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Hypoxia-Driven Cell Motility Reflects The Interplay Between Jmy And Hif-1Α, As Coutts, Im Pires, L Weston, Fm Buffa, Et Al Dec 2011

Hypoxia-Driven Cell Motility Reflects The Interplay Between Jmy And Hif-1Α, As Coutts, Im Pires, L Weston, Fm Buffa, Et Al

School of Biomedical Sciences

Junction-mediating and regulatory protein (JMY) is a novel p53 cofactor that regulates p53 activity during stress. JMY interacts with p300/CBP, which are ubiquitous transcriptional co-activators that interact with a variety of sequence-specific transcription factors, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α). In addition, JMY is an actin-nucleating protein, which, through its WH2 domains, stimulates cell motility. In this study, we show that JMY is upregulated during hypoxia in a HIF-1α-dependent manner. The JMY gene contains HIF-responsive elements in its promoter region and HIF-1α is recruited to its promoter during hypoxia. HIF-1α drives transcription of JMY, which accounts for its induction under hypoxia. Moreover, …

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Investigating A Win, Win Situation: Delivering Quality Swimming Experiences For Children In Local Primary Schools Within The Gippsland Region, Through Teacher Education., Tj Lynch Nov 2011

Investigating A Win, Win Situation: Delivering Quality Swimming Experiences For Children In Local Primary Schools Within The Gippsland Region, Through Teacher Education., Tj Lynch

Plymouth Institute of Education

The goals established at the Melbourne Declaration on Educational Goals for Young Australians (December, 2008) were “about equity and social justice and improved learning outcomes for our most disadvantaged and isolated students” (Ewing, 2010, p. 127). A commitment to action in achieving these goals included: promoting world-class curriculum and assessment; and improving educational outcomes for the disadvantaged young Australians, especially those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. A large percentage of the Gippsland region population comprises of socio-economically disadvantaged. Implementation of the Health and Physical Education (HPE) learning area within Australian rural primary schools and specifically swimming and water safety often presents …

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Identification And Expression Analysis Of Cbf/Dreb1 And Cor15 Genes In Mutants Of Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis With Enhanced Proline Production And Frost Resistance, F Hadi, M Gilpin, Mp Fuller Nov 2011

Identification And Expression Analysis Of Cbf/Dreb1 And Cor15 Genes In Mutants Of Brassica Oleracea Var. Botrytis With Enhanced Proline Production And Frost Resistance, F Hadi, M Gilpin, Mp Fuller

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Frost resistant mutants of Brassica oleracea var. botrytis were investigated for the presence of CBF/DREB1 and COR15a gene products and induced frost resistance. Total RNA of clones was isolated after 3 h, 6 h, 24 h and 14 d acclimation at 4 °C and proteins and free proline were isolated after 14 d acclimation. cDNA was produced using RT-PCR and the first CBF gene in B. oleracea detected and did quantify. Through SDS-PAGE and Western blotting, the COR15a protein was detected for the first time in B. oleracea. The results confirmed the first report of the presence of BoCBF/DREB1 in …

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Cognitions In Bipolar Affective Disorder And Unipolar Depression: Imagining Suicide, Sa Hales, C Deeprose, Gm Goodwin, Ea Holmes Nov 2011

Cognitions In Bipolar Affective Disorder And Unipolar Depression: Imagining Suicide, Sa Hales, C Deeprose, Gm Goodwin, Ea Holmes

School of Psychology

Hales SA, Deeprose C, Goodwin GM, Holmes EA. Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide. Bipolar Disord 2011: 13: 651–661. © 2011 The Authors. Journal compilation © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Objective: Bipolar disorder has the highest rate of suicide of all the psychiatric disorders. In unipolar depression, individuals report vivid, affect-laden images of suicide or the aftermath of death (flashforwards to suicide) during suicidal ideation but this phenomenon has not been explored in bipolar disorder. Therefore the authors investigated and compared imagery and verbal thoughts related to past suicidality in individuals with bipolar disorder …

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Bunker Auscultation, Mh Emmett Nov 2011

Bunker Auscultation, Mh Emmett

School of Art, Design and Architecture

The investigation trials a cognitive mapping methodology designed to analyse theories of spatial behaviours and focuses on the nature of perception in the formation of subjective reality and interpersonal feedback mechanisms. A subterranean WWII bunker, hidden under the City of Plymouth, is used as a specific context for centering the investigation, inasmuch the enquiry considers the bunker as psychoactive in nature, that is, stimulating a range of psychological, emotional and behavioural responses in relationship to the percipients spatial register. The project focuses on the formalisation of a classification system, and examines space as a conveying medium. The project acts as …

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Environmental Constraints And Profitability Relationships In Agriculture: A Case Study Of Wheat Farming In Bangladesh, S Rahman, Mk Hasan Nov 2011

Environmental Constraints And Profitability Relationships In Agriculture: A Case Study Of Wheat Farming In Bangladesh, S Rahman, Mk Hasan

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

This article attempts to measure the influence of environmental constraints on profitability and resource use in agriculture by utilizing survey data of 293 wheat farmers from three regions of Bangladesh. Analysis is based on a profit function, where the selected variables representing environmental constraints were incorporated as additional fixed factors. Results revealed that environmental constraints have a significant influence on both profitability and farmers' resource allocation decisions. Output supply and input demands were significantly affected by land suitability and other environmental constraints (i.e. a combination of poor soil fertility, pest and weed infestation and weather variation). The policy implications include …

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Factors Associated With Variability In The Assessment Of Uk Doctors' Professionalism: Analysis Of Survey Results, Jl Campbell, M Roberts, C Wright, J Hill, Et Al Oct 2011

Factors Associated With Variability In The Assessment Of Uk Doctors' Professionalism: Analysis Of Survey Results, Jl Campbell, M Roberts, C Wright, J Hill, Et Al

Peninsula Medical School

OBJECTIVES: To investigate potential sources of systematic bias arising in the assessment of doctors' professionalism. DESIGN: Linear regression modelling of cross sectional questionnaire survey data. SETTING: 11 clinical practices in England and Wales. PARTICIPANTS: 1065 non-training grade doctors from various clinical specialties and settings, 17,031 of their colleagues, and 30,333 of their patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Two measures of a doctor's professional performance using patient and colleague questionnaires from the United Kingdom's General Medical Council (GMC). We selected potential predictor variables from the characteristics of the doctors and of their patient and colleague assessors. RESULTS: After we adjusted for characteristics …

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Towards The Grounding Of Abstract Words: A Neural Network Model For Cognitive Robots, F Stramandinoli, A Cangelosi, D Marocco Oct 2011

Towards The Grounding Of Abstract Words: A Neural Network Model For Cognitive Robots, F Stramandinoli, A Cangelosi, D Marocco

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

In this paper, a model based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) extends the symbol grounding mechanism toabstract words for cognitive robots. The aim of this work is to obtain a semantic representation of abstract concepts through the grounding in sensorimotor experiences for a humanoid robotic platform. Simulation experiments have been developed on a software environment for the iCub robot. Words that express general actions with a sensorimotor component are first taught to the simulated robot. During the training stage the robot first learns to perform a set of basic action primitives through the mechanism of direct grounding. Subsequently, the grounding …

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Don't Sit So Close To Me: Unconsciously Elicited Affect Automatically Provokes Social Avoidance, Na Wyer, G Calvini Oct 2011

Don't Sit So Close To Me: Unconsciously Elicited Affect Automatically Provokes Social Avoidance, Na Wyer, G Calvini

School of Psychology

Behavior may be automatically prompted by cues in our social environment. Previous research has focused on cognitive explanations for such effects. Here we hypothesize that affective processes are susceptible to similar automatic influences. We propose that exposure to groups stereotyped as dangerous or violent may provoke an anxiety response and, thus, a tendency to move away. In the present experiment, we subliminally exposed participants to images of such a group, and found that they displayed greater avoidance in a subsequent interaction. Critically, this effect was explained by their increased sensitivity to threat-related information. These findings demonstrate an affective mechanism responsible …

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Iucn Uk Commission Of Inquiry On Peatlands, Cg Bain, A Bonn, R Stoneman, S Chapman, A Coupar, M Evans, B Gearey, M Howat, H Joosten, C Keenleyside, J Labadz, R Lindsay, N Littlewood, Paul Lunt, Cj Miller, A Moxey, H Orr, M Reed, P Smith, V Swales, Dba Thompson, Ps Thompson, R Van De Noort, Jd Wilson, F Worrall Oct 2011

Iucn Uk Commission Of Inquiry On Peatlands, Cg Bain, A Bonn, R Stoneman, S Chapman, A Coupar, M Evans, B Gearey, M Howat, H Joosten, C Keenleyside, J Labadz, R Lindsay, N Littlewood, Paul Lunt, Cj Miller, A Moxey, H Orr, M Reed, P Smith, V Swales, Dba Thompson, Ps Thompson, R Van De Noort, Jd Wilson, F Worrall

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Peatlands are areas of land with a naturally accumulated layer ofpeat. These are formed under waterlogged conditions from carbonrich, dead and decaying plant material. In the UK mosses, mainlySphagnum species, are the main formers of peat.Peatlands are found in at least 175 countries – from the tropics to the poles– and cover around 4 million km2or 3% of the world’s land area. In Europe,peatlands extend to ca. 515,000 km2. The UK is amongst the top ten nationsof the world in terms of its total peatland area. The UK has between 9-15%of Europe’s peatland area (46,000-77,000 km2) and about 13% of …

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Modeling The Connectome Of A Simple Spinal Cord., R Borisyuk, Ak Al Azad, D Conte, A Roberts, Sr Soffe Sep 2011

Modeling The Connectome Of A Simple Spinal Cord., R Borisyuk, Ak Al Azad, D Conte, A Roberts, Sr Soffe

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

In this paper we develop a computational model of the anatomy of a spinal cord. We address a long-standing ambition of neuroscience to understand the structure-function problem by modeling the complete spinal cord connectome map in the 2-day old hatchling Xenopus tadpole. Our approach to modeling neuronal connectivity is based on developmental processes of axon growth. A simple mathematical model of axon growth allows us to reconstruct a biologically realistic connectome of the tadpole spinal cord based on neurobiological data. In our model we distribute neuron cell bodies and dendrites on both sides of the body based on experimental measurements. …

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Seasonal And Inter-Annual Temperature Variability In The Bottom Waters Over The Western Black Sea Shelf, G. I. Shapiro, F. Wobus, D. L. Aleynik Sep 2011

Seasonal And Inter-Annual Temperature Variability In The Bottom Waters Over The Western Black Sea Shelf, G. I. Shapiro, F. Wobus, D. L. Aleynik

School of Biological and Marine Sciences

Long-term changes in the state of the Bottom Shelf Water (BSW) on the Western shelf of the Black Sea are assessed using analysis of intra-seasonal and inter-annual temperature variations. For the purpose of this study the BSW is defined as such shelf water mass between the seabed and the upper mixed layer (bounded by the σθ = 14.2 isopycnal) which has limited ability to mix vertically with oxygen-rich surface waters during the warm season due to formation of a seasonal pycnocline. A long-term time series of temperature anomalies in the BSW is constructed from in-situ observations taken over the 2nd …

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Protocol For A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Lithium Carbonate In Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Licals) [Eudract Number: 2008-006891-31], Ammar Al-Chalabi, Pamela J. Shaw, Carolyn A. Young, Karen E. Morrison, Caroline Murphy, Marie Thornhill, Joanna Kelly, I. Nicholas Steen, P. Nigel Leigh, Oliver Hanemann Sep 2011

Protocol For A Double-Blind Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial Of Lithium Carbonate In Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Licals) [Eudract Number: 2008-006891-31], Ammar Al-Chalabi, Pamela J. Shaw, Carolyn A. Young, Karen E. Morrison, Caroline Murphy, Marie Thornhill, Joanna Kelly, I. Nicholas Steen, P. Nigel Leigh, Oliver Hanemann

Peninsula Medical School

Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a rapidly progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by loss of motor neurons leading to severe weakness and death from respiratory failure within 3-5 years. Riluzole prolongs survival in ALS. A published report has suggested a dramatic effect of lithium carbonate on survival. 44 patients were studied, with 16 randomly selected to take LiCO3 and riluzole and 28 allocated to take riluzole alone. In the group treated with lithium, no patients had died (i.e., 100% survival) at the end of the study (15 months from entry), compared to 71% surviving in the riluzole-only group. Although the …

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Dll4-Notch Signaling Mediates Tumor Resistance To Anti-Vegf Therapy In Vivo, J-L Li, Rca Sainson, Ce Oon, H Turley, Et Al Sep 2011

Dll4-Notch Signaling Mediates Tumor Resistance To Anti-Vegf Therapy In Vivo, J-L Li, Rca Sainson, Ce Oon, H Turley, Et Al

School of Biomedical Sciences

Resistance to VEGF inhibitors is emerging as a major clinical problem. Notch signaling has been implicated in tumor angiogenesis. Therefore, to investigate mechanisms of resistance to angiogenesis inhibitors, we transduced human glioblastoma cells with retroviruses encoding Notch delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4), grew them as tumor xenografts and then treated the murine hosts with the VEGF-A inhibitor bevacizumab. We found that DLL4-mediated tumor resistance to bevacizumab in vivo. The large vessels induced by DLL4-Notch signaling increased tumor blood supply and were insensitive to bevacizumab. However, blockade of Notch signaling by dibenzazepine, a ?-secretase inhibitor, disrupted the large vessels and abolished the …

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The Use Of Phonetic Motor Invariants Can Improve Automatic Phoneme Discrimination, C Castellini, L Badino, G Metta, G Sandini, Et Al Sep 2011

The Use Of Phonetic Motor Invariants Can Improve Automatic Phoneme Discrimination, C Castellini, L Badino, G Metta, G Sandini, Et Al

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

We investigate the use of phonetic motor invariants (MIs), that is, recurring kinematic patterns of the human phonetic articulators, to improve automatic phoneme discrimination. Using a multi-subject database of synchronized speech and lips/tongue trajectories, we first identify MIs commonly associated with bilabial and dental consonants, and use them to simultaneously segment speech and motor signals. We then build a simple neural network-based regression schema (called Audio-Motor Map, AMM) mapping audio features of these segments to the corresponding MIs. Extensive experimental results show that (a) a small set of features extracted from the MIs, as originally gathered from articulatory sensors, are …

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Genetic Organisation, Mobility And Predicted Functions Of Genes On Integrated, Mobile Genetic Elements In Sequenced Strains Of Clostridium Difficile, Michael S.M. Brouwer, Philip J. Warburton, Adam P. Roberts, Peter Mullany, Elaine Allan Aug 2011

Genetic Organisation, Mobility And Predicted Functions Of Genes On Integrated, Mobile Genetic Elements In Sequenced Strains Of Clostridium Difficile, Michael S.M. Brouwer, Philip J. Warburton, Adam P. Roberts, Peter Mullany, Elaine Allan

School of Biomedical Sciences

No abstract provided.

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Carers' Health & Well-Being Checks Service Evaluation Study, H Donnellan, R Endacott, K Grimes Aug 2011

Carers' Health & Well-Being Checks Service Evaluation Study, H Donnellan, R Endacott, K Grimes

School of Health Professions

No abstract provided.

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Altered Toll-Like Receptor 2-Mediated Endotoxin Tolerance Is Related To Diminished Interferon Β Production, Ss Zaric, Wa Coulter, Ce Shelburne, Cr Fulton, Et Al Aug 2011

Altered Toll-Like Receptor 2-Mediated Endotoxin Tolerance Is Related To Diminished Interferon Β Production, Ss Zaric, Wa Coulter, Ce Shelburne, Cr Fulton, Et Al

Peninsula Dental School

Induction of endotoxin tolerance leads to a reduced inflammatory response after repeated challenge by LPS and is important for resolution of inflammation and prevention of tissue damage. Enterobacterial LPS is recognized by the TLR4 signaling complex, whereas LPS of some non-enterobacterial organisms is capable of signaling independently of TLR4 utilizing TLR2-mediated signal transduction instead. In this study we report that Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS, a TLR2 agonist, fails to induce a fully endotoxin tolerant state in a human monocytic cell line (THP-1) and mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages. In contrast to significantly decreased production of human IL-8 and TNF-α and, in mice, …

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Unconsidered Activity, Craft Expertise And Reflective Practice In Teaching, Peter Kelly Aug 2011

Unconsidered Activity, Craft Expertise And Reflective Practice In Teaching, Peter Kelly

Plymouth Institute of Education

No abstract provided.

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Diversification Economies And Efficiencies In A ‘Blue-Green Revolution’ Combination: A Case Study Of Prawn-Carp-Rice Farming In The ‘Gher’ System In Bangladesh, S Rahman, Bk Barmon, N Ahmed Aug 2011

Diversification Economies And Efficiencies In A ‘Blue-Green Revolution’ Combination: A Case Study Of Prawn-Carp-Rice Farming In The ‘Gher’ System In Bangladesh, S Rahman, Bk Barmon, N Ahmed

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Gher' farming is a unique system that incorporates the joint operation of three enterprises: freshwater prawn, fish and HYV rice and is expanding rapidly in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. In this paper we evaluate the performance of this unique system in terms of the existence of diversification economies (amongst the three integrated enterprises), scale economies and technical efficiency using a stochastic input distance function approach on a sample of gher farmers. The results reveal evidence of a diversification economy in the rice-carp combination. Economies of scale exist in the 'gher' farming system. The level of technical efficiency is estimated …

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Musical Emotions: Predicting Second-By-Second Subjective Feelings Of Emotion From Low-Level Psychoacoustic Features And Physiological Measurements, E Coutinho, A Cangelosi Aug 2011

Musical Emotions: Predicting Second-By-Second Subjective Feelings Of Emotion From Low-Level Psychoacoustic Features And Physiological Measurements, E Coutinho, A Cangelosi

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics

We sustain that the structure of affect elicited by music is largely dependent on dynamic temporal patterns in low-level music structural parameters. In support of this claim, we have previously provided evidence that spatiotemporal dynamics in psychoacoustic features resonate with two psychological dimensions of affect underlying judgments of subjective feelings: arousal and valence. In this article we extend our previous investigations in two aspects. First, we focus on the emotions experienced rather than perceived while listening to music. Second, we evaluate the extent to which peripheral feedback in music can account for the predicted emotional responses, that is, the role …

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Bilateral Redundancy Gain And Callosal Integrity In A Man With Callosal Lipoma: A Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Study, Matthew E. Roser, Michael C. Corballis, Ashok Jansari, Jon Fulford, Abdelmalek Benattayallah, William M. Adams Jul 2011

Bilateral Redundancy Gain And Callosal Integrity In A Man With Callosal Lipoma: A Diffusion-Tensor Imaging Study, Matthew E. Roser, Michael C. Corballis, Ashok Jansari, Jon Fulford, Abdelmalek Benattayallah, William M. Adams

School of Psychology

We investigated whether abnormalities in the structural organization of the corpus callosum in the presence of curvilinear lipoma are associated with increased facilitation of response time to bilateral stimuli, an effect known as the redundancy gain (RG). A patient (A.J.) with a curvilinear lipoma of the corpus callosum, his genetically-identical twin, and age-matched control participants made speeded responses to luminant stimuli. Structural organization of callosal regions was assessed with diffusion-tensor imaging. A.J. was found to have reduced structural integrity in the splenium of the corpus callosum and produced a large RG suggestive of neural summation.

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Youth Sailing Participation And Market Segment Profiles For Plymouth (Uk), Philip Timings Jul 2011

Youth Sailing Participation And Market Segment Profiles For Plymouth (Uk), Philip Timings

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The study aimed to identify and quantify different sailing participation styles for Plymouth youths and to investigate if determinants of wider sports participation can be used to segment the market based on product usage. This was investigated through the use of questionnaires, interviews and secondary data. Four different sailing participation styles for Plymouth youths were quantified; those that have tried sailing, those that have continued to sail, those that have become members of sailing clubs and those that have not tried sailing but would like to. Secondary data and retrospective interviews were then used to compare and explain results. In …

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Aquaculture Of Octopus Species: Present Status, Problems And Perspectives, Elisabeth Berger Jul 2011

Aquaculture Of Octopus Species: Present Status, Problems And Perspectives, Elisabeth Berger

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The aquaculture of Octopus species is currently an active field of research around the world, but economic viability is not yet achieved. Here, the current state of knowledge with respect to Octopus water quality and nutritional requirements, reproduction, juvenile and adult stages in culture systems, which comes mainly from just one species, Octopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797), is reviewed. Some critical considerations are addressed and new research lines are proposed.

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The Physiological And Physical Response To Capture Stress In Sharks, Laila Hassan Hassanein Jul 2011

The Physiological And Physical Response To Capture Stress In Sharks, Laila Hassan Hassanein

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Exhaustive exercise leads to severe metabolic, acid-base, ionic and hematological changes in sharks. It has been shown that these changes are species-specific and are affected by the magnitude of the cumulative effects of physiological and physical trauma associated with capture. Blood lactate, glucose and pH levels are reliable indicators of the shark stress response and have been extensively studied. Several shark species have been reported to be able to survive physiological stress unless severe physical trauma occurs. As comprehensive information about post release mortality is missing, future investigations should focus on the relationship between physiological disruption and survival rates of …

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The Transition From Foundation Degrees To Bachelor Degrees: How An E-Journal May Help, Ross Pomeroy Jul 2011

The Transition From Foundation Degrees To Bachelor Degrees: How An E-Journal May Help, Ross Pomeroy

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Guest Editorial from Dr Ross Pomeroy

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An Investigation Into The Bacterial Communities Present At Two Estuarine Beaches In The South Hams, Devon, Uk: The Effects Of Oil Pollution, Ian Lidbury Jul 2011

An Investigation Into The Bacterial Communities Present At Two Estuarine Beaches In The South Hams, Devon, Uk: The Effects Of Oil Pollution, Ian Lidbury

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Aims: To determine if there are any differences between oil-degrading:heterotroph ratios and bacterial communities from a polluted and non-polluted site. Methods and Results: Composite samples for both water and sediment were collected from Mothecombe (polluted) and Wembury (control). Cultural enumeration and molecular analysis was performed to determine any differences between bacterial communities. No differences were observed between the bacterial communities of the two sites. Sediment samples were an order of magnitude higher in abundance compared to water samples. Conclusion: Mothecombe appears to have recovered from oil pollution. Culture-independent studies are needed to clarify the validity of these findings. Significance and …

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The Common House Spider Tegenaria Saeva Is An Unlikely Vector Or Reservoir Of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Ca-Mrsa), Jack Lee Jul 2011

The Common House Spider Tegenaria Saeva Is An Unlikely Vector Or Reservoir Of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (Ca-Mrsa), Jack Lee

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Aim: To identify whether the common house spider Tegenaria saeva can act as a potential vector and reservoir of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA). Methods and Results: Tegenaria saeva were screened for the presence of S. aureus and CA-MRSA on the fangs, legs, outer body and internal microflora. None of the spiders processed in this investigation carried MRSA. However, 37.5% did carry S. aureus. Overall, low levels of microbes were isolated from the spiders processed. Conclusion: T. saeva is an unlikely vector of CA-MRSA. A large percentage of "spider bite‟ lesions are normally misdiagnosed bacterial infections, with limited evidence linking …

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What Do We Know About The Causes And Consequences Of Salmonid Social Hierarchies From Laboratory Experiments?, Lewis Eaton Jul 2011

What Do We Know About The Causes And Consequences Of Salmonid Social Hierarchies From Laboratory Experiments?, Lewis Eaton

The Plymouth Student Scientist

The main focus of this review will be to examine the current understanding of the causes and consequences of salmonid hierarchies as well as the implications to wild populations and aquaculture. Salmonid dominance hierarchies readily form under laboratory conditions, this has allowed extensive research into social structures. There is limited research into the causes of social status, however, the cause is likely to be a combination of standard metabolic rate, body size and prior competitive experience. A wide range of research outlines the consequences of social status from behavioural changes in aggression and submission to physiological changes in disease resistance, …

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Red And Green Carcinus: How Different?, Jennifer Lewis Jul 2011

Red And Green Carcinus: How Different?, Jennifer Lewis

The Plymouth Student Scientist

Carcinus maenas is, arguably, the most extensively studied intertidal crab in the world and can be found in a variety of habitats, from rocky intertidal, subtidal, in many areas of the world. Because of its range of habitats, it can tolerant a wide range of salinities and other environmental stressors like hypoxia and desiccation. Some individuals go into a prolonged state of intermoult when they reach a certain size, and turn red in colour. This means that C. maenas exhibits colour polymorphism, there being a green colour morph and a red colour morph due to different levels of expression in …

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