspen Bibliography

The broad genotypic variability in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), that results in equally broad phenotypic variability among clones is important to the ecology and management of this species. This chapter considers principles of aspen genetics and variation. variation in aspen over its range, and local variation among clones. For a more detailed review of the genetics of qualung aspen, especially with wider geographic application and with emphasis on tree breeding, see Einspahr and Winton (1976).

Monte Carlo Simulation Of The Game Of Twenty-One, Douglas E. Loer

All Graduate Plan B and other Reports, Spring 1920 to Spring 2023

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the application of computer simulation to the game of Twenty-One to predict a player's expected return from the game. Twenty-One has traditionally been one of the most popular casino games and has attracted much effort to accurately estimate the house's true advantage. Probability theory has been tried, but the thousands of different combinations of cards possible in all hands throughout the entire pack make it practically impossible to apply probability theory without overlooking some possibilities. For this reason, Twenty-One is a perfect candidate for simulation. By blocking several simulations, normal theory can …

Contribution Of Dispersion To The Properties Of H2s‐‐Hf And H2s‐‐Hcl, M. M. Szczesniak, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

Ab initio calculations are carried out using a doubly polarized basis set. Dispersion, evaluated by second‐order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (MP2), is found to have a profound influence on the stabilities and structures of the H‐bonded complexes. The contribution of dispersion to the H‐bond energies of H₂S‐‐HF and H₂S‐‐HCl is 44% and 69%, respectively, placing this attractive term second in magnitude only to electrostatics. Reductions of the intermolecular distance of 0.17 and 0.34 Å result from inclusion of correlation effects. Nevertheless, the influence of dispersion upon the angular characteristics of the …

Influence Of Basis Set On The Calculated Properties Of (H3n–Hcl), Z. Latajka, Steve Scheiner

Chemistry and Biochemistry Faculty Publications

The structure of (H₃N–HCl) is investigated by ab initio calculations using a number of different basis sets ranging from minimal to split valence. The effects of including a diffuse sp shell and d orbitals on Cl are considered as well. The geometries of the complex and the isolated subunits are fully optimized. Minimal basis sets (STO‐3G, STO‐6G, and MINI‐1) lead to an overestimate of the interaction between the subunits. Addition of d functions produces only a marginal improvement. The 3‐21G, 3‐21+G, MIDI‐1, and LP‐31G split‐valence sets erroneously predict an ion pair …