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A Possible Site Of Calcium Regulation In Rat Exocrine Pancreas Cells: An X-Ray Microanalytical Study, Norbert Roos

Scanning Microscopy

We analysed four subcellular compartments in rat exocrine pancreas cells, zymogen granules, cytoplasm surrounding the zymogen granules, mitochondria and cytoplasm in the basal part of the cells for sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium and calcium content, using ultrathin frozen-dried cryosections. The highest concentrations of calcium were measured in the zymogen granules and the surrounding apical part of the cell containing Golgi apparatus, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and condensing vacuoles.

Calcium concentrations in the basal part of the cells (mostly rough endoplasmic reticulum) were 60% lower than in the apical part of the cells. The lowest calcium concentrations were measured in …

Utah Science Vol. 48 No. 3, Fall 1987

Utah Science

114 GROWING OLD IN NORTHERN UTAH: AN EVALUATION OF SOCIAL SERVICES FOR THE ELDERLY Y. Kim. M. Wilson and S. Chiba How elderly residents of Cache and Box Elder counties view available services.

117 WILL IT PAY TO PROCESS VEGETABLES IN UTAH? D. L. Snyder. T. F. Glover. L. K. Bond. D. Bailey. J. C. Andersen. W. C. Lewis and H. H. Fullerton Economists say a multi-commodity processing facility might be economically Feasible, but it involves considerable economic risk.

124 EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN ORNAMENTAL HORTICULTURE AND AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION G.A.Long Results of a recent survey indicate there are plenty of job …

Clonal Foraging In Perennial Wheatgrasses: A Strategy For Exploiting Patchy Soil Nutrients, L. D. Humphrey, D. A. Pyke

Aspen Bibliography

1 Foraging by means of plasticity in placement of tillers in response to low- and high- nutrient patches was examined in the rhizomatous wheatgrass Elymus lanceolatus ssp. lanceolatus. Its ability to exploit soil nutrient patches was compared to that of the closely related but caespitose E. lanceolatus ssp. wawawaiensis. 2 Clones of 14 genets of each taxon were planted in boxes consisting of two 30 x 30 cm cells: the 'origin cell' where clones were planted, and the adjacent 'destination cell', with each cell containing soil with either low or high levels of nutrients. 3 The rhizomatous taxon, which can …

Influence Of Cytomatrix Proteins On Water And On Ions In Cells, I. L. Cameron, G. D. Fullerton, N. K. R. Smith

Scanning Microscopy

This review concerns the influence that cytomatrix proteins have on the motional properties of water and on the major inorganic ions in cells. The techniques we used for study of water in cells and on the cytomatrix proteins include: pulsed NMR of water protons, quench cooled ice crystal imprint size, and osmotic behavior. The technique for study of ions involved use of electron-probe X-ray microanalysis of thin cryosections of cells. The cytomatrix was found to play the major role in determining the extent of hydration water in cells, The amount of hydration water varied greatly between cell types (e.g., lens …

Thermal Enhancement Of Cellular Radiation Damage: A Review Of Complementary And Synergistic Effects, G. Peter Raaphorst, J. G. Szekely

Scanning Microscopy

Hyperthermia treatment can kill mammalian cells in a time and temperature dependent manner. Thermal sensitivity varies extensively among various cell lines in culture and cellular molecular and ultrastructural studies have not resolved which cellular mechanisms underlie thermal cell killing and radiosensitization. The response of cells to heat and radiation are complementary under certain conditions found in human tumors, such as hypoxia, low pH, low nutrient and the S-phase of the cell cycle. Thus, hyperthermia can be used as a complementary treatment modality in the radiotherapy of human cancer. Further studies show that heat treatment causes radiosensitization which is in part …

Sertoli Cell Death By Apoptosis In The Immature Rat Testis Following X-Irradiation, David J. Allan, Glenda C. Gobé, Brian V. Harmon

Scanning Microscopy

The importance of the morphological study of cell death has recently been emphasized by the recognition that the ultrastructural features of dying cells allow categorization of the death as either apoptosis or necrosis. This classification enables inferences to be drawn about the mechanism and biological significance of the death occurring in a particular set of circumstances.

In this study, Sertoli cell death induced in the immature testis of three and four day old rats by 5 Gy (500 rads) x-irradiation was described by light and transmission electron microscopy with the objective of categorizing the death as apoptosis or necrosis. The …

X-Ray-Induced Cell Death By Apoptosis In The Immature Rat Cerebellum, Brian V. Harmon, David J. Allan

Scanning Microscopy

The cells of the external granular layer (EGL) of the developing cerebellum are known to be particularly sensitive to radiation. In the past, changes induced in this layer by irradiation have been referred to by non-specific terms such as "pyknotic cells" and the mode of cell death has been assumed to be necrosis. However, in published light micrographs of these dying cells, the appearance is suggestive of apoptosis, a distinctive mode of cell death which occurs spontaneously in normal adult and embryonic tissues and can also be triggered by certain pathological stimuli.

This light and transmission electron microscopic study of …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Early Atherosclerosis In Rabbits Using Aortic Casts, Ralph G. Kratky, Margot R. Roach

Scanning Microscopy

Our research involves measuring the size and location of atherosclerotic lesions on the intimal surface of arteries. To this end we have developed a new method in which scanning electron micrographs of vascular casts with impressions of these lesions on their surface are used. This method is compared with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of tissue with lesions. All three methods are found to detect lesions equally well. We also examine the cellular elements in the lesion to determine how the images are formed.

Response Of Laryngeal And Tracheo-Bronchial Surface Lining To Inhaled Cigarette Smoke In Normal And Vitamin A-Deficient Rats: A Scanning Electron Microscopic Study., P. K. Jeffery, A. P. R. Brain, P. A. Shields, B. P. Quinn, T. Betts

Scanning Microscopy

The effects on surface morphology of airway epithelium of cigarette smoke (CS) inhalation alone (experiments one and two) or of CS in combination with hypovitaminosis A (experiment two) was investigated using specific pathogen free rats. Eight morphologically distinct cell types were distinguished overall. Apart from atypical squamous lesions each of the other cell types could be found in varying proportions in all experimental groups. CS alone caused an increase in the frequency with which intra-lumenal mucus was seen and an increase in the occurrence of secretory cells of types IV (i.e.,'merocrine') and V (i.e.,'apocrine'). In experiment one, the area of …

Surface Morphology Of Human Airway Mucosa: Normal, Carcinoma Or Cystic Fibrosis, P. K. Jeffery, A. P. R. Brain

Scanning Microscopy

The study presents preliminary qualitative findings of an investigation of grossly normal main and lobar bronchi at sites distant to well circumscribed tumour (n=15), adjacent to tumour (n=5) or of airways obtained during heart/lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF, n=3). In the normal airways the surface epithelium was on average 50 𝝁m thick, pseudostratified and rested on a roughly contoured basement membrane. A variety of cell types were identified although many were obscured by a dense covering of cilia, occasionally interrupted by foci of squamous metaplasia. Submucosal gland structure was observed in chance vertical fractures of the airway …

The Surface Morphology Of Normal And Atherosclerotic Coronary Arteries In Male Macaca Fascicularis And The Effect Of Coronary Angiography, Dwight A. Bellinger, Jon C. Lewis, Thomas B. Clarkson

Scanning Microscopy

Selective coronary angiography is one of the procedures used frequently in the diagnosis and management of coronary artery disease. Macaca fascicularis monkeys were used to study the effects of coronary angiography on coronary artery surface morphology. Fourteen M. fascicularis were fed either an atherogenic diet (0.34 mg of cholesterol/kcal and 40 to 43% of the calories as fat) for six to nine months or a control diet. For six of these animals the Judkin method of selective left coronary angiography was done 24 h prior to necropsy. The ascending aorta, right coronary artery, left circumflex (LCX), left anterior descending (LAD) …

Extension's Perspective Of Federal, State And Private Animal Damage Control Programs, Gary J. San Julian

Wildlife Damage Management Conference

Extension personnel are in a unique position to observe and to be involved in animal damage control (ADC) programs at the federal, state and private levels. In order to offer educational programs, we must interpret regulations and policies to provide a workable interface between ourselves, other agencies and the public. This is not an easy task in such a sensitive and emotional area.

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Electron Probe Microanalyses Of The Crystalline Components Of Human And Animal Dental Calculi, R. Z. Legeros, I. Orly, J. P. Legeros, C. Gomez, J. Kazimiroff, T. Tarpley, B. Kerebel

Scanning Microscopy

A review of the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalyses in the study of dental calculus showed that such studies provided confirmatory and supplementary data on the morphological features of human dental calculi but gave only limited information on the identity of the crystalline or inorganic components.

This study aimed to explore the potential of combined SEM and microanalyses in the identification of the crystalline components of the human and animal dental calculi. Human and animal calculi were analyzed. Identification of the crystalline components were made based on the combined information of the morphology (SEM) and …

The Bulk Specimen X-Ray Microanalysis Of Freeze-Fractured, Freeze-Dried Tissues In Gerontological Research, I. Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Microscopy

The rationale for choosing the freeze-fracture freeze-drying (FFFD) method of biological bulk specimen preparation as well as the theoretical and practical problems of this method are treated. FFFD specimens are suitable for quantitative X-ray microanalysis of biologically relevant elements. Although the spatial resolution of this analytical technique is low, the application of properly selected bulk standard crystals as well as the measurement of the intracellular water and dry mass content by means of another method developed in the same laboratory, allow us to obtain useful information about the age-dependent changes of ionic composition in the main intracellular compartments. The paper …

Response Of Mouse Lung Air-Blood Barrier To X-Irradiation: Ultrastructural And Stereological Analysis, L. De Saint-Georges, U. Van Gorp, J. R. Maisin

Scanning Microscopy

Male mice of the Balb/c strain were exposed, at an age of three months, to a single dose of 10 or 20 Gy on the right hemithorax. At 3, 4, 6, 9 and 12 months after exposure, lungs were processed for electron microscopy following a standardized procedure in order to allow stereological analysis. By this method, the arithmetical mean thickness and, the air-blood barrier mean thickness in the lung parenchyma was shown to increase quickly with time by oedemization and fibrinization of the septal space. The ratio endothelium/epithelium surfaces (Sr/SF) gradually decreased by reduction of both surfaces but this was …

Elemental Levels In Mast Cell Granules Differ In Sections From Normal And Diabetic Rats: An X-Ray Microanalysis Study, Marion D. Kendall

Scanning Microscopy

Mast cells around the thymus of rats stain red with alcian blue and safranin indicating that the mast cells are probably of the peritoneal (connective tissue) type. After the onset of streptozotocin induced diabetes some cells contain both red and blue granules and blue staining cells may appear.

X-ray microanalysis of frozen freeze-dried sections from diabetic male CSE Wistar rats showed electron dense granules to have similar amounts of S to normal rat mast cell granules but reduced levels of Na, Mg, P, Cl and K. Two cells also had electron lucent granules with very high levels of Na, Cl, …

X-Ray Microanalysis Of Dentin: A Review, E. Hals, A. B. Tveit, B. Tøtdal

Scanning Microscopy

The aim of this review was to present a condensed summary of the literature on X-ray microanalysis of dentin, including both energy-dispersive (EDS) and wavelength-dispersive (WDS) analysis. Estimations of concentrations by XMA of dentin should be regarded as semiquantitative values. The Ca level in rat odontoblasts was elevated in the secreting end of the cell body. In predentin Ca accumulated at a concentration of 2% that of mineralized dentin. In coronal dentin the peritubular areas were hypermineralized (Ca, P, Mg). Primary caries lesions showed a decrease of Ca, P, Mg and Cl, and usually an increase of S and Zn. …

Scanning Electron Microscopy Of Oral Mucosa In Vivo And In Vitro: A Review, Kristina Arvidson, Roland C. Grafström, Anders Pemer

Scanning Microscopy

The oral mucosa is classified by function into lining, masticatory and specialized oral mucosa, with regional structural adaptation. In this review, the surface structures of the human oral mucosa have been studied in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Regional variations in regard to keratinization, cell arrangements and microplications with related specific structures observed in SEM are described and correlated with the appearance of similar areas observed in the light microscope. Furthermore, human oral tissue and cell cultures have also been studied. These systems offer usable and complementary models for performing similar studies in vitro under controlled experimental conditions. We now …

Age Dependent Dehydration Of Postmitotic Cells As Measured By X-Ray Microanalysis Of Bulk Specimens, György Lustyik, Imre Zs.-Nagy

Scanning Microscopy

In this paper we give a brief outline of our bulk specimen technique developed to measure intracellular water concentration in frozen-hydrated biological specimens by means of energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Fractured surface of the deep-frozen tissue samples is analyzed in an electron microscope (a specimen area of 15x11.5 𝝁m is scanned) using 20 kV accelerating voltage and 1-5 pA effective beam current (measured in the specimen). Strong electric charging, which is the main problem associated with the low temperature X-ray microanalysis of frozen-hydrated specimens, is reduced by choosing optimum temperature range for the measurements (170-185 K) and by etching a …

Ex Vivo Platelet Deposition On Fibronectin-Preadsorbed Surfaces, William E. Collins, Deane F. Mosher, Anil R. Diwan, Kedar D. Murthy, Scott R. Simmons, Ralph M. Albrecht, Stuart L. Cooper

Scanning Microscopy

Temporal platelet deposition profiles of canine plasma fibronectin (CPFN) adsorbed to different polymers ex vivo and the in vitro characteristics of CPFN adsorption were studied in an attempt to correlate the two. The maximum platelet deposition (𝚪_plt^max) obtained at a protein preadsorption time of 30 min was greater than that obtained using an adsorption time of 120 min for all surfaces studied. At 30 min of preadsorption, 𝚪_plt^max was 520, 560 and 1230 platelets/1000 μm² on Biomer, polyethylene (PE) and oxidized PE (OXPE), respectively. In contrast, the platelet deposition at 120 min. of fibronectin …

Preliminary Observations On The Effects In Vivo And In Vitro Of Low Dose Laser On The Epithelia Of The Bladder, Trachea And Tongue Of The Mouse, Y. C. Mok, K. M. Pang, C. Y. W. Au, D. T. Yew

Scanning Microscopy

The effects of low dose CW laser were studied by in vivo and in vitro systems. The experimental tissues that were used included bladders, tracheas and tongues as experimental tissues. Buddings (round surface projections) from the transitional epithelium of bladder were frequently observed 3 days after laser treatment in both in vivo and in vitro systems. The trachea and tongue were less affected. In both the in vivo and in vitro systems, some epithelial cells of the trachea showed decreased microvilli and cilia 3 days after treatment whereas the epithelial cells of the tongue revealed no response to laser treatment …

Tandem Scanning Reflected Light Microscopy Of Primate Enamel, Alan Boyde, Lawrence Martin

Scanning Microscopy

Studies of the cross sectional packing arrangements of primate enamel prisms have been used in a number of recent studies in attempts to determine their taxonomic utility. Credibility of the results has been greatly influenced by the methods employed to examine enamel prism packing patterns and also by the limited sampling. We report here the use of a technique for the non destructive examination, in depth, of enamel prism packing patterns in modern and fossil primate teeth which has considerable advantages over any others so far used, and the preliminary results of a survey of enamel structural diversity in the …

The Root Surface: An Illustrated Review Of Some Scanning Electron Microscope Studies, Sheila J. Jones

Scanning Microscopy

This review paper highlights how the advent of a new type of surface microscopy in the late 1960s, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), was responsible for a fresh appraisal of the structure of the root surface. Details of the formation, resorption and repair of cementum, all surface phenomena, and the varied relationships and mineralization patterns of the two sets of fibres within cementum - the hall mark of the tissue - could be seen in a way and at a range of magnifications hitherto impossible. The major interpretational advances were made rapidly using secondary electron imaging of anorganic normal, exposed, carious …

Storage Of Sperm In The Reptilian Oviduct, Daniel H. Gist, Jeffrey M. Jones

Scanning Microscopy

Female reptiles have the ability to store sperm within their reproductive tracts for extended periods of time. Sites of sperm storage in lizards and snakes include both the anterior vagina and the infundibulum. Vaginal receptacles are found in between longitudinal folds (snakes) and in tubules formed by invaginations of the epithelium (lizards). Infundibular receptacles are alveolar or tubular in structure and are formed from invaginations into the lamina propria of the oviduct wall. In turtles, sperm are stored in the posterior portion of the tuba, in tubular albumen-secreting glands. Sperm may be embedded within the cells of the receptacles, but …

Ureteroscopic And Scanning Electron Microscopical Findings In Ureteral Anastomoses After Segment Resection, Johannes B. Pohl, Ulrike B. Meyer-Jürgens, Dietrich B. Leusmann

Scanning Microscopy

In an experimental study on 8 canine ureters, end-to-end anastomoses were performed after segmental resection between 9 and 13 cm, using two different surgical techniques. After 3 months of observation the three-dimensional structure of the anastomosis and the surrounding areas was investigated by ureteroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. 3 types could be differentiated by the morphologic features of the ureteral lumen: normal width, segmental stricture, and circumferential stricture. The results offer a plausible explanation for the occasional discrepancy between histologic findings of relatively normal lumen width, and functional disorders apparently reflecting ureteral stenosis. They further support that excellent functional and …

The Vascularization Of The Vertebral Column Of Rats, M. A. Konerding, M. Blank

Scanning Microscopy

The intrinsic and extrinsic blood supplies of the vertebral column of rats have been examined by corrosion cast with Mercox CL2B(R). The close functional and topographic relationship of vessels to supplied structures were exposed by fractionated maceration of the soft tissues. The segmental arteries diverge into an anterior, median and posterior group with various anastomoses between their branches. Vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs are preferably supplied by branches of the anterior and median section. The vessels reaching the vertebral body from the dorsal side diverge in a treelike branching mode into the direction of the vertebral endplate. The venous drainage …

Tooth Enamel Structure In The Koala, Phascolarctos Cinereus: - Some Functional Interpretations, William G. Young, Maria Mcgowan, Terrence J. Daley

Scanning Microscopy

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the structural organization of Pattern 2 marsupial enamel in the Koala is disposed to resist wear on the sectorial crests of the molar teeth. The orientation of wear on the crests is uniformly delineated by parallel scratches on their polished surfaces. Twin blades, a leading and a trailing edge of enamel are formed on each crest by wear into dentine on which the differential wear at enamel to dentine interfaces indicates that the direction of wear is labial to lingual.

96 leading and trailing edges from 12 koala molars were examined …

Evolutionary Aspects Of Reptilian And Mammalian Enamel Structure, A. Sahni

Scanning Microscopy

The evolution of enamel structure is dealt with here on the basis of fossil reptiles and mammals ranging from the Triassic to the present. The evidence suggests that prismatic enamel had developed in some therapsid reptiles and the mammal, Eozostrodon about 180 million years ago. For the next 100 million years, mammalian evolutionary history is sparingly documented and this is reflected in the poor record of enamel evolution during this period. The few Jurassic reptiles and mammals studied suggest a pre-prismatic structure. In the Late Cretaceous (BO to 65 million years ago) when the fossil record improves, mammalian enamel investigated …

Megakaryocyte Motility And Platelet Formation, Robert M. Leven

Scanning Microscopy

The mechanism of platelet formation is reviewed with special emphasis on the role of the cytoskeleton. The three major theories for platelet formation are by cytoplasmic budding, cytoplasmic dissolution or pseudopod formation. Most evidence indicates that platelets form as fragments of megakaryocyte pseudopodia. Pseudopodia formation is stimulated in vitro by thrombocytopenic rabbit plasma. It is inhibited by vincristine and altered by taxol. Cytochalasins cause pseudopodia to form in isolated megakaryocytes. Therefore, normal pseudopodia formation may depend on a combination of microfilament disorganization and microtubule elongation.

Scanning Electron Microscopy Application In Clinical Research, R. Laschi, G. Pasquinelli, P. Versura

Scanning Microscopy

Our personal experience on the application of scanning electron microscopy in cardiology, gastroenterology and ophthalmology is reviewed.

SEM has not yet significantly contributed to myocardium pathology. However, in the near future, SEM could be a reliable technique to complete the information available from other sources. As to atherosclerosis, SEM allowed us to improve our knowledge of the early stages of the disease; some pathological features, not always detected by conventional morphological examinations, can be documented. An important contribution to gastrointestinal pathology was made by SEM investigations both in the staging of some important diseases (i.e., coeliac disease, peptic ulcer, Crohn's …