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Articles 5551 - 5580 of 6794
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Top-Down Feedback In An Hmax-Like Cortical Model Of Object Perception Based On Hierarchical Bayesian Networks And Belief Propagation, Salvador Dura-Bernal, Thomas Wennekers, Susan L. Denham
Top-Down Feedback In An Hmax-Like Cortical Model Of Object Perception Based On Hierarchical Bayesian Networks And Belief Propagation, Salvador Dura-Bernal, Thomas Wennekers, Susan L. Denham
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Addressing Appearance-Related Distress Across Clinical Conditions., Alyson Bessell, Emma Dures, Cherith Semple, Sue Jackson
Addressing Appearance-Related Distress Across Clinical Conditions., Alyson Bessell, Emma Dures, Cherith Semple, Sue Jackson
School of Psychology
Evidence is accumulating about the nature and prevalence of appearance-related distress across a variety of clinical populations. Health professionals working with specific patient groups are often aware of these difficulties and their detrimental effect on quality of life and wellbeing. However, many health professionals lack knowledge and skills on how to support patients, either within the team or via referral to relevant service providers who have expertise in managing appearance-related distress. This is mainly owing to a lack of information about screening, assessment measures and available interventions. The aim of this article is to consider how health professionals can support …
Second-To-Fourth Digit Ratio And Impulsivity: A Comparison Between Offenders And Nonoffenders, Y Hanoch, M Gummerum, J Rolison
Second-To-Fourth Digit Ratio And Impulsivity: A Comparison Between Offenders And Nonoffenders, Y Hanoch, M Gummerum, J Rolison
School of Psychology
Personality characteristics, particularly impulsive tendencies, have long been conceived as the primary culprit in delinquent behavior. One crucial question to emerge from this line of work is whether impulsivity has a biological basis. To test this possibility, 44 male offenders and 46 nonoffenders completed the Eysenck Impulsivity Questionnaire, and had their 2D∶4D ratio measured. Offenders exhibited smaller right hand digit ratio measurements compared to non-offenders, but higher impulsivity scores. Both impulsivity and 2D∶4D ratio measurements significantly predicted criminality (offenders vs. nonoffenders). Controlling for education level, the 2D∶4D ratio measurements had remained a significant predictor of criminality, while impulsivity scores no …
Spatio-Temporal Pattern Recognizers Using Spiking Neurons And Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity., James Humble, Susan Denham, Thomas Wennekers
Spatio-Temporal Pattern Recognizers Using Spiking Neurons And Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity., James Humble, Susan Denham, Thomas Wennekers
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
It has previously been shown that by using spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP), neurons can adapt to the beginning of a repeating spatio-temporal firing pattern in their input. In the present work, we demonstrate that this mechanism can be extended to train recognizers for longer spatio-temporal input signals. Using a number of neurons that are mutually connected by plastic synapses and subject to a global winner-takes-all mechanism, chains of neurons can form where each neuron is selective to a different segment of a repeating input pattern, and the neurons are feed-forwardly connected in such a way that both the correct input segment …
Neutralizing Antibodies And Pathogenesis Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Catherine Fauvelle, Daniel J. Felmlee, Mirjam B. Zeisel, Quentin Lepiller, Isabel Fofana, Laura Heydmann, Françoise Stoll-Keller, Thomas F. Baumert
Neutralizing Antibodies And Pathogenesis Of Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Samira Fafi-Kremer, Catherine Fauvelle, Daniel J. Felmlee, Mirjam B. Zeisel, Quentin Lepiller, Isabel Fofana, Laura Heydmann, Françoise Stoll-Keller, Thomas F. Baumert
Peninsula Medical School
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. The interplay between the virus and host innate and adaptive immune responses determines the outcome of infection. There is increasing evidence that host neutralizing responses play a relevant role in the resulting pathogenesis. Furthermore, viral evasion from host neutralizing antibodies has been revealed to be an important contributor in leading both to viral persistence in acute liver graft infection following liver transplantation, and to chronic viral infection. The development of novel model systems to study HCV entry and neutralization has allowed a detailed understanding of the …
Human Optokinetic Nystagmus: A Stochastic Analysis., J Waddington, Cm Harris
Human Optokinetic Nystagmus: A Stochastic Analysis., J Waddington, Cm Harris
School of Psychology
Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN) is a fundamental gaze-stabilizing response found in almost all vertebrates, in which eye movements attempt to compensate for the optic flow caused by self-motion. It is an alternating sequence of slow compensatory eye movements made in the direction of stimulus motion and fast eye movements made predominantly in the opposite direction. The timing and amplitude of these slow phases (SPs) and quick phases (QPs) are remarkably variable, and the cause of this variability is poorly understood. In this study principal components analysis was performed on OKN data to illustrate that the variability in correlation matrices across individuals …
Gene Expression Analysis In Human Breast Cancer Associated Blood Vessels, Dt Jones, T Lechertier, R Mitter, Jmj Herbert, Et Al
Gene Expression Analysis In Human Breast Cancer Associated Blood Vessels, Dt Jones, T Lechertier, R Mitter, Jmj Herbert, Et Al
School of Biomedical Sciences
Angiogenesis is essential for solid tumour growth, whilst the molecular profiles of tumour blood vessels have been reported to be different between cancer types. Although presently available anti-angiogenic strategies are providing some promise for the treatment of some cancers it is perhaps not surprisingly that, none of the anti-angiogenic agents available work on all tumours. Thus, the discovery of novel anti-angiogenic targets, relevant to individual cancer types, is required. Using Affymetrix microarray analysis of laser-captured, CD31-positive blood vessels we have identified 63 genes that are upregulated significantly (5-72 fold) in angiogenic blood vessels associated with human invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) …
Uv-B Affects Photosynthesis, Ros Production And Motility Of The Freshwater Flagellate, Euglena Agilis Carter, S Kottuparambil, W Shin, Mt Brown, T Han
Uv-B Affects Photosynthesis, Ros Production And Motility Of The Freshwater Flagellate, Euglena Agilis Carter, S Kottuparambil, W Shin, Mt Brown, T Han
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The effects of ultraviolet B (UV-B; 295-320 nm) radiation on certain vital physiological (photosynthesis), biochemical (production of reactive oxygen species - ROS) and behavioral (motility and orientation) characteristics were investigated in the unicellular photoautotroph, Euglena agilis Carter. The photosynthetic performance of E. agilis was recorded after exposure of between 15 and 60 min followed by a period of recovery lasting 6-24h under dim light (5-10 μmol photons m(-2) s(-1)). The maximum quantum yield of PS II (F(v)/F(m)) was reduced to 65% and 14% of initial values immediately following 15 and 30 min UV-B exposure, but recovered to 100 and 86% …
An Improved Micro Propagation System For Successful Transformation Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis)., Fg Al-Swedi, S Lane, Mp Fuller
An Improved Micro Propagation System For Successful Transformation Of Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis)., Fg Al-Swedi, S Lane, Mp Fuller
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Cauliflower is described as a recalcitrant plant to the genetic transformation process from Agrobacterium. Cauliflower curd meristems can be used to produce shoots to clone the mother plants in in-vitro culture. Micro propagation techniques were used in this study at different stages to produce cauliflower explants. The healthy growing explants were transformed with the APX gene using a standard transfection protocol mediated by Agrobacterium. The plants that successfully grew under abiotic stress and presenting a normal plant phenotypic feature were considered transformants. The transfection conditions were optimised during this study and 105Agrobacterium cell/5 plants/pot successfully produced 1 transformed plant/pot.
An Environmental Assessment Of Risk In Achieving Good Environmental Status To Support Regional Prioritisation Of Management In Europe, P Breen, La Robinson, Si Rogers, F Goodsir, Et Al
An Environmental Assessment Of Risk In Achieving Good Environmental Status To Support Regional Prioritisation Of Management In Europe, P Breen, La Robinson, Si Rogers, F Goodsir, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
The Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) aims to achieve Good Environmental Status (GES) in Europe's Seas. The requirement for regional sea authorities to identify and prioritise issues for management has meant that standardized methods to assess the current level of departure from GES are needed. The methodology presented here provides a means by which existing information describing the status of ecosystem components of a regional sea can be used to determine the effort required to achieve GES. A risk assessment framework was developed to score departure from GES for 10 out of the 11 GES descriptors, based on proposed definitions …
The Effect Of Tenofovir On Vitamin D Metabolism In Hiv-Infected Adults Is Dependent On Sex And Ethnicity, Karen Klassen, Adrian R. Martineau, Robert J. Wilkinson, Graham Cooke, Alan P. Courtney, Mary Hickson
The Effect Of Tenofovir On Vitamin D Metabolism In Hiv-Infected Adults Is Dependent On Sex And Ethnicity, Karen Klassen, Adrian R. Martineau, Robert J. Wilkinson, Graham Cooke, Alan P. Courtney, Mary Hickson
School of Health Professions
No abstract provided.
Gone In 0.6 Seconds: The Encoding Of Motor Memories Depends On Recent Sensorimotor States., Ian S. Howard, James N. Ingram, David W. Franklin, Daniel M. Wolpert
Gone In 0.6 Seconds: The Encoding Of Motor Memories Depends On Recent Sensorimotor States., Ian S. Howard, James N. Ingram, David W. Franklin, Daniel M. Wolpert
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
Real-world tasks often require movements that depend on a previous action or on changes in the state of the world. Here we investigate whether motor memories encode the current action in a manner that depends on previous sensorimotor states. Human subjects performed trials in which they made movements in a randomly selected clockwise or counterclockwise velocity-dependent curl force field. Movements during this adaptation phase were preceded by a contextual phase that determined which of the two fields would be experienced on any given trial. As expected from previous research, when static visual cues were presented in the contextual phase, strong …
Dialogues Between Physical And Digital Modelling Methods On Architectural Design, Aa Veliz Reyes, T Kocaturk, B Medjdoub, R Balbo
Dialogues Between Physical And Digital Modelling Methods On Architectural Design, Aa Veliz Reyes, T Kocaturk, B Medjdoub, R Balbo
School of Art, Design and Architecture
As the current digitally-mediated architectural practice evolves, architectural models, regardless of their expressiveness or type, are a way to craft the interaction between the designer and the designed object. Models become artefacts that engage on a continuous interaction with the designer via different media, interpretation and knowledge retrieval schemes, organizational fl ows and tools. These interactions have recently been facilitated by the use of physical and digital production and analysis methods. In this report, we introduce a novel understanding of the relationships between physical and digital modelling techniques. We propose an updated framework that allocates these relationships into four categories: …
Measurement Of Alcohol Craving, David J. Kavanagh, Dixie J. Statham, Gerald F.X. Feeney, Ross Mc D. Young, Jon May, Jackie Andrade, Jason P. Connor
Measurement Of Alcohol Craving, David J. Kavanagh, Dixie J. Statham, Gerald F.X. Feeney, Ross Mc D. Young, Jon May, Jackie Andrade, Jason P. Connor
School of Psychology
Despite considerable research activity and application in treatment, the construct of craving remains poorly understood. We propose that cravings and urges are cognitive-emotional events in time, characterised by frequency, duration, intensity and salience. Commonly used measures of alcohol craving are reviewed, and their strengths and weaknesses identified. Most measures confound craving with behaviors, or with separable cognitive phenomena such as expectancies, intentions, or perceived behavioral control. These confounds have limited our advances in understanding the determinants and consequences of craving. Based on the criteria applied in this review, among the better performing multi-item measures are the Penn Alcohol Craving Scale …
Characterisation Of Friction And Lubrication Regimes In Premium Tubular Connections, F Stewart, Hr Le, Ja Williams, Et Al
Characterisation Of Friction And Lubrication Regimes In Premium Tubular Connections, F Stewart, Hr Le, Ja Williams, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
A friction test rig has been developed to carry out repeated sliding friction tests for premium tubular connections. The test rig enables accurate measurement of friction in various contact regimes which are relevant to the threaded connections between tubular components. Higher load tests can simulate the contact in metal-to-metal seals under very high contact pressures by using perpendicular pin-on-pin tests. The contact in the thread loading flank under intermediate pressures can be simulated by using larger radius coupon-on-coupon tests. The measured coefficient of friction is well correlated with a lubrication parameter combining lubricant film thickness and initial surface roughness.
Sowfia Project - Work Package 3 Interim Report, D Magagna, D Greaves, D Conley, E Aires, Leitao J Chambel, M Witt, C Embling, Bj Godley, J-B Saulnier, H Mouslim, T Simas, Am O’Hagan, J O’Callaghan, B Holmes, J Sundberg, Y Torre-Enciso
Sowfia Project - Work Package 3 Interim Report, D Magagna, D Greaves, D Conley, E Aires, Leitao J Chambel, M Witt, C Embling, Bj Godley, J-B Saulnier, H Mouslim, T Simas, Am O’Hagan, J O’Callaghan, B Holmes, J Sundberg, Y Torre-Enciso
School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics
No abstract provided.
Cyanoexpress: A Web Database For Exploration And Visualisation Of The Integrated Transcriptome Of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp. Pcc6803, Ma Hernandez-Prieto
Cyanoexpress: A Web Database For Exploration And Visualisation Of The Integrated Transcriptome Of Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp. Pcc6803, Ma Hernandez-Prieto
School of Biomedical Sciences
UNLABELLED: Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is one of the best studied cyanobacteria and an important model organism for our understanding of photosynthesis. The early availability of its complete genome sequence initiated numerous transcriptome studies, which have generated a wealth of expression data. Analysis of the accumulated data can be a powerful tool to study transcription in a comprehensive manner and to reveal underlying regulatory mechanisms, as well as to annotate genes whose functions are yet unknown. However, use of divergent microarray platforms, as well as distributed data storage make meta-analyses of Synechocystis expression data highly challenging, especially for researchers with limited …
Effects Of Uv Radiation And Salinity On The Intertidal Macroalgae Palmaria Palmata And Ulva Lactuca: Effects On Photosynthetic Performance, Growth And Pigments, Elizabeth Beauchamp
Effects Of Uv Radiation And Salinity On The Intertidal Macroalgae Palmaria Palmata And Ulva Lactuca: Effects On Photosynthetic Performance, Growth And Pigments, Elizabeth Beauchamp
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The tolerance of Palmaria palmata and Ulva lactuca from two positions (upper and lower) of the shoreline to low salinity and Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence, relative growth rates, chlorophyll a (Chla) and carotenoid concentrations. Species differences and position on shore at collection were major factors in the ability to tolerate increases in UVR. Both species were found to have sensitivity to both UVR and low salinities, although P.palmata was more sensitive to treatment than Ulva. The ability to increase chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations when under low salinities and Ultraviolet B (UVB) compared to normal salinity was …
Environmental Influence In Animal Contests, Mark Fox-Powell
Environmental Influence In Animal Contests, Mark Fox-Powell
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Contests between individual animals over the possession of particular limited resources have played an important role in shaping the evolution of life history, morphology and ecology of the vast majority of animal taxa. Whilst the phenomenon has been and continues to be extensively scrutinized via theory and experimentation, theses and predictions based on mathematics and optimality are frequently confounded by experimental observation. If successful demonstrations of evolutionarily stable strategies are to occur it is vital that the complex interplay of variables potentially affecting an animal‟s fighting ability are understood and controlled for experimentally. This review addresses the significance of external …
Epiphytes: A Study Of The History Of Forest Canopy Research, Sven Batke
Epiphytes: A Study Of The History Of Forest Canopy Research, Sven Batke
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The development of new and more versatile access techniques is a major contributor to the continuously growing field of canopy research. Methods such as cranes, canopy walkways, hot-air balloons, ladders and rope access techniques enabled scientist for the first time to conduct proximate studies of canopy organisms. One of the most studied groups of canopy dwellers are epiphytes. With their versatile adaptations to a life above ground level and their vast abundance, epiphytes contribute profoundly to the forest diversity and ecosystem processes. Most epiphytes have species-specific habitat preference within individual phorophytes. However these preferences are limited by biotic and abiotic …
A Review Into The Role Of Voltage Gated Sodium Channels 1.8 And 1.9 In Pain States: And Medical Uses Of This Knowledge, Matt Morfey
The Plymouth Student Scientist
This review is aimed at discussing the role of voltage gated sodium channels (VGSC) Nav 1.8 and 1.9 in pain states. This involves establishing their role in pain states such as neuropathic and inflammatory pain, and which of these pain states the individual channels impact on and to what effect. Establishing this will involve an exploration of which neurones these channels are located around the body, sensory or nociceptive, as well how their activity impacts on their function. Also discussed will be how the routes of activation of these VGSC impacts on their role in pain sensation and detection within …
Pregabalin For Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy In Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Keri Kruckow
Pregabalin For Treating Painful Diabetic Neuropathy In Type 1 And Type 2 Diabetic Patients, Keri Kruckow
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Background: It has been estimated that chronic painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) affects 1 in 6 (16.2%) of all diabetic patients (Diabetes UK, 2010) yet the symptoms of PDN continue to present a huge challenge in its management both for physicians and patients. Objectives: To ascertain whether pregabalin is effective as a treatment for relieving pain in PDN and to identify which dose: 150/300/600 mg/d is most effective. Search methods: ";Pregabalin"; and ";Painful Diabetic Neuropathy"; were entered into Pubmed and Scirus. ";Humans"; and ";randomised controlled trial"; were entered as limiters. The search was completed using the Athens log in through the …
Do Age And Conditions At Rehoming Affect Behaviour In Puppies?, Tamara Chamberlain
Do Age And Conditions At Rehoming Affect Behaviour In Puppies?, Tamara Chamberlain
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Many dogs are abandoned, surrendered to rescue shelters or euthanised in the United Kingdom every year, with one of the most common reasons being undesirable behaviour. The age at which puppies are rehomed is widely thought to affect their behaviour. It has also been suggested that the conditions from which puppies are rehomed may increase the prevalence of some behaviours, such as fear. This study aimed to see if there are any management factors which can reduce the prevalence of undesirable behaviours in puppies. 65 puppy owners that attend puppy classes participated in this study. Owners of puppies from the …
Is There A Visitor Effect On Behaviour And Enclosure Use Of Mixed Bird Species In A Zoo Enclosure?, Katie Downes
Is There A Visitor Effect On Behaviour And Enclosure Use Of Mixed Bird Species In A Zoo Enclosure?, Katie Downes
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Potential visitor effects on captive animals are poorly understand, with most studies focused on non-human primates, it is an area of research which in recent years has become important as a way of understanding welfare in a captive environment. Research into how this effects birds in captivity is limited, therefore this study looks at whether visitor density effects behaviour and enclosure use in six different bird species including red-billed choughs, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax northern lapwings, Vanellus vanellus, red-crested turacos, Tauraco erythrolophus, Madagascar teal, Anas bernieri, grey gulls, Larus modestus and one Palawan peacock pheasant, Polyplectron napoleonis all housed together in a …
Climatic Variation: Effects On Global Seabird Populations, Laura Draycott
Climatic Variation: Effects On Global Seabird Populations, Laura Draycott
The Plymouth Student Scientist
This review will identify and outline four dominant climatic systems and describe associated environmental factors including discussion of subsequent effects that they have on global seabird populations. Finally, the review will highlight studies which have investigated how environmental variations affect key behavioural adaptations of seabirds and the consequent effects on their life history traits.
The Health Benefits Of Tea Varieties From Camellia Sinensis, Katie Taylerson
The Health Benefits Of Tea Varieties From Camellia Sinensis, Katie Taylerson
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Background and aims: Varieties of tea from the plant Camellia sinensis have been consumed for around 50 centuries and today are a popular beverage worldwide. Over the past 30 years much research has gone into the medicinal properties and health benefits that these teas provide consumers. This review aims to consolidate the benefits of tea’s antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and evaluate the research to this date. Methods: This review plans to use the primary literature available from journals and online sources found using search engines. Most recent literature will be used primarily, as well as that from 10-20 years ago …
Measuring The Haemodynamic Responses Elicited In The Visual Cortex From Various Spatial And Temporal Frequencies Using Nirs, Thomas Bridge
Measuring The Haemodynamic Responses Elicited In The Visual Cortex From Various Spatial And Temporal Frequencies Using Nirs, Thomas Bridge
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Previous research has found the optimum spatial and temporal frequency of a stimulus can elicit peak activation in the visual cortex. In this study eight participants looked at bullseye gratings with low and high spatial frequencies (0.5 & 3 c/deg) at varying temporal frequencies (1, 4, 8 & 30Hz). Their haemoglobin response in the visual cortex was recorded using Near Infra-red Spectroscopy (NIRS). Insignificant results were found in all measures, including oxygenated haemoglobin which reported F (1, 8, 5.63) = .75, p<.44. Trigonometric regression did illustrate increased visual activation when the bullseye grating was presented. It appears different frequencies can cause different haemodynamic response, but a larger sample and the elimination of disadvantages in NIRS is required to obtain significance.
Could Negative Affect Be 'Part' Of The 'Whole' Picture In Weak Central Coherence? A Study Of Weak Central Coherence And Its Relation To Affect And Autistic Traits, Warren Dunger
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Weak Central Coherence (WCC) is recognised as a major cognitive theory of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and is characterised by a processing bias for local information. Furthermore, individuals with ASD have been found to be more susceptible to depression and lower mood. Considering negative mood seems to result in better performance on detail-based processing tasks, the present study suggests that WCC could be a result of high levels of negative affect in ASD. This was explored in two experiments using a non-clinical sample with autistic traits. Experiment 1 involved manipulating mood, whereas Experiment 2 was a longitudinal study. The study‟s …
Silicon: A Benefit Or A Detriment To Plant Physiology For Creeping Bent (Agrostis Stolonifera L.), Sheep's Fescue (Festuca Ovina L.) And Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)?, Nicola Warburton, Jo Bayley, Stuart Lane
Silicon: A Benefit Or A Detriment To Plant Physiology For Creeping Bent (Agrostis Stolonifera L.), Sheep's Fescue (Festuca Ovina L.) And Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium Perenne L.)?, Nicola Warburton, Jo Bayley, Stuart Lane
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Silicon shows alleviatory effects in many previous studies involving abiotic and biotic stress factors. A germination trial for the optimum concentration of ERA-3 initially showed an optimum dilution factor of 2,500:1 (Distilled water: ERA-3). Over one hundred individuals of each species of Agrostis stolonifera L., Festuca ovina L. and Lolium Perenne L. were all grown for eight weeks in closed hydroponic systems, in warmed greenhouse conditions (15°C). When solely tested, the effects on all three species showed contrasting results to what was expected. In all three selected species, silicon significantly reduced the shoot area, and photosynthetic efficiency (measured as Fv/Fm …
Osmoregulators Proline And Glycine Betaine Counteract Salinity Stress In Canola, Mt Sakr, Nm El-Sarkassy, Mp Fuller
Osmoregulators Proline And Glycine Betaine Counteract Salinity Stress In Canola, Mt Sakr, Nm El-Sarkassy, Mp Fuller
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Salt inundation leads to increased salinization of arable land in many arid and semi-arid regions. Until genetic solutions are found farmers and growers must either abandon salt-affected fields or use agronomic treatments that alleviate salt stress symptoms. Here, field experiments were carried out to study the effect of the osmoregulators proline at 200 mg L-1 and glycine betaine at 400 mg L-1 in counteracting the harmful effect of soil salinity stress on canola plants grown in Egypt. We assessed growth characteristics, yield and biochemical constituents. Results show first that all growth characters decreased with increasing salinity stress but applied osmoregulators …