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Spatial And Temporal Variability Of A Mixed Sediment Estuary, Glen Warren Jul 2015

Spatial And Temporal Variability Of A Mixed Sediment Estuary, Glen Warren

The Plymouth Student Scientist

To accurately predict future and past coastal environments it is extremely important to understand sediment dynamics and variability. The process of bedform development is highly influenced by the sediment composition and biogenic matter present in a coastal environment. Most subaqueous sediment comprises of mixtures of cohesive clay and cohesion-less sand and silt. The sedimentary bedforms that develop are fundamental in controlling fluxes of particulate and dissolved matter in marine environments (Baas et al. 2012). However, very little field research has been undertaken in mixed sediment dynamics, particularly in modelling bedform development from laboratory and field collected data of mixed sediments. …


Factors Influencing Canopy Invertebrates In Britain, Kate Harvey Jul 2015

Factors Influencing Canopy Invertebrates In Britain, Kate Harvey

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Canopy research is becoming increasingly important as the extent of woodland habitats decreases and becomes more fragmented. Invertebrates are a diverse group of canopy fauna which are commonly used as bio-indicators to assess the health of woodland. However, current knowledge and understanding of invertebrate abundance and diversity in temperate forest canopies is limited and usually based on individual preliminary studies. In this study, data from six individual studies across eight locations, two in Scotland and six in the south-west of England were analysed to determine differences between tree species: oak (Quercus robur), scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and beech (Fagus sylvatica); …


Alpha-Synuclein Induced Mitochondrial Aberrations In A Genetic Cell Culture Model Of Parkinson's Disease, Jennifer Pinnell Jul 2015

Alpha-Synuclein Induced Mitochondrial Aberrations In A Genetic Cell Culture Model Of Parkinson's Disease, Jennifer Pinnell

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Mutations in the α-synuclein encoding gene, SNCA, have been implicated in the pathophysiology and progression of Parkinson’s disease, a neurodegenerative disorder which results in motor and cognitive abnormalities in patients. Missense mutations, duplications and triplications of the gene relate to the onset and advancement of the ailment, but the role of α-synuclein protein in the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Recent investigation of the disease and its other associated proteins has driven interest in the role of mitochondrial abnormalities in Parkinson’s disease. Through use of an ecdysone-inducible expression system in the mammalian neuronal cell line, 1RB3AN27, the detrimental effects of mutant …


Heat And Mass Transfer During The Sump Development In A Potash Solution Mine, Olivia Ellard Jul 2015

Heat And Mass Transfer During The Sump Development In A Potash Solution Mine, Olivia Ellard

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The following report addresses the problem of heating input water during the process of solution mining for potash. With an ever-increasing pressure to reduce reliance on fossil fuels, being able to warm inlet water with underground heat would be an advantage for any solution mining company. The report examines the problem in general to discover whether a temperature of 328K can be reached at the bottom of the mine. A finite difference method was used to simulate the heat transfer within a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet, with validation provided by SolidWorks Flow Simulation Software. Varying atmospheric temperature, flow rate and type …


Investigating The Concept Of A Novel Flexible Fabric Wave Energy Device, Jamie Cook Jul 2015

Investigating The Concept Of A Novel Flexible Fabric Wave Energy Device, Jamie Cook

The Plymouth Student Scientist

This literature review comprises one part of a project report which presented the findings of an initial investigation into the concept and performance of a 1:50 scale model novel flexible fabric wave energy device subjected to static tank tests and assessing the model characteristics under load. The topic of wave energy extraction was critically reviewed in terms of the ocean resource and available wave power before wave energy converters were discussed with respect to developmental stages, performance assessment and methods of comparison. The terminology surrounding device capture width was examined and the inconsistent usage of the terms capture width and …


Educating Scientists With Plymouth University, Victoria Sleight Jul 2015

Educating Scientists With Plymouth University, Victoria Sleight

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Guest editorial: Victoria Sleight from the British Antarctic Survey.


Assessing The Extent Of Establishment Of Undaria Pinnatifida In Plymouth Sound Special Area Of Conservation, Uk, Sabrina Heiser, Jason Hall-Spencer, Keith Hiscock Jul 2015

Assessing The Extent Of Establishment Of Undaria Pinnatifida In Plymouth Sound Special Area Of Conservation, Uk, Sabrina Heiser, Jason Hall-Spencer, Keith Hiscock

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The north-west Pacific kelp, Undaria pinnatifida, was first discovered in Europe on the Mediterranean coast of France (1971) and introduced to Brittany for aquaculture (1983). In the north-east Atlantic, it occurs in Spain, France, the British Isles, Belgium and Holland. The first UK record was in the Hamble estuary (1994) and it was found off Plymouth in 2003. The UK distribution is presently restricted to the south of England and the northern Irish Sea. We assessed the distribution of U. pinnatifida and native kelps and their allies in Plymouth Sound (at 0 to +1 m relative to Chart Datum). Undaria …


Stemchecker: A Web-Based Tool To Discover And Explore Stemness Signatures In Gene Sets, José P. Pinto, Ravi K. Kalathur, Daniel V. Oliveira, Tânia Barata, Rsr Machado, S Machado, Ivette Pacheco-Leyva, Isabel Duarte, Matthias E. Futschik Jul 2015

Stemchecker: A Web-Based Tool To Discover And Explore Stemness Signatures In Gene Sets, José P. Pinto, Ravi K. Kalathur, Daniel V. Oliveira, Tânia Barata, Rsr Machado, S Machado, Ivette Pacheco-Leyva, Isabel Duarte, Matthias E. Futschik

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.


Two New Species Of Madicolous Water Beetle From South Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae), David T. Bilton Jun 2015

Two New Species Of Madicolous Water Beetle From South Africa (Coleoptera: Hydraenidae), David T. Bilton

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Coelometopon glenavoni sp. n. and Oomtelecopon disjunctum sp. n., two madicolous hydraenid beetles are described from the Eastern and Western Cape provinces of South Africa respectively. Diagnostic notes are provided for both species, together with a discussion of the ecology and biogeography of the two genera.


Marine Governance In The English Channel (La Manche): Linking Science And Management., G. Glegg, R. Jefferson, S. Fletcher Jun 2015

Marine Governance In The English Channel (La Manche): Linking Science And Management., G. Glegg, R. Jefferson, S. Fletcher

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The English Channel is one of the world's busiest sea areas with intense shipping and port activity juxtaposed with recreation, communications and important conservation areas. Opportunities for marine renewable energy vie with existing activities for space. The current governance of the English Channel is reviewed and found to lack integration between countries, sectors, legislation and scientific research. Recent developments within the EU's marine management frameworks are significantly altering our approach to marine governance and this paper explores the implications of these new approaches to management of the English Channel. Existing mechanisms for cross-Channel science and potential benefits of an English …


Neural Tuning Functions Underlie Both Generalization And Interference, Ian S. Howard, David W. Franklin Jun 2015

Neural Tuning Functions Underlie Both Generalization And Interference, Ian S. Howard, David W. Franklin

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

No abstract provided.


The Mammalian Cell Cycle Regulates Parvovirus Nuclear Capsid Assembly, J Gil-Ranedo, E Hernando, L Riolobos, C Domínguez, M Kann, Jm Almendral Jun 2015

The Mammalian Cell Cycle Regulates Parvovirus Nuclear Capsid Assembly, J Gil-Ranedo, E Hernando, L Riolobos, C Domínguez, M Kann, Jm Almendral

Peninsula Medical School

No abstract provided.


Novel Hybrid Adaptive Controller For Manipulation In Complex Perturbation Environments, Amc Smith, C Yang, H Ma, Et Al Jun 2015

Novel Hybrid Adaptive Controller For Manipulation In Complex Perturbation Environments, Amc Smith, C Yang, H Ma, Et Al

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

In this paper we present a hybrid control scheme, combining the advantages of task-space and joint-space control. The controller is based on a human-like adaptive design, which minimises both control effort and tracking error. Our novel hybrid adaptive controller has been tested in extensive simulations, in a scenario where a Baxter robot manipulator is affected by external disturbances in the form of interaction with the environment and tool-like end-effector perturbations. The results demonstrated improved performance in the hybrid controller over both of its component parts. In addition, we introduce a novel method for online adaptation of learning parameters, using the …


A Physics-Enabled Flow Restoration Algorithm For Sparse Piv And Ptv Measurements, Andrey Vlasenko, Edward C.C. Steele, W. Alex M. Nimmo-Smith Jun 2015

A Physics-Enabled Flow Restoration Algorithm For Sparse Piv And Ptv Measurements, Andrey Vlasenko, Edward C.C. Steele, W. Alex M. Nimmo-Smith

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

The gaps and noise present in particle image velocimetry (PIV) and particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) measurements affect the accuracy of the data collected. Existing algorithms developed for the restoration of such data are only applicable to experimental measurements collected under well-prepared laboratory conditions (i.e. where the pattern of the velocity flow field is known), and the distribution, size and type of gaps and noise may be controlled by the laboratory set-up. However, in many cases, such as PIV and PTV measurements of arbitrarily turbid coastal waters, the arrangement of such conditions is not possible. When the size of gaps or …


Discovery Of A Polyomavirus In European Badgers (Meles Meles) And The Evolution Of Host Range In The Family Polyomaviridae, Sarah C. Hill, Aisling A. Murphy, Matthew Cotten, Anne L. Palser, Phillip Benson, Sandrine Lesellier, Eamonn Gormley, Céline Richomme, Sylvia Grierson, Deirdre Ni Bhuachalla, Mark Chambers, Paul Kellam, María Laura Boschiroli, Bernhard Ehlers, Michael A. Jarvis, Oliver G. Pybus Jun 2015

Discovery Of A Polyomavirus In European Badgers (Meles Meles) And The Evolution Of Host Range In The Family Polyomaviridae, Sarah C. Hill, Aisling A. Murphy, Matthew Cotten, Anne L. Palser, Phillip Benson, Sandrine Lesellier, Eamonn Gormley, Céline Richomme, Sylvia Grierson, Deirdre Ni Bhuachalla, Mark Chambers, Paul Kellam, María Laura Boschiroli, Bernhard Ehlers, Michael A. Jarvis, Oliver G. Pybus

School of Biomedical Sciences

Polyomaviruses infect a diverse range of mammalian and avian hosts, and are associated with a variety of symptoms. However, it is unknown whether the viruses are found in all mammalian families and the evolutionary history of the polyomaviruses is still unclear. Here, we report the discovery of a novel polyomavirus in the European badger (Meles meles), which to our knowledge represents the first polyomavirus to be characterized in the family Mustelidae, and within a European carnivoran. Although the virus was discovered serendipitously in the supernatant of a cell culture inoculated with badger material, we subsequently confirmed its presence in wild …


Time-Related Expression Profiles For Heat Shock Protein Gene Transcripts (Hsp40, Hsp70) In The Central Nervous System Of Lymnaea Stagnalis Exposed To Thermal Stress, Nl Foster, K Lukowiak, Tb Henry Jun 2015

Time-Related Expression Profiles For Heat Shock Protein Gene Transcripts (Hsp40, Hsp70) In The Central Nervous System Of Lymnaea Stagnalis Exposed To Thermal Stress, Nl Foster, K Lukowiak, Tb Henry

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Organisms exposed to environmental stressors respond by rapidly synthesising a suite of highly conserved proteins called heat shock proteins (HSPs). Environmental stress can also enhance and/or block memory formation, with longterm memory formation requiring gene activation and protein synthesis. Thermal stress in the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis can enhance memory formation, and, in this study, the effect of thermal stress on HSP gene expression in the nervous system was investigated. Time-related expression profiles for HSP40 and HSP70 indicated rapid (<30 min) induction for both transcripts. For HSP40, induction was <20 fold relative to control and expression returned to control levels within 8 h, whereas HSP70 induction was >100 fold and expression did not return to control levels within 8 h.


Modelling Impacts Of Seasonal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Permits And Biosolid Substitution For Phosphorus Management In Catchments And River Systems, P. G. Whitehead, M. N. Futter, S. Comber, D. Butterfield, L. Pope, R. Willows, C. Burgess Jun 2015

Modelling Impacts Of Seasonal Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluent Permits And Biosolid Substitution For Phosphorus Management In Catchments And River Systems, P. G. Whitehead, M. N. Futter, S. Comber, D. Butterfield, L. Pope, R. Willows, C. Burgess

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

The issues of diffuse and point source phosphorus (P) pollution in river systems are presented using a catchment model to assess nutrient behaviour, seasonal effluent standards and biosolid substitution. A process-based, dynamic water quality model (INCA-P) has been applied to four UK catchments, namely, the Rivers Tywi, Wensum, Lunan and Hampshire Avon, to simulate water fluxes, sediments, total phosphorus and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) concentrations. The model has been used to assess impacts of both agricultural runoff and point P sources from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) on water quality. With increasing costs for P fertilizer and P reduction at WWTPs, …


The English Channel: Contamination Status Of Its Transitional And Coastal Waters, Ad Tappin, Ge Millward Jun 2015

The English Channel: Contamination Status Of Its Transitional And Coastal Waters, Ad Tappin, Ge Millward

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

The chemical contamination (organic compounds, metals, radionuclides, microplastics, nutrients) of English Channel waters has been reviewed, focussing on the sources, concentrations and impacts. River loads were only reliable for Pb, whereas atmospheric loads appeared robust for Cd, Pb, Hg, PCB-153 and γ-HCH. Temporal trends in atmospheric inputs were decreasing. Contaminant concentrations in biota were relatively constant or decreasing, but not for Cd, Hg and HBCDD, and deleterious impacts on fish and copepods were reported. However, data on ecotoxicological effects were generally sparse for legacy and emerging contaminants. Intercomparison of activity concentrations of artificial radionuclides in sediments and biota on both …


Frost Hardiness Of Iraqi Wheat Genotypes, M Al-Issawi, Hz Rihan, Uh Mahdi, Mp Fuller Jun 2015

Frost Hardiness Of Iraqi Wheat Genotypes, M Al-Issawi, Hz Rihan, Uh Mahdi, Mp Fuller

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Frost hardiness level in winter cereals is especially temperature dependent. The low temperature which kills 50% of plants (LT50) is considered to be a standard indicator of frost hardiness level of plant. Frost hardiness is considered the most important parameter for the field survival which is the ultimate measure of winter-hardiness of a cultivar. This study aimed to determine the genetic level of frost hardiness of five Middle Eastern varieties (Abu-Ghraib, Fatah, IPA 95, IPA 99, and Sham 6) in comparison to the European cultivar (Claire). All of the Middle Eastern varieties tested showed very similar LT50’s in the nonacclimated …


Living With, Managing And Minimising Treatment Burden In Long Term Conditions: A Systematic Review Of Qualitative Research, S Demain, A-C Gonçalves, C Areia, R Oliveira, Aj Marcos, A Marques, R Parmar, K Hunt May 2015

Living With, Managing And Minimising Treatment Burden In Long Term Conditions: A Systematic Review Of Qualitative Research, S Demain, A-C Gonçalves, C Areia, R Oliveira, Aj Marcos, A Marques, R Parmar, K Hunt

School of Health Professions

No abstract provided.


Detergent Less Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Of Trace Elements From Edible Oils Using Lipase As An Extractant, Derya Kara, Andrew Fisher, Steve Hill May 2015

Detergent Less Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Of Trace Elements From Edible Oils Using Lipase As An Extractant, Derya Kara, Andrew Fisher, Steve Hill

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

A new method for the extraction and preconcentration of trace elements (Al, Ba, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Ti, V and Zn) from edible oils by producing detergentless micro-emulsions via an ultrasound-assisted extraction using a water phase containing Lipase at pH 3 as an extractant was developed. The trace elements in the water phase post-extraction were determined against matrix matched standards using ICP-MS. In the first step of the work, the parameters that affect extraction, such as pH, the volume of 1% lipase in the water phase and the ultrasonic and centrifugation times were optimized. Under the optimal conditions, …


Health Effects Of Selected NanoparticlesIn Vivo: Liver Function And Hepatotoxicity Following Intravenous Injection Of Titanium Dioxide And Na-Oleate-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles In Rodents, K Volkovova, Rd Handy, M Staruchova, J Tulinska, A Kebis, J Pribojova, O Ulicna, J Kucharská, M Dusinska May 2015

Health Effects Of Selected NanoparticlesIn Vivo: Liver Function And Hepatotoxicity Following Intravenous Injection Of Titanium Dioxide And Na-Oleate-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles In Rodents, K Volkovova, Rd Handy, M Staruchova, J Tulinska, A Kebis, J Pribojova, O Ulicna, J Kucharská, M Dusinska

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Biological Impact Assessment Of Nanomaterial Used In Nanomedicine. Introduction To The Nanotest Project, L Juillerat-Jeanneret, M Dusinska, Lm Fjellsbø, Ar Collins, Rd Handy, M Riediker May 2015

Biological Impact Assessment Of Nanomaterial Used In Nanomedicine. Introduction To The Nanotest Project, L Juillerat-Jeanneret, M Dusinska, Lm Fjellsbø, Ar Collins, Rd Handy, M Riediker

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Towards An Alternative Testing Strategy For Nanomaterials Used In Nanomedicine: Lessons From Nanotest, M Dusinska, S Boland, M Saunders, L Juillerat-Jeanneret, L Tran, G Pojana, A Marcomini, K Volkovova, J Tulinska, Le Knudsen, L Gombau, M Whelan, Ar Collins, F Marano, C Housiadas, D Bilanicova, Kenzaoui B Halamoda, Carreira S Correia, Z Magdolenova, Lm Fjellsbø, A Huk, R Handy, L Walker, M Barancokova, A Bartonova, E Burello, J Castell, H Cowie, M Drlickova, R Guadagnini, G Harris, M Harju, Es Heimstad, M Hurbankova, A Kazimirova, Z Kovacikova, M Kuricova, A Liskova, A Milcamps, E Neubauerova, T Palosaari, P Papazafiri, M Pilou, Ms Poulsen, B Ross, E Runden-Pran, K Sebekova, M Staruchova, D Vallotto, A Worth May 2015

Towards An Alternative Testing Strategy For Nanomaterials Used In Nanomedicine: Lessons From Nanotest, M Dusinska, S Boland, M Saunders, L Juillerat-Jeanneret, L Tran, G Pojana, A Marcomini, K Volkovova, J Tulinska, Le Knudsen, L Gombau, M Whelan, Ar Collins, F Marano, C Housiadas, D Bilanicova, Kenzaoui B Halamoda, Carreira S Correia, Z Magdolenova, Lm Fjellsbø, A Huk, R Handy, L Walker, M Barancokova, A Bartonova, E Burello, J Castell, H Cowie, M Drlickova, R Guadagnini, G Harris, M Harju, Es Heimstad, M Hurbankova, A Kazimirova, Z Kovacikova, M Kuricova, A Liskova, A Milcamps, E Neubauerova, T Palosaari, P Papazafiri, M Pilou, Ms Poulsen, B Ross, E Runden-Pran, K Sebekova, M Staruchova, D Vallotto, A Worth

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Macroalgal Responses To Ocean Acidification Depend On Nutrient And Light Levels, Psm Celis-Plã¡, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Paulo Antunes Horta, Marco Milazzo, Nathalie Korbee, Christopher E. Cornwall, Félix L. Figueroa May 2015

Macroalgal Responses To Ocean Acidification Depend On Nutrient And Light Levels, Psm Celis-Plã¡, Jason M. Hall-Spencer, Paulo Antunes Horta, Marco Milazzo, Nathalie Korbee, Christopher E. Cornwall, Félix L. Figueroa

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

No abstract provided.


Swirl Flow Bioreactor Coupled With Cu-Alginate Beads: A System For The Eradication Of Coliform And Escherichia Coli From Biological Effluents, S Atkinson, Sf Thomas, P Goddard, Rm Bransgrove, Et Al May 2015

Swirl Flow Bioreactor Coupled With Cu-Alginate Beads: A System For The Eradication Of Coliform And Escherichia Coli From Biological Effluents, S Atkinson, Sf Thomas, P Goddard, Rm Bransgrove, Et Al

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

It is estimated that approximately 1.1 billion people globally drink unsafe water. We previously reported both a novel copper-alginate bead, which quickly reduces pathogen loading in waste streams and the incorporation of these beads into a novel swirl flow bioreactor (SFB), of low capital and running costs and of simple construction from commercially available plumbing pipes and fittings. The purpose of the present study was to trial this system for pathogen reduction in waste streams from an operating Dewats system in Hinjewadi, Pune, India and in both simulated and real waste streams in Seattle, Washington, USA. The trials in India, …


The Oppeliid, Perisphinctid And Aspidoceratid Ammonite Faunas Of The 'Corallian' Beds (Upper Jurassic) In Cambridgeshire, England, Kn Page, Jk Wright, Sra Kelly May 2015

The Oppeliid, Perisphinctid And Aspidoceratid Ammonite Faunas Of The 'Corallian' Beds (Upper Jurassic) In Cambridgeshire, England, Kn Page, Jk Wright, Sra Kelly

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

The Upware Limestone Member comprises an enclave of Middle Oxfordian 'Corallian' facies limestone situated on the East Midlands Shelf within the more typical mudrock-dominated sequences of eastern England, and is assigned to the West Walton Formation. Recent deep excavations in the district have revealed the base of the Upware Limestone, not exposed since the last century, resting on a mudrock sequence, the Dimmock's Cote Marl Member. The Upware Limestone and Dimmock's Cote Marl have yielded an unusually common ammonite fauna, including both Boreal (Cardioceratidae) and Tethyan (Perisphinctinae) elements, and rare Tethyian oppeliids and aspidoceratids. Thirteen nominal species of Perisphinctes are …


Between Arts And Biological Science. Green Technology And The Concept Of Phytomining, M Gapševičius, Diaz J Pablo, L Rukevičiūtė, B Degger, Jf Tredinnick-Rowe May 2015

Between Arts And Biological Science. Green Technology And The Concept Of Phytomining, M Gapševičius, Diaz J Pablo, L Rukevičiūtė, B Degger, Jf Tredinnick-Rowe

Peninsula Medical School

No abstract provided.


Sensitive Chaos, Dw Strang May 2015

Sensitive Chaos, Dw Strang

School of Art, Design and Architecture

This paper describes the life (and death) of the interface in the installation Tiny Moments by David Strang. Tiny Moments is a sound and light interactive installation that explores natural phenomena surrounding heat, ice and presence/ proximity. This installation explores the process of natural materials in computer interaction in a way beyond simple hardware devices available to users. What is created is a space filled with ever changing rhythms of light and sound in complete synchronicity that no user feels to have any control of.


Xiap And Ciap1 Amplifications Induce Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy Through Nfκb Activation., Fang Lin, Ghita Ghislat, Shouqing Luo, Maurizio Renna, Farah Siddiqi, David C. Rubinsztein May 2015

Xiap And Ciap1 Amplifications Induce Beclin 1-Dependent Autophagy Through Nfκb Activation., Fang Lin, Ghita Ghislat, Shouqing Luo, Maurizio Renna, Farah Siddiqi, David C. Rubinsztein

Peninsula Medical School

Perturbations in autophagy and apoptosis are associated with cancer development. XIAP and cIAP1 are two members of the inhibitors of apoptosis protein family whose expression is elevated in different cancers. Here we report that XIAP and cIAP1 induce autophagy by upregulating the transcription of Beclin 1, an essential autophagy gene. The E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of both proteins activates NFκB signalling, leading to the direct binding of p65 to the promoter of Beclin 1 and to its transcriptional activation. This mechanism may be relevant in cancer cells, since we found increased levels of autophagy in different B-cell lymphoma-derived cell lines …