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Articles 5581 - 5610 of 6794
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Water Bathing Alters Threat Perception In Starlings, Bo Brilot, M Bateson
Water Bathing Alters Threat Perception In Starlings, Bo Brilot, M Bateson
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The majority of bird taxa perform water bathing, but little is known about the adaptive value of this behaviour. If bathing is important for feather maintenance then birds that have not bathed should have poorer feather condition, compromised escape ability and therefore increased responsiveness to cues of predation. We conducted two experiments examining the behaviour of captive starlings responding to conspecific alarm calls. Birds that had no access to bathing water showed a decreased willingness to feed and increased their vigilance behaviour following an alarm call. We argue that birds denied access to bathing water interpreted an ambiguous cue of …
Long-Term Retrospective Analysis Of Mackerel Spawning In The North Sea: A New Time Series And Modeling Approach To Cpr Data, T Jansen, K Kristensen, M Payne, Et Al
Long-Term Retrospective Analysis Of Mackerel Spawning In The North Sea: A New Time Series And Modeling Approach To Cpr Data, T Jansen, K Kristensen, M Payne, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
We present a unique view of mackerel (Scomber scombrus) in the North Sea based on a new time series of larvae caught by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey from 1948-2005, covering the period both before and after the collapse of the North Sea stock. Hydrographic backtrack modelling suggested that the effect of advection is very limited between spawning and larvae capture in the CPR survey. Using a statistical technique not previously applied to CPR data, we then generated a larval index that accounts for both catchability as well as spatial and temporal autocorrelation. The resulting time series documents the …
When Is General Wariness Favored In Avoiding Multiple Predator Types?, Bo Brilot, M Bateson, D Nettle, Mj Whittingham, Jc Read
When Is General Wariness Favored In Avoiding Multiple Predator Types?, Bo Brilot, M Bateson, D Nettle, Mj Whittingham, Jc Read
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Adaptive responses to predation are generally studied assuming only one predator type exists, but most prey species are depredated by multiple types. When multiple types occur, the optimal antipredator response level may be determined solely by the probability of attack by the relevant predator: "specific responsiveness." Conversely, an increase in the probability of attack by one predator type might increase responsiveness to an alternative predator type: "general wariness." We formulate a mathematical model in which a prey animal perceives a cue providing information on the probability of two predator types being present. It can perform one of two evasive behaviors …
Fabrication And Mechanical Properties Of Chitosan-Montmorillonite Nano-Composite, Zj Shou, Hr Le, Sy Qu, Ra Rothwell, Re Mackay
Fabrication And Mechanical Properties Of Chitosan-Montmorillonite Nano-Composite, Zj Shou, Hr Le, Sy Qu, Ra Rothwell, Re Mackay
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Chitosan has found various applications in gastrointestinal stent, biomedical implants as well as an effective absorbent in waste water treatment. However, the material suffers from low strength and large shrinkage upon dehydration. The current project is aimed to develop a process to fabricate chitosan composites with the addition of functionalised montmorillonite nanoparticles and to examine the effect of ceramic content on the mechanical behavior of the composites. This paper describes the fabrication of chitosan with montmorrillonite composites and the mechanical testing of the samples and the mechanical behaviour of the composites, as well as the observations of the microstructure. The …
Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation Of Anti-Stress Genes Into Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis L.). 2. Transformation And Confirmation Of Stress Tolerance., Emr Metwali, Mp Fuller, Aj Jellings
Agrobacterium Mediated Transformation Of Anti-Stress Genes Into Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis L.). 2. Transformation And Confirmation Of Stress Tolerance., Emr Metwali, Mp Fuller, Aj Jellings
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Integration of APX and SOD anti-stress genes into cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis L.) plants was achieved by using Agrobacterium tumefaciens - mediated transformation method. Cauliflower explants (hypocotyls and cotyledons) and Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains (APX, SA, TA) were used in this experiment. The procedure utilizes polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of insert DNA directly after isolation of individual colonies without the necessity of separate procedures for DNA isolation and purification. Integration of the introduced stress gene (APX and SOD) in the plants was confirmed by using β-glucuronidase gene (GUS) and leaf disc assays as a gene fusion and diagnostic marker, …
Predicting Ecosystem Shifts Requires New Approaches That Integrate The Effects Of Climate Change Across Entire Systems., Bayden D. Russell, Christopher D.G. Harley, Thomas Wernberg, Nova Mieszkowska, Stephen Widdicombe, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Sean D. Connell
Predicting Ecosystem Shifts Requires New Approaches That Integrate The Effects Of Climate Change Across Entire Systems., Bayden D. Russell, Christopher D.G. Harley, Thomas Wernberg, Nova Mieszkowska, Stephen Widdicombe, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Sean D. Connell
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Most studies that forecast the ecological consequences of climate change target a single species and a single life stage. Depending on climatic impacts on other life stages and on interacting species, however, the results from simple experiments may not translate into accurate predictions of future ecological change. Research needs to move beyond simple experimental studies and environmental envelope projections for single species towards identifying where ecosystem change is likely to occur and the drivers for this change. For this to happen, we advocate research directions that (i) identify the critical species within the target ecosystem, and the life stage(s) most …
Investigation Of The Calcification Response Of Foraminifera And Pteropods To High Co2 Environments In The Pleistocene, Paleogene And Cretaceous, M Hart, L Pettit, D Wall-Palmer, J Hall-Spencer, C Smart, A Medina-Sanchez, Rm Prol-Ledesma, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, P Collins
Investigation Of The Calcification Response Of Foraminifera And Pteropods To High Co2 Environments In The Pleistocene, Paleogene And Cretaceous, M Hart, L Pettit, D Wall-Palmer, J Hall-Spencer, C Smart, A Medina-Sanchez, Rm Prol-Ledesma, R Rodolfo-Metalpa, P Collins
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Interactions Between Multiple Recruitment Drivers: Post-Settlement Mortality Overrides Flow-Mediated Recruitment, Am Knights, Lb Firth, K Walters
Interactions Between Multiple Recruitment Drivers: Post-Settlement Mortality Overrides Flow-Mediated Recruitment, Am Knights, Lb Firth, K Walters
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
BACKGROUND: Dispersal is a primary driver in shaping the future distribution of species in both terrestrial and marine systems. Physical transport by advection can regulate the distance travelled and rate of propagule supply to a habitat but post-settlement processes such as predation can decouple supply from recruitment. The effect of flow-mediated recruitment and predation on the recruitment success of an intertidal species, the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica was evaluated in two-replicated field experiments. Two key crab species were manipulated to test predator identity effects on oyster mortality. FINDINGS: Recruitment was ∼58% higher in high flow compared to low flow, but …
Modelling Of Bacterial Growth With Shifts In Temperature Using Automated Methods With Listeria Monocytogenes And Pseudomonas Aeruginosa As Examples, M Salih, I Mytilinaios, Hk Schofield, Rjw Lambert
Modelling Of Bacterial Growth With Shifts In Temperature Using Automated Methods With Listeria Monocytogenes And Pseudomonas Aeruginosa As Examples, M Salih, I Mytilinaios, Hk Schofield, Rjw Lambert
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Time to detection (TTD) measurements using turbidometry allow a straightforward method for the measurement of bacterial growth rates under isothermal conditions. Growth rate measurements were carried out for Listeria monocytogenes at 25, 30 and 37°C and for Pseudomonas aeruginosa over the temperature range 25 to 45°C. The classical three-parameter logistic model was rearranged to provide the theoretical foundation for the observed TTD. A model was subsequently developed for the analysis of TTD data from non-isothermal studies based on the Malthusian approximation of the logistic model. The model was able to predict the TTD for cultures of L. monocytogenes or P. …
Aerobic Biotransformation Of Alkyl Branched Aromatic Alkanoic Naphthenic Acids Via Two Different Pathways By A New Isolate Of Mycobacterium., Richard J. Johnson, Charles E. West, Aisha M. Swaih, Ben D. Folwell, Ben E. Smith, Steven J. Rowland, Corinne Whitby
Aerobic Biotransformation Of Alkyl Branched Aromatic Alkanoic Naphthenic Acids Via Two Different Pathways By A New Isolate Of Mycobacterium., Richard J. Johnson, Charles E. West, Aisha M. Swaih, Ben D. Folwell, Ben E. Smith, Steven J. Rowland, Corinne Whitby
More Faculty of Science and Engineering Research
Naphthenic acids (NAs) are complex mixtures of carboxylic acids found in weathered crude oils and oil sands, and are toxic, corrosive and persistent. However, little is known about the microorganisms and mechanisms involved in NA degradation. We isolated a sediment bacterium (designated strain IS2.3), with 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to Mycobacterium aurum, which degraded synthetic NAs (4'-n-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (n-BPBA) and (4'-t-butylphenyl)-4-butanoic acid (t-BPBA). n-BPBA was readily oxidized with almost complete degradation (96.8% ± 0.3) compared with t-BPBA (77.8% ± 3.7 degraded) by day 49. Cell counts increased fourfold by day 14 but decreased after day 14 for both …
Report Of The Ices/Nafo Joint Working Group On Deep-Water Ecology (Wgdec), Jm Hall-Spencer
Report Of The Ices/Nafo Joint Working Group On Deep-Water Ecology (Wgdec), Jm Hall-Spencer
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Scientific Case For Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change To Protect Young People And Nature, J Hansen, P Kharecha, M Sato, F Ackerman, Et Al
Scientific Case For Avoiding Dangerous Climate Change To Protect Young People And Nature, J Hansen, P Kharecha, M Sato, F Ackerman, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Global warming due to human-made gases, mainly CO2, is already 0.8{\deg}C and deleterious climate impacts are growing worldwide. More warming is 'in the pipeline' because Earth is out of energy balance, with absorbed solar energy exceeding planetary heat radiation. Maintaining a climate that resembles the Holocene, the world of stable shorelines in which civilization developed, requires rapidly reducing fossil fuel CO2 emissions. Such a scenario is economically sensible and has multiple benefits for humanity and other species. Yet fossil fuel extraction is expanding, including highly carbon-intensive sources that can push the climate system beyond tipping points such that amplifying feedbacks …
Threats To Ultraoligotrophic Marine Ecosystems, D Kletou, Jm Hall-Spencer
Threats To Ultraoligotrophic Marine Ecosystems, D Kletou, Jm Hall-Spencer
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
No abstract provided.
Semantic Memory, He Schendan
Semantic Memory, He Schendan
School of Psychology
The Encyclopedia of Human Behavior, Second Edition is a comprehensive three-volume reference source on human action and reaction, and the thoughts, feelings, and physiological functions behind those actions.
Growth Curve Prediction From Optical Density Data, I Mytilinaios, M Salih, Hk Schofield, Rjw Lambert
Growth Curve Prediction From Optical Density Data, I Mytilinaios, M Salih, Hk Schofield, Rjw Lambert
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
A fundamental aspect of predictive microbiology is the shape of the microbial growth curve and many models are used to fit microbial count data, the modified Gompertz and Baranyi equation being two of the most widely used. Rapid, automated methods such as turbidimetry have been widely used to obtain growth parameters, but do not directly give the microbial growth curve. Optical density (OD) data can be used to obtain the specific growth rate and if used in conjunction with the known initial inocula, the maximum population data and knowledge of the microbial number at a predefined OD at a known …
Sowfia Project - Work Package 2 Interim Report, Arjona E Muñoz, Olivares C Huertas, B Holmes, Am O‟Hagan, D Magagna, D Greaves
Sowfia Project - Work Package 2 Interim Report, Arjona E Muñoz, Olivares C Huertas, B Holmes, Am O‟Hagan, D Magagna, D Greaves
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Evidence Of Microbial Activity From A Shallow Water Whale Fall (Voghera, Northern Italy), S Danise, B Cavalazzi, S Dominici, Et Al
Evidence Of Microbial Activity From A Shallow Water Whale Fall (Voghera, Northern Italy), S Danise, B Cavalazzi, S Dominici, Et Al
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
The fossil bones, associated carbonate cements and enclosing concretion of a Miocene mysticete from inner shelf deposits (Monte Vallassa Formation, northern Italy) were analyzed for evidence of microbial activity. Optical and scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and stable C and O isotope geochemistry were used for high spatial resolution microfacies and biosedimentological analyses. Whale cancellous bones were filled by different carbonate cements including microcrystalline dolomite, rhombohedral dolomite and sparry calcite. Biofabric and biominerals such as microbial peloids, clotted textures and pyrite framboids were associated with the dolomite cements. Dolomite inside cancellous bones and in the enclosing concretion showed similar isotopic …
An Unusual Case Of Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis Of The Mandible, K Ali, A Akram, Mu Akhtar
An Unusual Case Of Chronic Suppurative Osteomyelitis Of The Mandible, K Ali, A Akram, Mu Akhtar
Peninsula Dental School
Osteomyelitis of the mandible, a serious complication of untreated odontogenic infection has been reported. This case report describes an interesting presentation of chronic suppurative osteomyelitis (CSO) of the mandible in a 13 years old anaemic male patient. Investigations revealed inversion of his permanent teeth leading to trans-cutaneous extra-oral eruption along with marked destruction of mandible on the affected side. The treatment included a pre surgical course of antibiotics followed by the removal of the retained second premolar tooth, surgical debridement of the affected bone, and resection of the cutaneous sinus tract. The post-operative healing was uneventful. A combination of antibiotic …
Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial Of A Specialized Health Coaching Intervention To Prevent Excessive Gestational Weight Gain And Postpartum Weight Retention In Women: The Hipp Study., Helen Skouteris, Marita Mccabe, Jeannette Milgrom, Bridie Kent, Lauren J. Bruce, Cathrine Mihalopoulos, Sharon J. Herring, Malcolm Barnett, Denise Patterson, Glyn Teale, Janette Gale
Protocol For A Randomized Controlled Trial Of A Specialized Health Coaching Intervention To Prevent Excessive Gestational Weight Gain And Postpartum Weight Retention In Women: The Hipp Study., Helen Skouteris, Marita Mccabe, Jeannette Milgrom, Bridie Kent, Lauren J. Bruce, Cathrine Mihalopoulos, Sharon J. Herring, Malcolm Barnett, Denise Patterson, Glyn Teale, Janette Gale
School of Nursing and Midwifery
BACKGROUND: Pregnancy is a time of significant physiological and physical change for women. In particular, it is a time at which many women are at risk of gaining excessive weight. We describe the rationale and methods of the Health in Pregnancy and Post-birth (HIPP) Study, a study which aims primarily to determine the effectiveness of a specialized health coaching (HC) intervention during pregnancy, compared to education alone, in preventing excessive gestational weight gain and postpartum weight retention 12 months post birth. A secondary aim of this study is to evaluate the mechanisms by which our HC intervention impacts on weight …
Electrophysiological Examination Of Embodiment In Vision And Action., Jeremy Goslin, Thomas Dixon, Martin H. Fischer, Angelo Cangelosi, Rob Ellis
Electrophysiological Examination Of Embodiment In Vision And Action., Jeremy Goslin, Thomas Dixon, Martin H. Fischer, Angelo Cangelosi, Rob Ellis
School of Psychology
A wealth of behavioral data has shown that the visual properties of objects automatically potentiate motor actions linked with them, but how deeply are these affordances embedded in visual processing? In the study reported here, we used electrophysiological measures to examine the time course of affordance resulting from the leftward or rightward orientation of the handles of common objects. Participants were asked to categorize those objects using a left- or right-handed motor response. Lateralized readiness potentials showed rapid motor preparation in the hand congruent with the affordance provided by the object only 100 to 200 ms after stimulus presentation and …
Numerical Simulations Of Dense Water Cascading On A Steep Slope, Fred Wobus, Georgy I. Shapiro, Miguel A.M. Maqueda, John M. Huthnance
Numerical Simulations Of Dense Water Cascading On A Steep Slope, Fred Wobus, Georgy I. Shapiro, Miguel A.M. Maqueda, John M. Huthnance
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The sinking of dense shelfwaters down the continental slope (or “cascading”) contributes to oceanic water mass formation and carbon cycling. Cascading over steep bottom topography is studied here in numerical experiments using POLCOMS, a 3-D ocean circulation model using a terrain-following s-coordinate system. The model setup is based on a laboratory experiment of a continuous dense water flow from a central source on a conical slope in a rotating tank. The governing parameters of the experiments are the density difference between plume and ambient water, the flow rate, the speed of rotation and (in the model) diffusivity and viscosity. The …
Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Scaffolds, Stem Cells And Applications., Patcharakamon Nooeaid, Vehid Salih, Justus P. Beier, Aldo R. Boccaccini
Osteochondral Tissue Engineering: Scaffolds, Stem Cells And Applications., Patcharakamon Nooeaid, Vehid Salih, Justus P. Beier, Aldo R. Boccaccini
Peninsula Dental School
Osteochondral tissue engineering has shown an increasing development to provide suitable strategies for the regeneration of damaged cartilage and underlying subchondral bone tissue. For reasons of the limitation in the capacity of articular cartilage to self-repair, it is essential to develop approaches based on suitable scaffolds made of appropriate engineered biomaterials. The combination of biodegradable polymers and bioactive ceramics in a variety of composite structures is promising in this area, whereby the fabrication methods, associated cells and signalling factors determine the success of the strategies. The objective of this review is to present and discuss approaches being proposed in osteochondral …
Mutant P63 Causes Defective Expansion Of Ectodermal Progenitor Cells And Impaired Fgf Signalling In Aec Syndrome, Giustina Ferone, Helen A. Thomason, Dario Antonini, Rosa L De, Bing Hu, Marica Gemei, Huiqing Zhou, Raffaele Ambrosio, David P. Rice, Dario Acampora, Bokhoven H Van, Vecchio L Del, Maranke I. Koster, Gianluca Tadini, Bradley Spencer-Dene, M Dixon, J Dixon, Caterina Missero
Mutant P63 Causes Defective Expansion Of Ectodermal Progenitor Cells And Impaired Fgf Signalling In Aec Syndrome, Giustina Ferone, Helen A. Thomason, Dario Antonini, Rosa L De, Bing Hu, Marica Gemei, Huiqing Zhou, Raffaele Ambrosio, David P. Rice, Dario Acampora, Bokhoven H Van, Vecchio L Del, Maranke I. Koster, Gianluca Tadini, Bradley Spencer-Dene, M Dixon, J Dixon, Caterina Missero
Peninsula Dental School
No abstract provided.
Sensory Imagery In Craving: From Cognitive Psychology To New Treatments For Addiction, J Andrade, J May, Dk Kavanagh
Sensory Imagery In Craving: From Cognitive Psychology To New Treatments For Addiction, J Andrade, J May, Dk Kavanagh
School of Psychology
Sensory imagery is a powerful tool for inducing craving because it is a key component of the cognitive system that underpins human motivation. The role of sensory imagery in motivation is explained by Elaborated Intrusion (EI) theory. Imagery plays an important role in motivation because it conveys the emotional qualities of the desired event, mimicking anticipated pleasure or relief, and continual elaboration of the imagery ensures that the target stays in mind. We argue that craving is a conscious state, intervening between unconscious triggers and consumption, and summarise evidence that interfering with sensory imagery can weaken cravings. We argue that …
Contribution Of Spores To The Ability Of Clostridium Difficile To Adhere To Surfaces, Lovleen Tina Joshi, Daniel S. Phillips, Catrin F. Williams, Abdullah Alyousef, Les Baillie
Contribution Of Spores To The Ability Of Clostridium Difficile To Adhere To Surfaces, Lovleen Tina Joshi, Daniel S. Phillips, Catrin F. Williams, Abdullah Alyousef, Les Baillie
Peninsula Dental School
ABSTRACT Clostridium difficile is the commonest cause of hospital-acquired infection in the United Kingdom. We characterized the abilities of 21 clinical isolates to form spores; to adhere to inorganic and organic surfaces, including stainless steel and human adenocarcinoma cells; and to germinate. The composition of culture media had a significant effect on spore formation, as significantly more spores were produced in brain heart infusion broth (Student's t test; P = 0.018). The spore surface relative hydrophobicity (RH) varied markedly (14 to 77%) and was correlated with the ability to adhere to stainless steel. We observed no correlation between the ribotype …
The Socio-Temporary In Architecture: Territories Of Second-Order Cybernetics, S Murrani
The Socio-Temporary In Architecture: Territories Of Second-Order Cybernetics, S Murrani
School of Art, Design and Architecture
No abstract provided.
Extinction And Recovery Dynamics Of Triassic-Jurassic Macro-Invertebrate Communities, Luis Felipe Opazo Mella
Extinction And Recovery Dynamics Of Triassic-Jurassic Macro-Invertebrate Communities, Luis Felipe Opazo Mella
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
This work is focused on characterising and evaluating the intensity and selectivity of the marine fauna during the Tr/J mass extinction and recovery of the ecosystem in different localities throughout Pangaea. To address this, four localities were studied: St. Audrie’s Bay, Larne and Pinhay Bay in the UK, and Portezuelo Providencia in Chile. From each locality, samples were taken at approximately 1m intervals throughout the Tr/J sections. Species abundance per sample was estimated and each species was classified according to autoecological information derived from the literature. In order to assess changes in the structure and composition of the assemblages, NMDS …
The Governance Of Security In The Revanchist City- The Case Of Cape Town, South Africa, Till Frederik Paasche
The Governance Of Security In The Revanchist City- The Case Of Cape Town, South Africa, Till Frederik Paasche
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses
The governance of security in the revanchist city- The case of Cape Town, South Africa Much has been written on the revanchist city (for example Smith, 1996; MacLeod, 2002; Belina and Helms, 2003) and the reclaiming of space from so-called ‘undesirables‘ through the means of the police. Here, the guiding ideas are policing strategies such as the ‘broken windows syndrome‘ (Kelling and Wilson, 1982) and ‘zero tolerance policing‘ (Giuliani and Bratton, 1994; Beckett and Herbert, 2008; Herbert and Beckett, 2010). However, the role of private security companies in the reclaiming of public space remains under-researched. Using a case study in …
The Effect Of Dietary Chromium(Iii) On Growth And Carbohydrate Utilization In Mirror And Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) L., Arafat R. Ahmed
The Effect Of Dietary Chromium(Iii) On Growth And Carbohydrate Utilization In Mirror And Common Carp (Cyprinus Carpio) L., Arafat R. Ahmed
Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses
The aim of feed formulation in aquaculture is to supply a suitable diet that provides nutritional requirements at relatively low cost. Carbohydrates are the most economic energy source for animals compared to protein and lipid; however, fish have limited capacity for dietary carbohydrate utilization. Trivalent chromium is an essential micronutrient for carbohydrate metabolism in vertebrates. The primary objective of this thesis was to enhance understanding of the effects of organic and inorganic forms of Cr on carbohydrate utilization, growth performance, gene expression and activity of specific key liver enzymes in carp Cyprinus carpio. In addition, effects of dietary Cr on …
The Development Of Vocational Interests And Abilities In Secondary School Aged Children, Stephanie Jane Bennett
The Development Of Vocational Interests And Abilities In Secondary School Aged Children, Stephanie Jane Bennett
Other Faculty of Science and Engineering Theses
This body of work has focussed on the measurement, structure and stability of vocational interests and abilities in mainstream, mixed-ability secondary school aged children. This set of studies investigated how a large group of children’s vocational interests developed over a two year period, and how their interests for activities/occupations were related to selected abilities (Mechanical, Spatial Rotation and Logical Reasoning). Published research has consistently demonstrated that for adults, vocational interests are stable over time, and that interests typically fall into six main categories; Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising and Conventional (Holland, 1959). Furthermore, there is a wealth of evidence to …