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Articles 5521 - 5550 of 6794
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Constructing Compact Takagi-Sugeno Rule Systems: Identification Of Complex Interactions In Epidemiological Data, Shang Ming Zhou, Ronan A. Lyons, Sinead Brophy, Mike B. Gravenor
Constructing Compact Takagi-Sugeno Rule Systems: Identification Of Complex Interactions In Epidemiological Data, Shang Ming Zhou, Ronan A. Lyons, Sinead Brophy, Mike B. Gravenor
School of Nursing and Midwifery
No abstract provided.
A Critical Analysis Of The Kyoto Protocol Using Monte Carlo Simulation And Magicc, Penny Lambert
A Critical Analysis Of The Kyoto Protocol Using Monte Carlo Simulation And Magicc, Penny Lambert
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change adopted the Kyoto Protocol in December 1997. Emissions data from national registries were used to quantify the total anthropogenic emissions of signatory parties between 1990 and 2009, found to have been reduced by approximately 18 percent of base year levels. Using IPCC Special Report Emissions Scenarios (SRES) as a practicable baseline for non-mitigation, three distinct intervention scenarios were constructed from target and observed emissions reductions under the Protocol to investigate their climatic implications against unabated anthropogenic carbon by the end of the 21st century. MAGICC Version 5.3 was used to model forecast …
In Vitro Assessment Of The Survivability Of Lactobacillus Casei Dn-114 001 And Lactobacillus Casei Shirota, Within Commercialised Food Matrices, In The Upper Gastrointestinal Tract, Rosie Wills
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The aim of this study was to determine the survivability of probiotics; Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Lactobacillus casei DN-114 001, within their respective commercialised food matrices YakultÃ’ and ActimelÃ’, during in vitro simulated gastrointestinal transit. Original and Light/Fat Free varieties of each brand were assessed to determine whether nutritional composition affected bacterial survival rate. Strains were exposed to 3 hours of simulated gastric transit at pH 2, using Hydrochloric Acid (32%) and Pepsin (3mg ml-1), followed by 2 hours of simulated duodenal transit, at pH 6.5, using Bile Salts (0.3% w/v) and Sodium Hydroxide (4M). Samples were serially diluted with …
A Preliminary Study Into The Use Of Canopy Invertebrates And Sampling Techniques In Relation To Forest Indicators In A Fragmented Scottish Woodland - Application And Management, Natalie Walsh
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Caledonian forests within the Scottish Highlands have experienced severe fragmentation and currently remain as small isolated habitats. Canopy invertebrates within these forests play an important role in ecosystem functioning and may be potentially used as forest indicators for the use in forest management. Four different low-cost invertebrate trapping methods were deployed into birch, oak and Scots pine trees, comparing family diversity and composition between tree and trap types. Data on canopy spread, tree height and d.b.h were also tested to see if they influenced family composition of invertebrates. Collected data found little difference in family diversity and composition between tree …
Fluorescent Proteins And Chromoproteins In Phylum: Cnidaria, Mario Lewis
Fluorescent Proteins And Chromoproteins In Phylum: Cnidaria, Mario Lewis
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Green fluorescent protein was first discovered in Aequorea victoria. Its significance in a continually expanding range of scientific applications led to the discovery of an abundance of homologous fluorescent proteins and non-fluorescent chromoproteins in a variety of species in the phylum Cnidaria. The document reviews the various proposed hypotheses on the biological functions and biochemistry of fluorescent proteins and chromoproteins, wherein a full resolution remains elusive and is the subject of on-going debate. Mutagenesis has provided novel variants and insights into the relationship between the spectral characteristics and chromophore structures of fluorescent proteins that encompass the visible spectrum. Fluorescent proteins …
Effects Of Algal Toxicity On The Clearance Rate Of The Blue Mussel (Mytilus Edulis), Samantha Bowgen
Effects Of Algal Toxicity On The Clearance Rate Of The Blue Mussel (Mytilus Edulis), Samantha Bowgen
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of toxic strains of Karlodinium veneficum on the clearance rate of Mytilus edulis. Suspensions of the toxic strain and the non-toxic strain of K. veneficum, mixed with an alternative non-toxic species, Prorocentrum micans, were made and performed as parallel experiments in order to compare their effects on clearance rate. Clearance rate was measured by taking samples from suspensions every five minutes up to 30 minutes, and counting the algal cells found within each sample using a Sedgewick rafter slide. No significant difference was found between the two experiments (F (9.322, …
Effects Of A Gardening Task On Chocolate Craving, Sarah-Jane Baugh
Effects Of A Gardening Task On Chocolate Craving, Sarah-Jane Baugh
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Two concepts, craving and nature, were brought together to investigate the effects of a gardening task on chocolate craving. Participants (n = 105) completed a chocolate craving induction before taking part in one of three, five minute tasks (gardening, plasticine, counting). Measures of craving, mood, arousal, attention and heart rate were recorded. The gardening task was found to have beneficial effects with participants experiencing significant changes in energetic arousal (p= .01) and feeling good (p< .01); however, no significant effects were found in the other measures.
Investigation Of The Vasorelaxant Properties Of Nitroxyl During Altered Glycaemic Conditions, Kimberley Sams
Investigation Of The Vasorelaxant Properties Of Nitroxyl During Altered Glycaemic Conditions, Kimberley Sams
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Nitroxyl (HNO) is currently a vasorelaxant of high interest, but as yet its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated. It is thought that HNO acts on KV channels to mediate vasorelaxation, and this has been shown in previous studies (Irvine et al, 2003; Favarolo & Kemp-Harper, 2009; Yuill et al, 2011). It has also been shown that high levels of glucose inhibit KV channels (Rainbow et al, 2006) so would inhibit HNO mediated relaxation. This study could provide further evidence of KV involvement of HNO mediated vasodilation. This study uses a temperature controlled organ bath with aortic ring …
Location, Demographic, Lifestyle And Behavioural Influences On Household Participation In Bournemouth Borough Council's Kerbside Recycling Scheme, Stephanie Rooke
Location, Demographic, Lifestyle And Behavioural Influences On Household Participation In Bournemouth Borough Council's Kerbside Recycling Scheme, Stephanie Rooke
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Bournemouth Borough Council (BBC) is performing well in recycling and currently has a recycling rate of 63.9%, but there is still room for BBC to improve the efficiency of the existing ‘Big Bin’ dry kerbside recycling collection scheme and increase the recycling rate further. The aim of the study was to identify the socio-economic groups which participate the least, or contaminate the most, in BBC’s kerbside recycling scheme. A participation survey was carried out over three consecutive collection cycles for three recycling rounds ‘RW1, RW2 and RW5’ to measure how many times each individual household set out their recycling bin …
The Conservation Biology And Ecology Of The African Leopard Panthera Pardus Pardus, Ross Tyzack Pitman
The Conservation Biology And Ecology Of The African Leopard Panthera Pardus Pardus, Ross Tyzack Pitman
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The African leopard Panthera pardus pardus is an apex predator, and a reliable indicator of a healthy ecosystem. Currently assessed as ‗near threatened‘ by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, leopards are exposed to a range of threats that include: habitat loss and/or degradation, depletion of natural prey, conflict with people, consumptive- and non-consumptive practices, and the illegal trade of leopard products. Leopards have disappeared from 37% of their historical range, and are continuing to decline. Leopards have been extirpated across many areas of Africa, especially where people are densely populated, which has left patchily distributed leopard populations throughout …
Facies Analysis And Diagenesis Of Late Pleistocene Shoreline Sands, Saunton, North Devon, Sophie Young
Facies Analysis And Diagenesis Of Late Pleistocene Shoreline Sands, Saunton, North Devon, Sophie Young
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The succession at Saunton is composed of all the major elements of Pleistocene coastal stratigraphy from across north Devon. The aim of this study is to analyse and interpret the depositional environment of the laterally variable late Pleistocene sedimentary succession at Saunton, using facies analysis. This knowledge is used to infer local relative sea level changes from patterns of transgressions, normal, and forced regressions and an attempt is made, using sequence stratigraphy, to constrain the relative ages of the deposits based on marine oxygen isotope stages. Petrographic observations of the different facies and grain types are used to evidence the …
Biologging Science: Advances In Our Knowledge Of Seabirds And Their Behaviours, David Evans
Biologging Science: Advances In Our Knowledge Of Seabirds And Their Behaviours, David Evans
The Plymouth Student Scientist
The use of miniature tags attached to free-living animals to record data is termed ‘biologging’. This procedure has been used to study seabirds since the 1970’s and our knowledge of their behaviour, physiology and migration has advanced through the decades, along with the potential for conservation of species. Technological advances in recent years have improved data resolution and storage, enabling a better understanding of seabirds and their environment
The Ecology Of Tardigrades, Emma Northcote-Smith
The Ecology Of Tardigrades, Emma Northcote-Smith
The Plymouth Student Scientist
No abstract provided for this article.
The Effects Of Logging And Fragmentation On Bird Diversity, Bethany Mccarthy
The Effects Of Logging And Fragmentation On Bird Diversity, Bethany Mccarthy
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Deforestation and forest degradation is occurring globally at an alarming rate. The annual net loss of forest cover has been reduced in the past decade through sustainable forest management and conservation measures. Despite this, the remaining forest is becoming increasingly degraded with the total area of primary forest declining. Avian diversity has been shown to decline in degraded and fragmented forests due to logging activities. In this review the impacts of logging on avian communities are assessed by comparing diversity between primary forest and degraded secondary forest, industrial plantations and forest fragment sizes. The major organisations and current initiatives that …
Analyses Of Captive Behaviour And Enclosure Use In Rothschild Giraffes (Giraffa Camelopardalis Rothschildi) Housed At Paignton Zoo Environmental Park ®, Sarah Garry
The Plymouth Student Scientist
It has been suggested that wild herbivorous animals, like the Rothschild Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi), are difficult to house in captivity due to their natural wide home range and specialised diet. The aim of this study was to understand what influence the design of the giraffe enclosure at Paignton Zoo has on the activity budget of the Rothschild Giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi) housed in it, in relation to enclosure use and the performance of a natural behavioural repertoire. This was achieved by observing the giraffe’s behaviour and location when in the enclosure, both indoors and outdoors. The Spread of Participation …
Geographic Mosaics Of Species’ Association: A Definition And An Example Driven By Plant-Insect Phenological Synchrony., Mc Singer, Cs Mcbride
Geographic Mosaics Of Species’ Association: A Definition And An Example Driven By Plant-Insect Phenological Synchrony., Mc Singer, Cs Mcbride
School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences
Spatial mosaics occur in both evolutionary and ecological properties of species' interactions. Studies of these patterns have facilitated description and prediction of evolutionary responses of interacting species to each other and to changing environments. We propose seeking complementary understanding of community assembly and dynamics by studying ecological and mechanistic properties of mosaics. We define "species' association mosaics" as deviations from a null model in which spatial variation in the extent to which particular species interact ecologically is explained solely by variation in their densities. In extreme deviations from the null, a focal species interacts exclusively with different partners at different …
Comparing Risk-Taking And Digit Ratio (2d:4d) In Offenders And Non-Offenders, Taja Anderson
Comparing Risk-Taking And Digit Ratio (2d:4d) In Offenders And Non-Offenders, Taja Anderson
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Offenders differ from non-offenders in their propensity to engage in risk-taking behaviour. The ratio of the index and ring fingers (2D:4D), a proxy of prenatal testosterone exposure, has been linked to risk-taking behaviour. The present study compared risk-taking in 45 male offenders and 66 non-offenders using the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART). Furthermore, it sought to determine the relationship between their 2D:4D ratios and risk-taking behaviours. No significant differences were found between the two groups in their risk-taking behaviour and no significant correlations were found between 2D:4D and risk-taking in either group. These findings are discussed in relation to previous …
How Will Ocean Acidification Affect Marine Photosynthetic Organisms? A Review, Michael Jarrold
How Will Ocean Acidification Affect Marine Photosynthetic Organisms? A Review, Michael Jarrold
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Atmospheric carbon dioxide is increasing year on year, mainly as a result of burning fossil fuels. Although carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans, mitigating atmospheric effects, it does result in a reduction of the alkalinity of sea water; an effect termed Ocean Acidification (OA). The subsequent changes in carbon chemistry will most likely affect marine photosynthetic organisms in a number of ways; including the ability of organisms to build calcium carbonate shells or skeletons (calcification) and primary production. Previous work indicates that both processes respond to OA, but not always in the same way. Consequently the aim of this review …
Investigating Placebo Mechanisms: Could A Pdp System Exist?, Francesca Payne
Investigating Placebo Mechanisms: Could A Pdp System Exist?, Francesca Payne
The Plymouth Student Scientist
Placebo mechanisms are a neglected area of research. Kirsch’s (1985) response expectancy theory described the stimulus-placebo response process as direct and unmediated. However, Hyland (2011) argued that the placebo effect is mediated by a parallel distributed processing (PDP) system, whereby all cognitive input is processed simultaneously, resulting in perseveration of the placebo effect. The present study examined this theory by utilising a TENS device as a placebo ‘effecting’ reaction times to a computer task, with an additional cognitive load task to further test the PDP system’s existence. Although a general placebo effect was found that increased in the cognitive load …
Prospect Theory Does Not Describe The Feedback-Related Negativity Value Function., Thomas D. Sambrook, Matthew Roser, Jeremy Goslin
Prospect Theory Does Not Describe The Feedback-Related Negativity Value Function., Thomas D. Sambrook, Matthew Roser, Jeremy Goslin
School of Psychology
Humans handle uncertainty poorly. Prospect theory accounts for this with a value function in which possible losses are overweighted compared to possible gains, and the marginal utility of rewards decreases with size. fMRI studies have explored the neural basis of this value function. A separate body of research claims that prediction errors are calculated by midbrain dopamine neurons. We investigated whether the prospect theoretic effects shown in behavioral and fMRI studies were present in midbrain prediction error coding by using the feedback-related negativity, an ERP component believed to reflect midbrain prediction errors. Participants' stated satisfaction with outcomes followed prospect theory …
Neuropsychological Outcomes In Adults Commencing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment In South Africa: A Prospective Study, Ja Joska, J Westgarth-Taylor, J Hoare, Kgf Thomas, Et Al
Neuropsychological Outcomes In Adults Commencing Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Treatment In South Africa: A Prospective Study, Ja Joska, J Westgarth-Taylor, J Hoare, Kgf Thomas, Et Al
Peninsula Medical School
BACKGROUND: Infection with HIV may result in significant neuropsychological impairment, especially in late stage disease. To date, there have been no cohort studies of the impact of highly active anti-retroviral treatment (HAART) in South Africa where clade C HIV is predominant. METHODS: Participants in the current study were recruited from a larger study of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and included a group of individuals commencing HAART (n = 82). Baseline and one-year neuropsychological function was assessed using a detailed battery, and summary global deficit scores (GDS) obtained. Associations with change in GDS were calculated. RESULTS: Participants had a median CD4 …
Iron Deprivation In Synechocystis : Inference Of Pathways, Non-Coding Rnas, And Regulatory Elements From Comprehensive Expression Profiling, Ma Hernández-Prieto, V Schön, J Georg, L Barreira, Et Al
Iron Deprivation In Synechocystis : Inference Of Pathways, Non-Coding Rnas, And Regulatory Elements From Comprehensive Expression Profiling, Ma Hernández-Prieto, V Schön, J Georg, L Barreira, Et Al
School of Biomedical Sciences
Iron is an essential cofactor in many metabolic reactions. Mechanisms controlling iron homeostasis need to respond rapidly to changes in extracellular conditions, but they must also keep the concentration of intracellular iron under strict control to avoid the generation of damaging reactive oxygen species. Due to its role as a redox carrier in photosynthesis, the iron quota in cyanobacteria is about 10 times higher than in model enterobacteria. The molecular details of how such a high quota is regulated are obscure. Here we present experiments that shed light on the iron regulatory system in cyanobacteria. We measured time-resolved changes in …
Germination Of Primed Seed Under Nacl Stress In Wheat., Mp Fuller, Jh Hamza, Hz Rihan, Issawi M Al
Germination Of Primed Seed Under Nacl Stress In Wheat., Mp Fuller, Jh Hamza, Hz Rihan, Issawi M Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Copyright © 2012 Michael P. Fuller et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Soil salinity affects a large and increasing amount of arable land worldwide, and genetic and agronomic solutions to increasing salt tolerance are urgently needed. Experiments were conducted to improve wheat seed performance under salinity stress conditions after priming. An experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design of four replications for germination indices in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Caxton). Normal and …
Lactobacillus Casei Strain Shirota Selectively Modulates Macrophage Subset Cytokine Production, N Habil, J Beal, Ad Foey
Lactobacillus Casei Strain Shirota Selectively Modulates Macrophage Subset Cytokine Production, N Habil, J Beal, Ad Foey
School of Biomedical Sciences
Probiotics confer health benefits through many mechanisms including modulation of the gut immune system, dut macrophages regulate immune homeostasis, mounting tolerogenic responses to food and commensal bacteria or immune inflammatory responses to pathogens. Local environment and macrophage subset determine immune response and tolerance, associated with an M2-like phenotype and inflammatory activation with an Ml-like phenotype. Subset predominance will determine immunomodulatory effects of probiotic species such as Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS). The aim of this study was to investigate differential regulatory effects of LcS on Ml and M2 macrophage subsets. PMA or vitamin D3 differentiated THP-1 human monocytic cells were …
Non Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis Of Aneuploidy: Next Generation Sequencing Or Fetal Dna Enrichment?, N. D. Avent, A. Webb, T. E. Madgett, T. Miran, K. Sillence, N. Kaushik, M. Kiernan
Non Invasive Prenatal Diagnosis Of Aneuploidy: Next Generation Sequencing Or Fetal Dna Enrichment?, N. D. Avent, A. Webb, T. E. Madgett, T. Miran, K. Sillence, N. Kaushik, M. Kiernan
School of Biomedical Sciences
ABSTRACT Current invasive procedures [amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling (CVS)] pose a risk to mother and fetus and such diagnostic procedures are available only to high risk pregnancies limiting aneuploidy detection rate. This review seeks to highlight the necessity of investing in non invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) and how NIPD would improve patient safety and detection rate as well as allowing detection earlier in pregnancy. Non invasive prenatal diagnosis can take either a proteomics approach or nucleic acid-based approach; this review focuses on the latter. Since the discovery of cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) and fetal RNA in maternal plasma, …
Effect Of Nitrogen On Safflower Physiology And Productivity, Sj Mohamed, Aj Jellings, Mp Fuller
Effect Of Nitrogen On Safflower Physiology And Productivity, Sj Mohamed, Aj Jellings, Mp Fuller
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) is an oil-crop suitable for semi-arid agriculture, but its physiological response to agronomic inputs has yet to be fully evaluated. The effect of fertiliser on the physiology and production of safflower grown in pots filled with standard grade perlite inside a semi-controlled glass house was studied. Plants were initially irrigated with 20-100 ml standard hydroponic solution and then one month after germination plants were irrigated using 50-200 ml complete Hoagland’s solution, supplemented with one of eight levels of nitrogen (0, 25, 50, 75, 100, 125, 150, 175 kg N ha-1) in the form of ammonium nitrate. …
Zinc Modifies The Effect Of Phyto-Oestrogens On Osteoblast And Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro., S Karieb, Sw Fox
Zinc Modifies The Effect Of Phyto-Oestrogens On Osteoblast And Osteoclast Differentiation In Vitro., S Karieb, Sw Fox
School of Biomedical Sciences
Osteoblast and osteoclast activity is disrupted in post-menopausal osteoporosis. Thus, to fully address this imbalance, therapies should reduce bone resorption and promote bone formation. Dietary factors such as phyto-oestrogens and Zn have beneficial effects on osteoblast and osteoclast activity. However, the effect of combinations of these factors has not been widely studied. We therefore examined the effect of coumestrol, daidzein and genistein in the presence or absence of zinc sulphate (Zn) on osteoclast and osteoblast activity. Osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption were significantly reduced by coumestrol (10- 7 m), daidzein (10- 5 m) and genistein (10- 7 m); and this …
Variation In Patterns Of Metal Accumulation In Thallus Parts Of Lessonia Trabeculata (Laminariales; Phaeophyceae): Implications For Biomonitoring, Ca Sáez, Mg Lobos, Ec Macaya, Et Al
Variation In Patterns Of Metal Accumulation In Thallus Parts Of Lessonia Trabeculata (Laminariales; Phaeophyceae): Implications For Biomonitoring, Ca Sáez, Mg Lobos, Ec Macaya, Et Al
School of Biological and Marine Sciences
Seaweeds are well known to concentrate metals from seawater and have been employed as monitors of metal pollution in coastal waters and estuaries. However, research showing that various intrinsic and extrinsic factors can influence metal accumulation, raises doubts about the basis for using seaweeds in biomonitoring programmes. The thallus of brown seaweeds of the order Laminariales (kelps) is morphologically complex but there is limited information about the variation in metal accumulation between the different parts, which might result in erroneous conclusions being drawn if not accounted for in the biomonitoring protocol. To assess patterns of individual metals in the differentiated …
Escherichia Coli-Mediated Impairment Of Ureteric Contractility Is Uropathogenic E. Coli Specific., Rachel V. Floyd, Mathew Upton, Scott J. Hultgren, Susan Wray, Theodor V. Burdyga, Craig Winstanley
Escherichia Coli-Mediated Impairment Of Ureteric Contractility Is Uropathogenic E. Coli Specific., Rachel V. Floyd, Mathew Upton, Scott J. Hultgren, Susan Wray, Theodor V. Burdyga, Craig Winstanley
School of Biomedical Sciences
BACKGROUND: Ureters are fundamental for keeping kidneys free from uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC), but we have shown that 2 strains (J96 and 536) can subvert this role and reduce ureteric contractility. To determine whether this is (1) a widespread feature of UPEC, (2) exhibited only by UPEC, and (3) dependent upon type 1 fimbriae, we analyzed strains representing epidemiologically important multilocus sequence types ST131, ST73, and ST95 and non-UPEC E. coli. METHODS: Contractility and calcium transients in intact rat ureters were compared between strains. Mannose and fim mutants were used to investigate the role of type 1 fimbriae. RESULTS: Non-UPEC …
Liver Dysfunction And Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signalling In Early Sepsis: Experimental Studies In Rodent Models Of Peritonitis, Peter Recknagel, Falk A. Gonnert, Martin Westermann, Sandro Lambeck, Amelie Lupp, Alain Rudiger, Alex Dyson, Jane E. Carré, Andreas Kortgen, Christoph Krafft, Jürgen Popp, Christoph Sponholz, Valentin Fuhrmann, Ingrid Hilger, Ralf A. Claus, Niels C. Riedemann, Reinhard Wetzker, Mervyn Singer, Michael Trauner, Michael Bauer
Liver Dysfunction And Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signalling In Early Sepsis: Experimental Studies In Rodent Models Of Peritonitis, Peter Recknagel, Falk A. Gonnert, Martin Westermann, Sandro Lambeck, Amelie Lupp, Alain Rudiger, Alex Dyson, Jane E. Carré, Andreas Kortgen, Christoph Krafft, Jürgen Popp, Christoph Sponholz, Valentin Fuhrmann, Ingrid Hilger, Ralf A. Claus, Niels C. Riedemann, Reinhard Wetzker, Mervyn Singer, Michael Trauner, Michael Bauer
School of Biomedical Sciences
No abstract provided.