Digital Commons Network^™

How To Compare Fuel And Electricity Costs For Home Heating, Steven L. Folkman

All Archived Publications

Selecting the least expensive energy source for heating a building can be a confusing task. The confusion usually is caused by the units used to measure energy consumption and the efficiencies of the device used to convert the energy source into heat. This document provides typical information which will aid in comparison of different energy sources.

Vole Control In The Eastern United States, Richard M. Poche, Robert Sharp

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) and pine vole (M. pinetorum) are major pests in fruit orchards in the eastern U.S. These species damage trees by gnawing the bark or root systems during the winter months, thus, reducing the fruit yield, or in many cases actually killing the trees. Orchard owners generally use an integrated pest management approach involving a combination of methods: (1) cultural practices such as reducing favorable vole habitat, thereby, limiting the carrying capacity, (2) mechanical control through the use of tree guards or trapping techniques, and (3) the use of rodenticides, both acute …

Comparisons Of Strychnine And Zinc Phosphide In Prairie Dog Control, H. Todd Holbrook, Robert M. Timm

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Efficacy and safety are primary considerations in registration and use of toxicants for vertebrate pest control. Strychnine (0.5%) and zinc phosphide (2%) are currently registered by EPA for prairie dog control, but continued registration is uncertain. Two percent zinc phosphide bait has been suspected of producing lower and more erratic results than strychnine bait. In our study in western Nebraska in fall 1984, indices based on changes in burrow activity showed no difference in efficacy (P =0.66) or variability (P= 0.7) of control for strychnine and zinc phosphide, however neither toxicant consistently gave effective control or black-tailed prairie dogs. Costs …

Estimating Cost-Effectiveness Of Controlling Animal Damage To Conifer Seedlings, David S. Decalesta

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

A model for determining the benefit-cost ratio of controlling damage by vertebrate pests to conifer seedlings requires knowledge of the amount, distribution, and duration of animal damage, reduction in damage associated with control, costs of control, methodology and value of trees at harvest. Because control costs occurring in the present must be compared with savings recovered decades later in the future, the model incorporates procedures for discounting or adjusting future monetary benefits into present net worth valuations. The model allows forest managers to evaluate a wide range of damage costs and savings accruing from use of various control techniques. The …

Air Force Problems With Birds In Hangars, Timothy J. Will

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The Air Force's Bird - Aircraft Strike Hazard (BASH) Team has been dealing with bird hazards to aircraft for over ten years, primarily through awareness programs, direct assistance to military bases, and through R&D aimed at world-wide BASH reduction. As with any problem where a biological system (in this case, birds) is involved, diversification is important in developing solutions. The BASH Team has recommended a variety of methods for working with hazards from birds. One area of particular concern is the nuisance of pest birds in hangars. These structures are extremely alluring to birds, which seek the roof-supporting I-beams and …

Management Implications Derived From Bird Damage Assessments In North Dakota Sunflower, Joseph L. Guarino, John L. Cummings

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

The most recent estimate of blackbird damage to ripening sunflower (Helianthus annuus) in North Dakota in 1980 exceeded $6 million. Although less than 5% of the sunflower fields in the state received greater than 10% damage in each of four past survey years, as much as 50% of the total state-wide damage occurred in these fields. This loss can be combated with cost-effective control. Successful control requires timely action when blackbirds are in large concentrations. Frightening blackbirds from fields early in the damage season disperses damage and this can result in compensatory growth by sunflower, whereby yields at …

Reformulated 4-Aminopyridine Baits Cost-Effectively Reduce Blackbird Damage To Ripening Cornfields, Jerome F. Besser, John W. De Grazio

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

In 1984 4-aminopyridine baits, stabilized with hydrochloric acid, were appraised in ripening cornfields being attacked by blackbirds on the Sand Lake National Wildlife Refuge, South Dakota. In 1982, it had been discovered that 4-aminopyridine, the active agent in commercial Avitrol^® baits for crop protection rapidly vaporized at summer storage and field baiting temperatures.

In July, baiting lanes were created in 12 cornfields by destroying every 55th row. In August after a 3-day pretreatment period, fields were baited with Avitrol^® FC Corn Chops-99 for a 2-week period when corn was most vulnerable to damage. Bait was applied from baiting …

Final Draft Report: Economic Policy Options For Utah Agriculture, Donald L. Snyder, Jay C. Andersen, Deevon Bailey, E. Bruce Godfrey

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

As a general rule, economists seldom advocate policy options. They prefer to discuss advantages and disadvantages. Primarily, this is because of an inherent belief that the market does provide for an efficient allocation of goods and services for those participating in that particular market. However, it is widely recognized that the market will not allocate efficiently if certain impediments exist. Furthermore, in situations where the market cannot reflect true social costs and benefits, some corrective actions may be required.

A Note On The Optimal Forest Rotation When Non-Operators Deplete Resource Stock, Rabindra N. Bhattacharyya, Donald L. Snyder

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The disparity between theory and practice has definitely contributed to a continuing interest in the determination of the optimal harvest age for a growing forest. The Faustmann model has played a key role in this respect. The optimal rotation problem, as viewed by Faustmann (1849), is a timber management problem when knowledge of the forest operator about the resource biomass is certain and depends only on the natural biological growth characteristics of the tree population.

Fundamental Aspects Of Energetic Particle/Solid Interactions, Nicholas Winograd

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The interaction of keV particles with solids has been characterized by the measurement of the angle and energy distribution of sputtered secondary ions and neutrals. The results are compared to classical dynamics calculations of the ion impact event. Examples using secondary ions are given for clean Ni{001}, Cu{001} reacted with O₂, Ni{001} and Ni{7 9 11) reacted with CO, and Ag{111} reacted with benzene. The neutral Rh atoms desorbed from Rh{001} are characterized by multiphoton resonance ionizaton of these atoms after they have left the surface.

Liquid Metal Sources In Ion Microscopy And Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry, G. L. R. Mair, T. Mulvey

Scanning Electron Microscopy

This paper reports on state-of-the-art developments in liquid metal sources and some of the finer points of their operating characteristics that are especially relevant to the satisfactory functioning of analytical ion scanning microscopes equipped with secondary ion mass spectrometers. Such effects include unwanted emissions from the source and their exclusion by means of filters and mass separators in the ion-optical column. The design of the ion-optical column is also discussed and some applications of this rapidly advancing form of analytical microscopy are described.

Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Of Glasses: Aspects Of Quantification, H. Odelius, A. R. E. Lodding, L. O. Werme, D. E. Clark

Scanning Electron Microscopy

SIMS routines have been developed for the analysis of oxide materials, with applications particularly in element profiling of corrosion layers on glasses after weathering or leaching. The possibilities of quantification and reproducibility have been found critically sensitive to the buildup of charge on the insulating specimens. With control of constant specimen potential, relative sensitivity factors in the positive mass spectrum have been determined for about 20 elements in 10 different alkali-borosilicate glasses. Secondary ion yields were studied as functions of the energy range of ions admitted to the analyzer. At relatively low energies, including the top of the energy distribution, …

The Cathodoluminescence Mode Of The Scanning Electron Microscope: A Powerful Microcharacterization Technique, D. B. Holt, F. M. Saba

Scanning Electron Microscopy

By detecting cathodoluminescence (CL) in a scanning electron microscope (SEM), pan and monochromatic micrographs and CL spectral analyses analogous to x-ray mode point analyses can be obtained. Complete microcharacterization requires alternate examination of both micrographs and spectra. New techniques for near infra-red CL and low-temperatures to produce sharp spectra are of increasing importance. CL emission is due to electron transitions between quantum mechanical states so the radiative defects present can be unambiguously identified at liquid helium temperatures. Strongly luminescent impurities can be detected to below one part in 10⁸. This is 10⁴ times as sensitive as the …

Clinical Applications Of Scanning Electron Microscopy In Gastrointestinal Diseases, F. Bonvicini, G. Zoli, M. C. Maltarello, D. Bianchi, G. Pasquinelli, P. Versura, G. Gasbarrini, R. Laschi

Scanning Electron Microscopy

We considered the role of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in clinical investigation of different gastrointestinal diseases. The following clinical applications of SEM may be suggested on the basis of our original data and those reported in literature:

in peptic ulcer: assessment of the completeness of healing, by observing the mucosal surface architecture of the scars; identification of mucosal changes, namely enterocytic surface membrane alterations, predictive of recurrence;

in coeliac disease: early assessment of the response to gluten-free diet and follow-up of the patients by staging the process of mucosal repair in cerebriform, intermediate and villous patterns;

in ulcerative …

Characteristic Energy Losses With High Energy Electrons Up To 2.5 Mev, B. Jouffrey, J. Sevely, G. Zanchi, Y. Kihn

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Some aspects of the influence of the energy of the incident electrons in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are considered. It is shown that this method of analysis used in high voltage electron microscopy, permits one to observe, with a better edge jump ratio than at lower accelerating voltages, the characteristic edges. One important question is to eliminate artefacts in the counting and to record only electrons from the true spectrum. Some recent examples are given. One of them concerns extended energy loss fine structures (EXELFS). It seems high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) could be very useful in this domain.

The Optimal Forest Rotation: Some Economic Dimensions, Rabindra N. Bhattacharyya, Donald L. Snyder, Basudeb Biswas

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

Forest lands provide numerous things adding to the social, cultural, and economic aspects of life for many people including fuel, water, forage, stabilization of shifting sands, protection of catchment areas, soil erosion and flood control, watershed, habitat for wildlife, and sites for outdoor recreation. Because of their large area and wide geographic dispersion, they are also important in maintaining the natural environment. They are the source of timber, an important industry in many parts of the world. Products made from trees affect everyone, including those who may never have the opportunity to enjoy the natural beauty of a forest or …

The Black Market Exchange Rate In A Developing Economy: The Case Of India, Sukumar Nandi

Economic Research Institute Study Papers

The existence of black market exchange rates of developing countries is common knowledge. and the Indian rupee has been traded in an unofficial "free" market for along time (Pick 1975. p. 239). The emergence of the commodities black market in general and the currency black market in particular is the outcome of official control on the free market operation. In the case of the exchange rate, an additional factor is important--a government's perception of the currency's prestige. For example, the political stability of many governments in the developing countries is often at stake when the government decides to devalue currency, …

Two Quantum Photoemission In Semiconductors, J. M. Moison, M. Bensoussan

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Two-quantum photoemission is a process in which two times the photon energy is transferred to the photoelectron. In this process, the photoelectron observed in the vacuum keeps a "memory" of the intermediate empty state by which it transited after its first excitation, and before its second excitation and its final escape. We discuss here the experimental problems involved and the information obtained in the case of the semiconductors Si and InP. We show that ballistic or non-ballistic electrons can be selected by an adequate choice of experimental conditions, yielding information on both the static and dynamic properties of the empty …

Segregation To Surfaces And Interfaces, Siegfried Hofmann

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The thermodynamics of segregation to surfaces and interfaces establish a framework of solute enrichment behaviour at equilibrium, depending on temperature and bulk concentration. It is represented by the Langmuir-McLean adsorption theory and its modifications. Solute-solute interactions in binary and multi-component systems allow a description of the occurrence of two-dimensional phases, of site competition of segregants and of cosegregation. The kinetics of segregation are mainly governed by the bulk diffusivity of the solute. Calculations of the segregation free energy based on surface energy differences of the components and on strain relief energy serve as a guideline for predictions of enrichment in …

Sputter Crater Contour Mapping With Multilayered Films, L. L. Levenson, T. P. Massopust, J. Dick, M. C. Jaehnig, D. Griffith

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Multilayered films composed of alternating 200 Å Al and 267 Å Al203 layers are made by physical vapor deposition. Twenty-two pairs of these films are deposited on a polished Si wafer. Ion beam sputtering is used to form craters in the multilayered film. When a crater is viewed or photographed in situ by scanning electron microscopy, the Al₂O₃ layers appear bright and the Al layers appear dark. In the scanning electron microscope (SEM) the Al₂O₃ layers have a high secondary electron yield compared to Al. In secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), using Cs^{+ …}

X-Ray Synchrotron White Beam Excitation Of Auger Electrons, S. M. Durbin, L. E. Berman, B. W. Batterman, J. M. Blakely

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Auger electron spectra have been measured at the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS), using the full white beam x-ray spectrum as the excitation source. Ordinary Auger spectra obtained in the laboratory with an electron beam source must employ derivative techniques to distinguish the Auger structures from the large background due to the excitation beam. The synchrotron white beam eliminates this source of background and produces signal rates as high as 10⁷ cps. Superior signal-to-background ratios are found for Auger peaks above a few hundred eV, and count rates are large enough to suggest microprobe applications. X-ray induced Auger …

Secondary Electron Imaging In The Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope, R. M. Allen

Scanning Electron Microscopy

The detailed correlation of surface morphology and subsurface microstructure has been made possible by the scanning transmission electron microscope. This instrument provides the capability for simultaneous and independent secondary electron and transmitted electron imaging from the same sample area. This includes the ability to generate mixed secondary/transmitted electron images, which form a concise visual presentation of the information in the two component images.

Correlative surface and through-volume specimen examination of this type has most frequently been applied to backthinned samples, which are specifically prepared in a way which produces electron-transparent material in the immediate vicinity of a surface of interest …

Applications Of Laser Microprobe Mass Analysis For Characterization Of Asbestos, J. K. De Waele, F. C. Adams

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Laser microprobe mass analysis with the commercial LAMMA-500 (transmission type) instrument when utilized in laser desorption conditions provides information which allows the identification of particular asbestos varieties, in various types of samples, including lung tissue. Also it has detection capability of adsorbed organic material and it is a valuable tool for the study of the surface of chemically modified asbestos fibers manufactured by silanation or through phosgene treatment (chrysophosphate). Recent progress within our laboratory is discussed, and shortcomings of the methodology are indicated.

Utah Science Vol. 46 No. 2, Summer 1985

Utah Science

39 IRRIGATION'S DEVELOPMENT AND PATTERNS OF LIFE IN UTAH C. S. Peterson Early water development exerted a major influence on life in Utah.

44 GROUND COVERS W. A. Varga Versatile and attractive ground covers can solve several landscape problems.

48 BIG GAME ON PRIVATE LANDS: WHO BENEFITS (OR LOSES)? D. B. Nielsen, D. D. Lytle, and F. Wagstaff Landowners derive some economic benefits from big game, but it appears that the costs of damage due to deer and elk exceed income from leasing of hunting rights.

52 FACTORS AFFECTING THE QUALITY OF ALFALFA HAY D. W. James, P. V. Fonnesbeck, …

Ion Discrimination Effects In The Laser Microprobe Mass Analyzer, Eric Michiels, Marc De Wolf, Renaat Gijbels

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Different discrimination effects have been observed for atomic and polyatomic cluster ions when varying the ion lens potential of the laser microprobe mass analyzer. This is attributed to the chromatic aberration of the einzel lens, leading to different effects on ions with different energy distributions. Ion kinetic energy distributions were measured using the cut-off property of an ion reflector. The energies of elemental ions are higher and the energy distributions broader than those of polyatomic ions. Chemically different ion species have different energy distributions. An attempt is made to correlate the instrumental effects with results from ray tracing computer programs.

Collagen Deposition During Wound Repair, Charles J. Doillon, Michael G. Dunn, Richard A. Berg, Frederick H. Silver

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Collagen fiber diameters, amount of birefringent collagen (brightness) and birefringence retardation were measured in implanted collagen-based sponges containing hyaluronic acid (HA) and fibronectin (FN). In the presence of HA and FN, increased number of fibroblasts and brightness were observed 6 days after wounding. Increased brightness in the presence of HA and FN reflected increased deposition of oriented collagen fibers. From days 9 to 12, increased fiber diameters were similar in implanted collagen-based sponges with or without HA and FN. Increased birefringence retardation in sponges containing HA and FN was consistent with increased packing density of collagen fibers observed by scanning …

Recent Advances In X-Ray Microanalysis In Dermatology, Bo Forslind, Thomas G. Grundin, Magnus Lindberg, Godfried M. Roomans, Ylva Werner

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Electron microprobe and proton microprobe X-ray analysis can be used in several areas of dermatological research. With a proton probe, the distribution of trace elements in human hair can be determined. In contrast to sulfur, which is homogeneously distributed, calcium, iron, and zinc appear to be non-homogeneously distributed over the hair cross-section.

Electron microprobe analysis on freeze-dried cryosections of guinea-pig and human epidermis shows a marked gradient of Na, P and K over the stratum granulosum. In sections of freeze-substituted human skin this gradient is less steep. This difference is likely to be due to a decrease in water content …

Towards The Ultimate Scanning Electron Microscope, Albert V. Crewe

Scanning Electron Microscopy

An analysis of all the factors which contribute to the electron probe size in a scanning electron microscope and of the correct method of combining those effects to give optimum performance. Assuming perfect specimen preparation the only other factors are the non-local nature of the basic electron interactions and the nature of the display system.

Analysis Of Backscattered Electron Signals For X-Ray Mask Inspection, Michael G. Rosenfield

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A rapid and automated inspection system is a necessity for the detection of defects in x-ray and optical lithography masks. The design of an electron-beam mask inspection system requires a complete understanding of the backscattered electron signal from the various defects which will be encountered. A Monte Carlo simulation program has been used to study the effects of electron-beam size, detector placement, defect type, electron-beam voltage, and absorber thickness on the back-scattered electron signal.

The Use Of The Scanning Electron Microscope In Studying The Heat Treatment Of Prehistoric Lithic Artifacts From The North Florida Weeden Island Period Mckeithen Site, G. Michael Johnson

Scanning Electron Microscopy

In this paper, I discuss a study in which I attempted to determine whether or not the inhabitants of the McKeithen site, a Weeden Island Period mound and village complex in what is today northern Florida, employed heat treatment as part of their lithic reduction technology, and if so, at what point in the reduction sequence it was conducted. I used a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to photograph raw and heat treated control samples of northern Florida chert, then debitage and tools of chert and silicified coral from the McKeithen site which represented the range of colors and luster present …