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Preliminary Identification, Analysis, And Classification Of Odor-Causing Mechanisms Influenced By Decreasing Salinity Of The Great Salt Lake, C. Earl Israelsen, Darwin L. Sorensen, Alberta J. Seierstad, Charlotte Brennard

Reports

Introduction: The rising level of the Great Salt Lake has received a great deal of attention because of the resulting physical damage to adjoining properties, threatened distruption of major transportation facilities, and environmental damage to feeding and resting areas for migratory waterfowl. Another problem of growing concern is that some zones of the lake are producing odors that are objectionable to nearby populated areas. These odors are most offensive during the warm summer months and appear to be increasing with the rising levels and decreasing salinity of the lake water. This report presents the approach taken and the findings of …

X-Ray Microanalysis In Cryosections Of Natively Frozen Paramecium Caudatum With Regard To Ion Distribution In Ciliates, M. Schmitz, R. Meyer, K. Zierold

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Cells of Paramecium caudatum were shock-frozen without pretreatment for cryoultramicrotomy and freeze-dried for subsequent X-ray microanalysis. Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, and Ca were detected in different amounts in several subcellular compartments. In particular, calcium was localized below the cell surface (pellicle). Trichocysts were found to contain significant amounts of Na in their base but not in the tip. Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca were found in electron dense deposits within the lumen of the contractile vacuole. A small K concentration was found in the cytoplasm and in the mitochondria. X-ray microanalysis of the element distribution in …

A Rapid Technique For Counting Cracks In Rocks, W. B. Durham, J. M. Beiriger, H. C. Weed

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an image analyzer, we have developed a technique for counting and measuring cracks in rocks which is more efficient than traditional techniques in which an operator performs all image analysis functions. The key aspect of the technique is that black-on-white tracings of fresh cracks, which can be made rather rapidly by an operator, are measured and digitized by an image analyzer. The most time-consuming step in the process has now become the generation of SEM micrographs and pertinent chemical (mineralogical) information, not the quantification of crack structure. The technique has been applied to …

Surface Roughness Contribution To The Auger Electron Emission, D. Wehbi, C. Roques-Carmes

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Scanning Auger Microscopy (SAM) experiments have shown that z height and θ slope relative to the analysed spot are parameters that contribute to the measured Auger intensity I(z, θ). For greater analysed areas specific to Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES), the knowledge of height and slope statistical distributions P(z) and P(θ) is required. These functions have been determined by means of profilometric data. The spatial resolution of the used tactile profilometer is similar to that which characterizes AES. A mathematical relationship I { P(z), P(θ) } has been set up for Si samples whose roughness is well defined. On the other …

High Recovery Desalting Of Brackish Water By Electrodialysis: Field Tests At Yuma Desalting Test Facility & At La Verkin Springs, United States Department Of The Interior, Bureau Of Reclamation

Water

An ED (electrodialysis pilot plant achieved high desalting recoveries of nearly 95 percent at the YDTF (Yuma Desalting Test Facility, Arizona) and 92 percent at LVS (La Verkin Springs, Utah) during over 4000 hours of operation. Brine TDS (total dissolved solids) concentrations of nearly 100 000 g/m³ were obtained at LVS, which is a greater brine concentration than is possible using RO (reverse osmosis). The LVS required ED energy (while producing a product TDS concentration of about 1000 g/m³) is estimated to be about one-third the energy requirements of a commercially available distillation brine concentrator. Lowering product …

Utah Science Vol. 45 No. 4, Winter 1984

Utah Science

97 PHOSPHORUS NEEDS OF BEEF CATTLE J. W. Call, J. E. Butcher, J. L. Shupe, A. E. Olson, and J. T. Blake Levels of phosphorus, suggested for normal growth and reproduction, are outlined. Symptoms and lesions of phosphorus deficiency in beef cattle are discussed.

100 FAT CATTLE D. Bailey and B. W. Brorsen The price differences by month and year between Utah and other regional markets for fat cattle were charted and analyzed to help the producer to make effective marketing decisions.

104 THE MALNUTRITION/DIARRHEA CONNECTION R. W. Sidwell, B. B. Barnett, and A. W. Mahoney Using pregnant and newborn …

Twenty-Five Years Of Bonjour, Alfred N. Smith

Faculty Honor Lectures

While considering topics appropriate for this lecture, I became encouraged by the thought that my quarter of a century of experience in foreign language teaching would surely suggest some interesting possibilities. Up until this moment, I had never consciously counted my years of service, and frankly when I realized that I had spent two and one-half decades in front of the blackboard teaching French as a second language mainly to Anglo adults, I began to feel within the rumblings of a need to mark this anniversary in some significant way. Several days later in an amusing conversation with a friend, …

Wave-Length Dispersive Microprobe Analysis Of Coated Samples Of Bulk Tissues, C. Ward Kischer, Thomas M. Teska

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Hypertrophic scars contain highly pleomorphic cells, including many from the erythrocytic series which have been extravasated. The conventional visual mode of SEM cannot distinguish the cell types with certainty except in the case of typical biconcave disc-shaped erythrocytes. Microprobe elemental analysis might be used to differentiate one type from another on the basis of iron and possibly phosphorus (for nucleated cells). Using coated specimens (gold or gold-palladium) precludes simultaneous visual mode SEM with EDX because of energy line interference with phosphorus and other elements. However, wave-length dispersive analysis offers minimal or no interference, and a coated specimen offers the use …

Progress In Element Analysis On A High-Voltage Electron Microscope, W. F. Tivol, D. Barnard, T. Guha

Scanning Electron Microscopy

X-Ray microprobe (XMA) and electron energy-loss (EELS) spectrometers have been installed on the high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM). The probe size has been measured and background reduction is in progress for XMA and EELS as are improvements in electron optics for EELS and sensitivity measurements.

XMA is currently useful for qualitative analysis and has been used by several investigators from our laboratory and outside laboratories. However, EELS background levels are still too high for meaningful results to be obtained. Standards suitable for biological specimens are being measured, and a library for quantitative analysis is being compiled.

Cross-Sectional Analysis Of Silicon Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices Using The Scanning Electron Microscope, Daniel S. Koellen, David I. Saxon, Kenneth E. Wendel

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A technique has been developed which enables one to cross-section specific devices or features for examination with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). This method is used for investigation of all facets of microelectronic circuit manufacture from research and development to failure analysis of the finished product.

Selective etching is used to provide contrast to each processed layer. Etch type and sequence, used for delineation, are important to understand since they may add artifacts to the cross-section, leading to erroneous analysis conclusions. The etchant and etch conditions used will be dictated by the information needed from a particular sample.

Etching systems …

Digital Processing Of Electron Energy Loss Spectra And Images, R. D. Leapman, K. E. Gorlen, C. R. Swyt

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Processing in electron energy loss spectroscopy involves both data acquisition and analysis. The interface of an analytical electron microscope to a laboratory computer with a satellite microcomputer dedicated to data acquisition results in a system with a high degree of flexibility. In spectrum acquisition, channels may be selected around specific core edges, or dwell times may be varied continuously as a function of energy loss to reduce the dynamic range of the signal. Data transfer to the host computer allows further analysis such as the removal of plural scattering by spectral deconvolution. Elemental maps and line-scans can be recorded with …

High Accuracy And Automatic Measurement Of The Pattern Linewidth On Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits, H. Yamaji, M. Miyoshi, M. Kano, K. Okumura

Scanning Electron Microscopy

High accuracy measurement of pattern linewidth is particularly important in Very Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) manufacturing.

The measurement of pattern linewidth has been done by optical methods. However, the optical methods have several problems: as the measured value depends on slope angle at pattern edge, thickness and optical property of film and also substrate, there exists a large difference in size (0.3 μm) between the defined edge and the true edge in case of photoresist linewidth measurements. Especially, the optical methods have severe problems to measure bottom of pattern edge and are unsuitable to measure pattern linewidth in VLSI's …

A Wien Filter Energy Loss Spectrometer For The Dedicated Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, P. E. Batson

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A Wien filter electron spectrometer has been added to a VG Microscopes, Ltd. HB501 STEM to improve the energy resolution and accuracy of energy loss analysis combined with a high spatial resolution. An energy resolution of 130meV is obtained with a 2mR collection angle at the specimen. The 0.28eV wide field emission energy profile therefore dominates the energy resolution for the device. The energy axis is automatically calibrated by the electrostatic method of scanning, yielding an accuracy and stability of 30meV. A preliminary energy resolution of 0.5eV is demonstrated for 20mR full collection angles at the specimen. Results of experiments …

The Spectral Momentum Density Of Amorphous Carbon From (E, 2e) Spectroscopy, A. L. Ritter, John R. Dennison, R. Jones

All Physics Faculty Publications

The spectral momentum density of the valence band of an amorphous carbon film has been measured by (e, 2e) spectroscopy. Two "bands," energy as a function of momentum, are resolved. One extends from 23 eV below the Fermi energy to about 10 eV below E_F. The other, ∼ 9 eV below E_F, does not disperse significantly. Although the existence of diamond bonding in the film cannot be ruled out, the bands are more suggestive of the graphite band structure.

Ultrasonic Microdissection Of Rat Cerebellum For Scanning Electron Microscopy, C. E. Arnett Iii, F. N. Low

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The cerebelli of rats were initially fixed with aldehydes (modified Karnovsky's fixative; 503 mOsM/L) by cardiac perfusion. Blocks of tissue were razor-cut, usually longitudinal to folia, and immersed in the same fluid for 2-4 hours. Three separate methods of treatment followed: (1) immersion in 1% aqueous boric acid, or (2) in 2% phosphate buffered OsO₄ followed by boric acid or (3) in an 8/2 mixture of boric acid and OsO₄. After 18-48 hours immersion the blocks were dehydrated in ascending grades of acetone. They were then exposed to ultrasound in 100% acetone at frequencies of 80 kHz …

Morphological Study Of The Anodic-Oxide And Hydrated-Oxide Films On Pure Aluminium, S. M. El-Mashri

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A high resolution scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), operated in the SEM mode, has been used to examine the morphology of the oxide anodically formed on a surface of pure aluminium, using different electrolyte solutions (tartaric, oxalic, boric, phosphoric and chromic acids). The microstructural changes of these films following their hydration in hot water showed degradation of the oxide and conversion to an oxy-hydroxide phase (pseudo-boehmite). These observations are in agreement with previous EXAFS measurements of the Al-O bondlength which indicated the formation of crystalline boehmite (AlOOH). Observation of the oxide and oxy-hydroxide derived from anodisation in phosphoric acid electrolyte …

Some Considerations Of The Ultimate Spatial Resolution Achievable In Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, Anthony J. Garratt-Reed

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The fundamental limitations on spatial resolution of X-ray microanalysis in the scanning transmission electron microscope are set by the interrelationships between the gun brightness, operating voltage, probe convergence angle, size and current, specimen thickness, beam broadening, the probability of characteristic and Bremsstrahlung X-ray production and the statistics of the X-ray spectrum. Manipulation of expressions describing these interrelationships leads to equations predicting the optimum probe size and specimen thickness for the best achievable spatial resolution (defined as the diameter of a cylinder containing 90% of the X-ray production) in microscopes fitted with different electron sources and operating at different voltages in …

Microcharacterization Of Fluid Inclusions In Minerals By Raman Microprobe, J. C. Touray, C. Beny-Bassez, J. Dubessy, N. Guilhaumou

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Fluids trapped in inclusions in minerals are micro-amounts of ore-forming media composed of water, dissolved salts, gases and sometimes liquefied gases, liquid, hydrocarbons and solids. The aim of this paper is to summarize the contribution of the Raman scattering microspectrometry to the knowledge of fluid inclusions. After a review of the composition of fluid inclusions and a short presentation of microthermometrical investigations, a description of the Raman microprobe is given. Applications are reviewed; identification of ionic species dissolved in aqueous phase, characterization of gases of C-O-H-N-S system, identification of solids and non aqueous liquids. The complementary characteristics of Raman microanalysis …

Parameters Of Growth In The Embryonic And Neonatal Chick Basilar Papilla, Douglas A. Cotanche, Kathleen K. Sulik

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The growth of the basilar papilla in the chick cochlear duct was studied utilizing light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. The ages of the cochleae investigated ranged from embryonic day 6 to post-hatching day 7. The changes in the length and width of the basilar papilla as well as the establishment of its spatula-like shape were correlated with the maturation of the hair cells' apical surfaces and the changes in the cellular organization of the sensory epithelium. The histological reorganization of the distal hair cell nuclei was concomitant with the broadening of the distal region of the basilar papilla and …

Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis Of Ocean Ferromanganese Crusts Using Conventional Zaf Corrections, R. F. Commeau, J. A. Commeau, F. W. Brown, F. T. Manheim

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Ocean ferromanganese crusts are composed of interlayered phases of manganese oxide, iron oxide and oxyhydroxide, calcium carbonate/phosphate, silica, and alumino-silicates. These interlayers are so thin and fine-grained that each phase could not be isolated under the beam of a scanning electron microscope for quantitative x-ray microanalysis. A test was conducted to determine if the grain size of the phases was small enough to allow conventional ZAF techniques to be used without serious errors in the results. A "synthetic" ferromanganese crust was prepared by pelletization of a 1:1 mix of two fine-grained (<5 >micrometer) components. The mean of the energy dispersive …

Advances In Electron-Beam-Induced-Current Analysis Of Integrated Circuits, J. D. Schick

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Electron-beam-induced-current (EBIC) analysis of integrated circuits and of individual semiconductor devices has become an essential technique for semiconductor device characterization as well as for failure analysis and diagnostics. This tutorial is an update of the paper presented in SEM/1981/I on the same topic and discusses advances and new trends in the applications of EBIC in recent months. Examples of EBIC measurements on high density chips, ion-implanted junctions, and shallow diffusions in thin epitaxial layers are given. Time resolved EBIC (TREBIC) is also explained and new digital readout techniques, including computer-aided data analysis, are described as they refer to detailed analyses …

Socio-Economic Considerations In Irrigation Development, Allen Lebaron

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The contradiction inherent in a potentially hydraulic landscape is manifest. Such a landscape has an insufficient rainfall or none at all, but it possesses other accessible sources of water supply. If man decides to utilize such sources, he may transform dry lands into fertile fields and gardens. He may, but will he? What makes him engage in an adventure which involves great effort and which is fraught with highly problematic institutional consequences?

The Utah Statesman, July 20, 1984, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.

The Utah Statesman, June 18, 1984, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.

Utah Science Vol. 45 No. 2, Summer 1984

Utah Science

33 DRAIN ENVELOPES L. S. Willardson Research efforts to improve drainage conditions with the assurance that installed drains will function in a trouble-free manner for a long period of time is continuing at USU.

36 TOUGH TURFS FOR UTAH W. F. Campbell and W. A. Varga Turfs are important in human activities because of their functional, recreational and aesthetic aspects. Although there are hundreds of different species of grasses, learn how to choose the one that is best suited to your region.

41 TRACKING THE SUNFLOWER BEES L. M. Brown and F. D. Parker The USDA Bee Laboratory, situated at …

The Utah Statesman, May 2, 1984, Utah State University

The Utah Statesman

Weekly student newspaper of Utah State University in Logan.

Nutritional Ecology Of The Northern Pocket Gopher: A Study Of Nitrogen Balance, Miki M. Stuebe

Biology

The northern pocket gopher, Thomomys talpoides, is probably not able to maintain nitrogen (N) balance in winter in northern Utah if it eats only belowground plant material typical of that found in the caches it makes. Gophers burrowing 10 h/day would meet about 81% of their daily N requirement on such a diet, which has a true N digestibility of 49.0%, and a biological value of 90.6%. However, gophers could easily meet N requirements in winter by consuming material only slightly higher in N than cached material. High-N material (both plant and animal matter) is probably available to most …

The Effects Of Altered Prey Availability And Shrub Architecture On Spider Community Parameters: A Field Experiment In A Shrub-Steppe Ecosystem, Kathryn Wing

Biology

The effects of altered prey availability and shrub architecture on spider community parameters were studied in a field experiment in northeastern Utah. Treatments of 2 states of foliage density--"normal" and tied (= high density)--and 2 states of insect attractant-- control and baited--were applied to big sage shrubs (Artemisia tridentata) using a factorial experimental design. Temperature and humidity were not significantly different between the 2 types of shrub architecture. The species array and abundance of shrub insects were not significantly altered by the foliage density treatment. Shrubs with insect attractant had significantly larger insects (as measured by body length) …

A Comparison Of The Desiccation Resistances Of Three Species Of Crab Spiders Occuring Sympatrically In Northern Utah, Eric James Zurcher

Biology

Respiration rates, water contents, water loss rates, and abilities to withstand water loss were assessed at 15, 25, and 35 C for adults of three species of crab spiders occuring sympatrically on shrub-steppe vegetation in northern Utah. The three species, Misumenops lepidus (Thorell), Xysticus cunctator (Thorell), and Philodromus histrio (Latreille), differ in their apparent seasonal distributions, with M. lepidus being collected most frequently in spring and fall, X. cunctator appearing most frequently in summer, and P. histrio occuring in all seasons. Rates of oxygen consumption paralleled casual observations of the general rates of activities of these spiders. Hence the generally …

Arthropod Faunas Of Reseeded Rangelands: Effects Of Vegetation Structure, Steve M. Spangler

Biology

Arthropod faunas in different types of reseeded rangeland vegetation were studied in 1980 and 1981, with an emphasis on sap-feeders and predators. Manipulations of grass density and sagebrush presence/absence were performed in 1981 to assess the relative effects of these 2 factors in producing the observed arthropod faunas. Major sap-feeders of crested wheatgrass (Ayropyron cristatum L.) were Irbisia brachycera (Uhler) and Conostethus americanus (Knight) (Miridae), and Oikraneura carneola (Stal) (Cicadellidae). The major sap-feeder of tall wheatgrass (Thinopyrum panticum (Podp.) Barkworth & Dewey) was Laccocera obesa Van Duzee (Delphacidae). I. brachycera, C. americanus, and L. obesa showed population patterns related to …