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Optimisation And Decision Support During The Conceptual Stage Of Building Design, Jim David Mathews Jan 2000

Optimisation And Decision Support During The Conceptual Stage Of Building Design, Jim David Mathews

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

Modern building design is complex and involves many different disciplines operating in a fragmented manner. Appropriate computer-based decision support (DS) tools are sought that can raise the level of integration of different activities at the conceptual stage, in order to help create better designs solutions. This project investigates opportunities that exist for using techniques based upon the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to support critical activities of conceptual building design (CBD). Collective independent studies have shown that the GA is a powerful optimisation and exploratory search technique with widespread application. The GA is essentially very simple yet it offers robustness and domain …

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Asymmetries Of Brain Function In Alcoholism: Relationship To Aging, M Oscar Berman, He Schendan Jan 2000

Asymmetries Of Brain Function In Alcoholism: Relationship To Aging, M Oscar Berman, He Schendan

School of Psychology

No abstract provided.

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1989 Revolutions In East-Central Europe : A Comparative Analysis, Ruth Rodda Jan 2000

1989 Revolutions In East-Central Europe : A Comparative Analysis, Ruth Rodda

School of Law, Humanities and Social Sciences Theses

There is a substantial amount of existing literature that focuses on the revolutionary events of 1989 in East-Central Europe. Yet, there are few comparisons which apply a comparative-historical approach to a small set of cases. A large body of existing literature provides the ideal situation for a comparative-historical study. This thesis will test the utility of applying a comparative-historical methodological approach to the events of 1989 in four countries in East-Central Europe. The four countries are paired into two cases. The case of Poland and Hungary is compared with the case of Bulgaria and Romania. A theoretical frame of reference …

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Cognitive Approaches To The Explanation Of Gambling Behaviour: An Evaluation, Antony Dyson Laurie Jan 2000

Cognitive Approaches To The Explanation Of Gambling Behaviour: An Evaluation, Antony Dyson Laurie

School of Psychology Theses

This thesis investigates three hypotheses in relation to the cognitive explanation of normal and problematic gambling behaviour. The "strong cognitive hypothesis" takes the view that if cognitive processes alone account for different levels of play, then the order of the events experienced during a task may be a good predictor of the levels of play. Four large scale experiments are presented focusing on the Illusion of Control, particularly the order effects originally observed by Langer and Roth (1975). Drawing on Hogarth and Einhom's (1992) belief adjustment model an adjusted methodology is employed making the paradigm resemble the real gambling decision …

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Modelling Machine Induced Noise And Vibration In A Ship Structure, Weihui Wang Jan 2000

Modelling Machine Induced Noise And Vibration In A Ship Structure, Weihui Wang

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

Most high speed vessels are fitted with powerful high speed engines which are installed in confined spacesa nd, as a consequencec, ausea n extremely high level of noise and vibration. Often structure-borne sound power is transmitted to a sound carrying structure from a source via a number of contact points. In turn, the noise and vibration are propagated in the structure and could possibly cause an undesired noise radiation. In this study, a model for predicting power flow based on the mobility theory has been addressed. The unique parts of the study include the establishment of the relationship of mobility …

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Prognosis - Historical Pattern Matching For Economic Forecasting And Trading, Georgios Nikolaos Banavas Jan 2000

Prognosis - Historical Pattern Matching For Economic Forecasting And Trading, Georgios Nikolaos Banavas

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

In recent years financial markets have become complex environments that continuously change and they change quickly. The strong link between the continuous change in the markets and the danger of losing money when trading in them, has made financial studies a domain that concentrates increasing scientific and business attention. In this context, the development of computational techniques that can monitor recent financial events can process them according to their similarity with historical data recordings, and can support financial decision making, is a challenging problem. In this work, the principal idea for tackling this problem is the integration of 'current' market …

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The Systemic Redesign Of Manufacturing Systems In Small To Medium Sized Enterprises, John William George Bradford Jan 2000

The Systemic Redesign Of Manufacturing Systems In Small To Medium Sized Enterprises, John William George Bradford

School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics Theses

The research problem was to develop a new approach for redesigning manufacturing systems within Small to Medium sized Enterprises (SMEs). Field observation together with literature review showed that methodologies propounded in theory were not being applied in practice. The research presents a new methodology for the systemic redesign of manufacturing systems within SMEs. The methodology consists of a four phase iterative design strategy consisting of Planning, Risk Assessment, Action and Evaluation leading to the next Planning phase. This is given a systemic basis through four perspectives: Structure; People; Process; and Technology; which frame and guide the Planning phase. Prior to …

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Performance Characteristics Of A Low-Cost, Field-Deployable Miniature Ccd Spectrometer, S Coles, M Nimmo, Pj Worsfold Jan 2000

Performance Characteristics Of A Low-Cost, Field-Deployable Miniature Ccd Spectrometer, S Coles, M Nimmo, Pj Worsfold

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences

Miniature spectrometers incorporating array detectors are becoming a viable, low-cost option for field and process deployments. The performance characteristics of one such instrument are reported and compared with those of a conventional benchtop instrument. The parameters investigated were wavelength repeatability, photometric linearity, instrumental noise (photometric precision) and instrumental drift.

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The Influence Of School Staffs On Primary Pgce Trainee Teachers' Professional Learning, Robin Michael Yeomans Jan 2000

The Influence Of School Staffs On Primary Pgce Trainee Teachers' Professional Learning, Robin Michael Yeomans

Plymouth Institute of Education Theses

This thesis is a multi-case study of the placement professional learning of fifteen primary PGCE trauiees within the school-based part of teacher training. It is concerned with the influence of individual staff, especially mentors and host class teachers, as well as of whole staffs and sub-groups, on adult and pupil oriented aspects of teachers' jobs (though excluding a detailed study of the development of subject knowledge or of specific classroom skills). A participant observer strategy was used within a grounded theory approach to develop agenda for semi-structured interviews with trainees. The main findings are that trauiees leamt through four modes …

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Nature And Justifiability Of The Act Of Collective Worship In Schools, Jeanette Gill Jan 2000

Nature And Justifiability Of The Act Of Collective Worship In Schools, Jeanette Gill

Plymouth Institute of Education Theses

This thesis, which moves through three stages, asks whether the compulsory provision of a daily act of collective worship can be justified in the schools of a liberal society. It begins with an analysis of the public debate which has surrounded its presence since legislation in 1944 formalised existing practice, and notes that its arguments are based on differing perceptions of the value of religious practice, the needs of the child, the relationship between religion and morality, and the nature of society. Because this public debate is often distanced from actual practice, research was undertaken in primary and secondary schools …

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Extending Literacy : Pupils' Interactions With Texts, With Particular Emphasis On The Use Of Non-Fiction Texts, Maureen Lewis Jan 2000

Extending Literacy : Pupils' Interactions With Texts, With Particular Emphasis On The Use Of Non-Fiction Texts, Maureen Lewis

Plymouth Institute of Education Theses

The submitted works explore how children use texts in the classroom and how they can be supported in becoming more effective readers and writers. Most of the work is based around pupil's use of non-fiction texts and provides case study examples of what happens when children engage in tasks which require their use. I argue that we can elaborate a model to describe the processes involved in such encounters. This proposed model is described and compared to earlier attempts to create a model of the process of interacting with non-fiction texts. It is further argued that specific strategies can be …

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An Investigation Of Lower Secondary Pupils' Images Of Mathematics And Mathematicians, Susan Helen Picker Jan 2000

An Investigation Of Lower Secondary Pupils' Images Of Mathematics And Mathematicians, Susan Helen Picker

Plymouth Institute of Education Theses

This thesis reports on a three-part research project in which the images of mathematics and mathematicians held by lower secondary pupils were investigated. A survey tool which asked pupils to draw a picture of a mathematician at work, and which included a Likert-type scale and open-ended writing prompts, was designed and developed for use in an international study of pupils in five countries (n = 476). The results indicate that while some pupils hold stereotypical images in common, all pupils appear to know very little about mathematicians and the work they do. Mathematicians' invisibility to pupils of this age appears …

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The On Line Determination Of Mercury In Process Streams Using Atomic Spectrometry, Noel Kumar Brahma Jan 2000

The On Line Determination Of Mercury In Process Streams Using Atomic Spectrometry, Noel Kumar Brahma

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

On-line systems for monitoring mercury in liquid and gaseous production and waste streams have been developed, utilising atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) as the basis for detection. Instrumentation has been designed for unattended continuous operation. Laboratory chemistries for the vapour generation of mercury, normally performed off-line in batch mode, have been adapted and optimised for continuous, flow-injection analysis for varying sample types and chemical forms of mercury. The system has typical analysis cycle of 7 minutes, a limit of detection of 10 pg ml ˉ¹ a linear range up to 100 µg ml ˉ¹ and has been applied in industrial environments …

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Trace Metal And Speciation Analysis Using Ion-Exchange And Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Elena Menendez-Alonso Jan 2000

Trace Metal And Speciation Analysis Using Ion-Exchange And Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Elena Menendez-Alonso

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Studies have been carried out on specific ion-exchange (Dowex 50W-X8 and Dowex 1-X8) and chelation (Chelex-100) resins, in order to determine their physical and chemical characteristics, to understand and explain their limits of function and to optimise their use as substrates in trace metal and speciation measurement by EDXRF. Structural information was obtained by scanning electron microscopy and x-ray microanalysis showing a homogeneous distribution of functional groups and retained ions on both sectioned and whole resins. Particle size experiments performed on Dowex 50W-X8 (38 - 840 µm) showed that this parameter has no effect on the relationship between intensity of …

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Determination Of Actinide Elements In Environmental Samples By Icp-Ms, Jason Bedford Truscott Jan 2000

Determination Of Actinide Elements In Environmental Samples By Icp-Ms, Jason Bedford Truscott

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Methods for the determination of the actinide elements in water, biological, soil and sediment samples have been developed using on-line solid phase extraction and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Initial applications utilised a commercially available resin, namely TRU-Spec resin, for efficient removal of the matrix prior to elution of uranium and thorium analytes. Comparative analyses of reference materials and natural water samples from Plymouth and Dartmoor demonstrated significant improvement in precision and speed of analysis by using TRU-Spec coupled to ICP-MS compared with alpha spectrometry. Further applications of the TRU-Spec resin for …

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Microfaunal Investigation Of The Early Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) Extinction Event In N.W. Europe, Mark Donald Hylton Jan 2000

Microfaunal Investigation Of The Early Toarcian (Lower Jurassic) Extinction Event In N.W. Europe, Mark Donald Hylton

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The Early Jurassic was a time of rapidly rising sea-level associated with the extensive spread of anoxic bottom waters. Sea-level rise across the Pliensbachian - Toarcian boundary culminated in the falciferum Zone of the Toarcian and is one of the best authenticated eustatic events in the Jurassic. This major transgressive pulse was marked by deepw ater marine sequencesa nd was associatedw ith the deposition of organic-rich shales. The development of anoxia coincides with a notable period of mass extinction of the marine fauna. High resolution sampling and study of the microfaunast hrough sequencesin N. W. Europe confirm that benthic foraminiferal. …

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Metal Biogeochemistry Of A Mine Contaminated Estuarine-Coastal System In Sw Spain, Charlotte Braungardt Jan 2000

Metal Biogeochemistry Of A Mine Contaminated Estuarine-Coastal System In Sw Spain, Charlotte Braungardt

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The aim of this project was to investigate the biogeochemistry and transport of metals in a river/estuarine system contaminated by acid mine drainage. The Rio Tinto and Rio Odiel drain a metalliferous mining area in the Iberian Pyrite Belt in the south-west of Spain. The pH values in the rivers were low (< 3) and dissolved metal concentrations were . extremely high, up to 2.6 mM Zn, 860 \M Cu, 6.0 jaM Cd and 72 nM U . The seasonal cycle of low precipitation and flash floods was identified as an important factor in generating the more severe contamination of the rivers with Fe, A l , Mn, Zn, Cu, N i , Co and Cd observed during autumn and winter, compared to spring and summer. The estuarine behaviour of dissolved Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, N i , Co and Cd was primarily = controlled by pH. Apart from an addition of these metals from the sediment in the upper Tinto estuary, conservative mixing was observed up to pH ~ 5 (at S ~ 30), above which Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, N i and Co were removed from solution. Voltammetric speciation studies showed that Cu complexing organic ligands (logK'cuL ~ 11-5, CL = 32 - 199 nM) in the estuary were saturated, and thermodynamic calculations indicated that the concentration of Cu^"^ reached values (pCu^"^ < 9) that are toxic to some marine and estuarine organisms. The estimation of fluxes indicated that the dissolved metal export from this system to thecoastal zone averages 101 d'^ Zn, 2.3 t d"' Cu, 180 kg d"^ N i and 236 kg d"^ Co, with higher contributions during wet, compared to the dry seasons. On-line measurements of Zn, Cu and N i in the Gulf of Cadiz revealed metal plumes associated with the Tinto/Odiel system and the Guadiana and Guadalquivir rivers. As a result of entrainment by the Atlantic Ocean surface current flowing into the Mediterranean Sea, the metal contamination in waters of the Gulf of Cadiz is transported south and eastward.

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Development Of Novel Sensors For Anions Of Environmental Interest, Thierry Le Goff Jan 2000

Development Of Novel Sensors For Anions Of Environmental Interest, Thierry Le Goff

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

A range of ion-selective electrodes (ISEs) for the determination of nitrate has been produced based upon rubbery membranes having covalently bound betaine salt sensor molecules. The best performing electrode contained N,N,N-triallyl leucine betaine (6.5 % m/m) covalently bound to polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-polystyrene (SBS) (43.5% m/m), with 2-nitrophenyIoctyl ether (2-NPOE) as solvent mediator (40 % m/m) and dicumyl peroxide (DCP) as free radical initiator (10% m/m). The Nemstian slope was -59.1 mV per decade over a linear range of 1 x 10'^-5 x 10"^ mol dm'^ nitrate, a limit of detection of 0.34 pmol dm'^ nitrate and a selectivity coefiBcient for nitrate against …

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Development And Investigation Of The Properties Of An Electrochemically Regenerable Chemically Modified Electrode For Chemeluminescence Detection Of Analytes In Solution, Claire Elizabeth Williams Jan 2000

Development And Investigation Of The Properties Of An Electrochemically Regenerable Chemically Modified Electrode For Chemeluminescence Detection Of Analytes In Solution, Claire Elizabeth Williams

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The aim of this study was to exploit the sensitivity of the chemiluminescent ruthenium tris(2,2'-bipyridme) redox system for analytical purposes by producing electrochemically regenerable electrodes modified with a polymer derivative of this complex. Ruthenium tris(4-meth}i-4' -vinyl-2,2' -bipyridine) bis(hexafluorophosphate) was synthesised and subsequently polymerised onto an electrode surface using the technique of cyclic voltammetry. A potential was applied to the resulting Chemically Modified Electrode (CME) and upon reaction of the ruthenium centres with an analyte in solution, chemiluminescence was observed. Measurement of the emission intensity was used for the determination of the analyte concentration The ruthenium centres were subsequently regenerated by …

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Speciation Of Mercury By Chromatography Coupled With Atomic Spectrometry, Helen Elisabeth Louise Armstrong Jan 2000

Speciation Of Mercury By Chromatography Coupled With Atomic Spectrometry, Helen Elisabeth Louise Armstrong

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

A commercial GC-AFS instrument has been developed and optimised for the speciation of organomercury. This instrument couples a GC oven to a modified atomic fluorescence detector via a ceramic pyrolyser. Organomercury compounds in dichloromethane solvent were directly injected through a Programmable Temperature Vaporiser Injector onto a DBl Megabore column. Once separated, the compounds eluted from the column and were atomised in the pyrolyser then detected by AFS. The direct injection technique, ceramic pyrolysis design and argon purged detector have improved previous instrument designs by enhancing and maintaining sensitivity. The instrumental limit of detection was determined to be 0.25 pg Hg …

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The Fabrication And Study Of Metal Chelating Stationary Phases For The High Performance Separation Of Metal Ions, Matthew James Shaw Jan 2000

The Fabrication And Study Of Metal Chelating Stationary Phases For The High Performance Separation Of Metal Ions, Matthew James Shaw

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The preparation and characterisation of chelating sorbents suitable for the high efficiency separation of trace metals in complex samples, using a single column and isocratic elution, is described. Hydrophobic, neutral polystyrene divinylbenzene resins were either impregnated with chelating dyes or dynamically modified with heterocyclic organic acids, using physical adsorption and chemisorption processes respectively. A hydrophilic silica substrate was covalently bonded with a chelating aminomethylphosphonic acid group, to assess the chelating potential of this molecule. These substrates were characterised in terms of metal retention capability (selectivity coefficients and capacity factors), separation performance, column efficiency and suitability for analytical applications. Chelating molecules …

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Sub-Surface Migration Of An Oil Pollutant Into Aquifers, Louise Ann Macdonald Jan 2000

Sub-Surface Migration Of An Oil Pollutant Into Aquifers, Louise Ann Macdonald

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The risk to groundwater quality following a sub-surface spillage of immiscible pollutants such as oil, petroleum and other organic chemicals is an increasingly potent threat, through escalating industrial application of such pollutants. This study significantly enhances the understanding of the flow of immiscible pollutants within soil, through field scale investigations to define the spatial variability and extent of a contaminated area and the development of a comprehensive framework for the analysis of oil pollutant migration. This study represents a first attempt by researchers to analyse oil pollutant migration on a wide range of scales, from pore- to field-level. The research …

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Complexation And Particle-Water Interactions Of Nickel In Estuaries, Manuela Martino Jan 2000

Complexation And Particle-Water Interactions Of Nickel In Estuaries, Manuela Martino

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The speciation and particle-water interactions of Ni were investigated in three estuaries with contrasting pollution levels, hydrodynamics and geochemical characteristics. Samples of water and sediments were collected seasonally from the Tamar, Tweed and Mersey Estuaries. The chemical speciation of dissolved Ni was determined by adsorptive cathodic stripping voltammetry (ACSV), and the sorptive behaviour of Ni was studied under simulated estuarine conditions using " Ni coupled to liquid scintillation counting. A relatively high particle reactivity was observed only in the Tamar Estuary, where ACSV-non labile Ni was removed in the low salinity region, followed by addition of ACSV-labile Ni in the …

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Fundamental Studies Of Interferences In Icp - Ms, Linda Kathleen Rowley Jan 2000

Fundamental Studies Of Interferences In Icp - Ms, Linda Kathleen Rowley

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Methods of temperature measurement by mass spectrometry have been critically reviewed. It was concluded that the most appropriate method depended critically on the availability of fundamental data, hence a database of fundamental spectroscopic constants, for diatomic ions which cause interferences in ICP-MS, was compiled. The equilibration temperature, calculated using the different methods and using various diatomic ions as the thermometric probes, was between c.a. 400 - 10,000 K in the central channel, and between c.a. 600 - 16,000 K when the plasma was moved 1.8 mm off-centre. The wide range in temperature reflected the range of temperature measurement methods and …

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The Determination Of Trace Metals By Capillary Electrophoresis, Simon Andrew Hardy Jan 2000

The Determination Of Trace Metals By Capillary Electrophoresis, Simon Andrew Hardy

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

The development of a capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the determination of inorganic and organo mercury species as their dithizone sulphonate (DzS) complexes using coated capillary columns is described. The complexes were pre-formed before injection and detection was by direct measurement of the visible absorbance of the complexes. Dithizone sulphonate was used in place of cysteine to separate methyl mercury in the final stage of a simplified Westoo extraction procedure. The method was than applied to the analysis of methyl mercury in a crab and several fish meat samples. Good quantitative performance is demonstrated by spiking experiments and analysis of …

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Measurement And Modelling Of Estuarine Chemistry, Adrian Gavin Punt Jan 2000

Measurement And Modelling Of Estuarine Chemistry, Adrian Gavin Punt

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

A l-D tidally resolving hydrodynamic model of the Tweed Estuary has been encoded using the Estuarine Contaminant Simulator, ECoS. The model results of axial and time series variations in water elevation, salinity and turbidity are compared to field data recorded during the LOIS survey programme. The organic and inorganic controls on estuarine pH have also been investigated by encoding a new template to predict the effect of changing salinity and temperature on the pH of estuarine water. The template has been coupled to the hydrodynamic model to predict pH variations in the estuary. The model results have shown conservative behaviour …

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Implementation Of European Union Environmental Policy : The Case Of The Packaging Waste Directive, Ian Bailey Jan 2000

Implementation Of European Union Environmental Policy : The Case Of The Packaging Waste Directive, Ian Bailey

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

This thesis provides a critical review of the processes shaping the implementation of European Union (EU) environmental policy. It focuses on two aspects of this dynamic, the interpretation of EU law by Member States and the use of legislative and price-based policy instruments to achieve policy objectives. The overall aim of the study is to examine the extent to which price-based regulation can contribute to the EU's policy objective of sustainable development. The focus for the research is the formulation of the Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive and its implementation in two Member States, Britain and Germany. A variety of …

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The Effects Of Hydrology And Nutrient Inputs At South Milton Ley On The Ecology Of The Common Reed Phragmites Australis (Cav. Trin. Ex Steudal), Paula Angele Powell Jan 2000

The Effects Of Hydrology And Nutrient Inputs At South Milton Ley On The Ecology Of The Common Reed Phragmites Australis (Cav. Trin. Ex Steudal), Paula Angele Powell

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

South Milton Ley is a small coastal wetland in Southern England. A sand-bar forms periodically at its seaward end and separates fresh water from the sea. The common reed Phragmites australis dominates the wetland and when a sand bar is present a shallow freshwater lake forms. Monthly water budgets were prepared for the years 1994, 1995 and 1996 and intermittent flooding of the Ley was also monitored. This information was used to calculate a range of residence times (between one hour and eleven days) and the characteristics of various flow regimes when the sandbar, which dams the Ley, is open …

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The Quantitative Isolation Of 'Insoluble Organic Matter' (Iom) From Sediments And Bacteria, And Its Attempted Dissolution Using The Ionic Liquid L-Ethyl-3- Methylimidazolium Chloride-Aluminium (Hi) Chloride, Paul Sutton Jan 2000

The Quantitative Isolation Of 'Insoluble Organic Matter' (Iom) From Sediments And Bacteria, And Its Attempted Dissolution Using The Ionic Liquid L-Ethyl-3- Methylimidazolium Chloride-Aluminium (Hi) Chloride, Paul Sutton

School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences Theses

Organic matter which is insoluble in common solvents and non-oxidising acids often comprises the quantitatively most important fraction of organic matter in sediments. This operationally defined material is usually simply termed 'insoluble organic matter' (IOM) or 'kerogen' when it is isolated from ancient sediments. Indeed, kerogen is regarded as the most abundant form of carbon on the planet. The molecular character of this generic material has not been fully elucidated, principally because of its insolubility which limits instrumental methods of analysis to those applicable to solid substrates. This thesis describes the quantitative isolation of IOM from lacustrine and marine sediments …

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The Employment Requirements Of Disabled Persons : A Study Of The Development Of State Supported Employment Provision., Timothy Paul Kleinschmidt Jan 2000

The Employment Requirements Of Disabled Persons : A Study Of The Development Of State Supported Employment Provision., Timothy Paul Kleinschmidt

Other Faculty of Health Theses

This thesis deals with the historical background concerning the development of disability-related employment measures and the employment exclusion experienced by disabled persons. In particular, the enquiry focuses upon the early post-war period up until the introduction in 1997 of the New Deal for Disabled Persons. The thesis postulates that: 1. major policy shifts within the Employment Service Disability Services (ESDS) in the early 1990s did not sufficiently reflect the employment integration needs of disabled persons; in spite of a major social values shift, to welfare-to-work measures for disabled persons these measures proved to be problematic; problems existed because of the …

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