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Effect Of Substituents In The Formation And Reactions Of Certain Ethers, L. Chas. Raiford, Garrett Thiessen

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

48. Effect of substituents

In a previous report on this study it was found by Raiford and Colbert [Jour. Am. Chem. Soc., 48, 2652 (1926)] that the presence of a nitro radical in diphenyl ether interferes with the entrance of bromine to a much greater degree than could have been predicted on the ground of steric hindrance. Owing to lack of time the structures of several derivatives prepared to test this view were left undetermined for future study. In the present study these have been determined in several cases and a number of other new halogenated derivatives prepared. These experiments …

Some Abnormal Reactions Of Organomagnesium Halides, Henry Gilman, J. E. Kirby, R. E. Fothergill, S. A. Harris

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Nitro and nitroso groups react with methylmagnesium halides (and other RMgX compounds) to give methane and some ethane. The gases so evolved make it necessary to correct for the ordinary determination of active hydrogen by means of the Zerewitinoff method. Accordingly, the new hydroxy structure proposed for o-nitrobenzaladehyde finds no support on the basis of gas evolved when treated with alkylmagnesium halides.

The Action Of The Alkyl Chlorides In The Wurtz Reaction, Harry F. Lewis

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

At the last meeting of the Iowa Academy, a report was made on the mechanism of the Wurtz reaction using butyl and isobutyl bromides. The preparation of octane in this manner is costly and an attempt has been made to replace the bromide by the chloride. This report covers such experiments. Either in the presence or absence of ether as a solvent, the reaction is difficult to control. Yields of octane up to 20% based on the butyl chloride have been obtained. An extremely inflammable by-product is produced and it is difficult to complete a preparation without at least one …

Steric Hindrance In The Behavior Of Phenyl Alkyl Ether And Derivatives, L. Chas. Raiford, D. M. Birosel

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

It is known that phenyl alkyl ethers substitute in the phenyl radical less easily than phenol; nevertheless, phenetol will give a tribromophenyl compound. When the allyl derivative is used, both phenyl and allyl radicals may be involved in the change. Experiments now in progress show that rearrangement of the allyl ether by heat, according to Claisen's method may cause a loss of bromine.

Diphenylketene With Nitrogen Trichloride, G. H. Coleman, A. W. Campbell

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Diphenylketene reacts with nitrogen trichloride in carbon tetrachloride solution. When this solution is warmed to 50° C with sodium hydroxide the addition product undergoes a rearrangement with the formation of imidobenzophenone. This rearrangement is similar to the rearrangement in Hofmann's method for the preparation of primary amines from amides. On passing dry HCl into the carbon tetrachloride solution, the hydrochloride of this compound is precipitated.

Monochloroamine With Grignard Reagents, G. H. Coleman, C. R. Houser

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Certain Grignard reagents react with monochloroamine in dry ether solution to form amines. There is a wide variation in the amount of amine produced. In some cases considerable ammonia is formed. With benzyl magnesium chloride, which thus far has given the best yield of amine, an 80 to 90% yield based on the monochloroamine is obtained.

An Extinct Glacial Pond Near Cedar Rapids, Linn County, Iowa, G. S. Dille, C. W. Couser

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The basin of an extinct glacial pond exists three miles northwest of Cedar Rapids on the east bluff of the Cedar River, in Section 8, Township 83 North, Range 7 West, near the power line of the Iowa Railway & Light Co. (See map of location).

An Observed Origin Of Some Mud Pebbles, A. L. Lugn

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Mud and clay pebbles and cobbles have been observed at many places by different people. They seem to be most common in recent stream deposits and are sometimes seen in eroded alluvial plain sediments. A few geologists have contended that the presence of these mud or clay pebbles in deposits indicates that the deposit as a whole was formed in connection with glaciation and at temperatures near or below freezing. The reason for this conclusion is the belief that balls of mud could not withstand the abrasive and disruptive action of stream transportation unless they were frozen and hard, simulating …

Discussion Of A Sample Of Cobble Gravel From The Mississippi River, A. L. Lugn

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The belief prevails in the minds of some that the Mississippi river is incompetent to transport pebbles of large size. The basis for this belief is the fact that the river seems to be carrying only relatively very fine material into the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore it seems that it is incompetent to transport material of cobble or gravel or even coarse sand grades in its lower course. Relatively coarse cobbles are transported along the river's bed at least as far south as Cairo, Illinois.

An Investigation Of The Objective Examination Questions In A First Year College Physics Course, Dorothy H. Helmick

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The purpose of this study is an evaluation of the efficiency of the objective-type examination questions used in the College Physics course at Drake University during the first semester 1926-27. Ninety-nine students enrolled in the course, and eighty-one took the final examination.

A Study Of Physics Teaching In Iowa High Schools, Alice Seeds, Rex Hancox, John W. Chittum

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

It is a matter of common knowledge that many Physics teachers in Iowa are not efficient because of their lack of training, and that many do not have what we would consider the minimum amount of training necessary to teach Physics in high school. It is taken for granted that teachers in small towns may be more poorly prepared than those in larger cities (though there are many exceptions to this). In this survey we have treated only of teachers in towns of 1000 or more population. All of the data is divided into three groups: group A includes towns …

The Electric Conductivity Of Kerosene And Gasoline As A Function Of The Temperature, C. A. Morehouse

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

J. Herbert Jones in the Phil. Mag. for July, 1925, gives the results of experiments on The Influence of the Surrounding Medium on Frictional Electricity. In one of these experiments he uses pure paraffin oil which he heats by a coil of lead piping through which steam is blown. It was found that the resistance of the oil decreases steadily with a rise in temperature until the temperature reached 75°C. The resistance then seemed to remain fairly constant until the temperature rose further to 90°C. At this temperature the resistance seemed to break down suddenly.

A New Instrument For The Determination Of Young’S Modulus, T. G. Mehlin

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The apparatus used for the determination of Young's modulus in the elementary laboratory at Drake has been the vertical suspended wire type, in which the sample under test is loaded and readings taken directly by means of a vernier attached to the wire. Although the readings are accurate to one one-hundredth of a centimeter, the scale cannot be conveniently read, the measurement of the length of the wire necessitates the use of a ladder, and the heavy weights are not easily handled. It is hoped that this new instrument will facilitate the experiment, although it is recognized that the weight …

The Dark Ring Nebula In Cygnus, D. W. Morehouse

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Since my report on the Dark Ring Nebula in Cygnus,¹ I have received the following communication from Dr. R. H. Curtiss, Acting Director of the Detroit Observatory of the University of Michigan: "Your article in the February Popular Astronomy on a dark ring nebula in Cygnus has led me to look up an excellent slide which we have of that region made from a photograph secured with the 6-inch Willard Lens on October 5, 1893, at Lick Observatory. The dark elliptical ring stands out very beautifully on this slide. I think anyone would notice it but would be strongly …

On The Dynamics Of A Spherically Symmetric Molecule, J. V. Atanasoff

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

An attempt is made to postulate a molecular type which bears some relationship to the known facts of monoatomic molecular structure, yet which is simple enough to allow its kinetic theory to be worked out. The molecule chosen consists of a positive nucleus, surrounded by a negatively charged spherical shell. Developments of the distance-force relationship, and of an equation of state are given.

Departure From Hooke's Law In The Torsion Of Rods, George Singer, Edwin Steele

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

In an experimental study of the behavior of an iron rod fixed at one end and subjected to torsion at the other it was found that there is a marked tendency of the rod to remain in the state of strain which it has acquired. When the torque was raised to a relatively high value and then reduced to zero the strain tended to remain. It was found to disappear in about twenty-four hours however. The residual strain in the rod is evidently the result of the reluctance of the metal to change its molecular arrangement.

Plan For Reorganization Of Secondary School Physics Material, Russel D. Miller

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

There is a growing demand for a revision of secondary school curricula made on the basis of present day aims of education. The objectives that are almost universally accepted and upon which this revision should be based are as follows: to assist in the production and maintenance of health; to develop and maintain a high standard of social and civic relationships; to make one's chosen vocation more enjoyable and successful; to assist in the proper use of leisure time. In the reorganization, outlined in this paper, an attempt is being made to select the material which will contribute, directly or …

Ball And Jet In A Vacuum, L. B. Spinney

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

A report on an experimental and theoretical investigation of the equilibrium conditions for the case of a ball balanced on a jet of water.

Thermo-Electric Effect In Single Crystal Zinc, Ernest G. Linder

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Data are presented on the thermal e.m.f. against copper of six single crystal wires of zinc, of which the orientations of the main crystallographic axis with respect to the wire axis, range from 11.4° to 90°. The temperature interval is from -182° to 475° C. From the data are calculated the thermo-electric power, Peltier coefficient, and difference of the Thomson coefficients for Zn against Zn. The data also provide a test for the Voigt-Thomson law for the variation of the thermo-electric power with crystal orientation. The law is verified for the low temperatures, but the deviations at the high …

Polarization Of Resonance Radiation And Breadth Of Spectral Lines, A. Ellett

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Observations of the polarization of the D line resonance radiation of sodium indicate that the transition probabilities for the various components of the Zeeman pattern are substantially in agreement with the predictions of the so-called sum rule. Observations in relatively strong fields show the effect of non-uniform distribution of intensity in the exciting spectral line. The assumption that the distribution of energy in the exciting line is due practically entirely to Doppler effect leads to equations for the variation of polarization with field strength which are well verified experimentally. Any broadening of the line by collision or by a coupling …

Polarization Of Λ2537 Of Mercury, Harry F. Olson

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

1 S - 2 p₂ of mercury excited by plane polarized light shows 79% polarization both in the absence of any magnetic field and in the presence of a field parallel to the electric vector. That the polarization is not complete might be interpreted as clue to collisions but more probably is clue to the fact that in weak fields some of the fine components of λ 2537 have not the same Zeeman pattern as in strong fields. The polarization with other relative orientations of field and light vector and the variation of polarization with field intensity in weak …

Magnetization Of Thin Films Of Electrolytic Iron, E. P. T. Tyndall

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The films of iron are preformed by electrolysis of a three per cent solution of ferrous ammonium sulfate and deposited on a brass cathode. The magnetic properties are similar to those of evaporated films (Sorenson, Edwards), a large increase in coercive force occurring at a thickness of about 50 millimicrons. This effect for electrolytic iron has heretofore been attributed to the occlusion of hydrogen, but the present work makes this hypothesis appear exceedingly unlikely

Some Psycho-Physiological Measurements Of Athletes, John G. Jenkins

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

These tests were undertaken with two objects in view: (1) To make psycho-physiological measurements of a group of successful athletes, in order to develop a placement test for athletes. (2) To compare the results of these tests with the results of the same tests upon a control group of non-athletes.

Study Methods Of College Students In Relation To Intelligence And Acheivement, Nira M. Klise

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

This paper is an account of methods used in study by approximately 500 students at Iowa State College. The questionnaire method was used, and in the paper results obtained from students in both the highest and lowest fourth of the entire group in intelligence rating, are compared.

Pitch Perception In Voice Patterns, Milton F. Metfessel

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

It has been known that even though the voice of a singer is constantly changing in pitch, there is only one fundamental pitch heard in any given perception. By means of a siren certain pitch and intensity patterns of the voice have been duplicated and the approximate position in the pattern of the one pitch heard has been determined. It has been found that when there is a regular rise and fall of pitch at a rate of six times per second and with an extent of one-half of a tone, the pitch heard is the mean. If the voice …

Apparatus And Procedure Used In Determining The Nature Of Beating Intertones, Ingvald B. Hauge

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

Best results are obtained by using two electrically driven forks whose pitches are 256 dv. and 245 dv. when the currents admitted to each fork are regulated by means of rheostats. All the apparatus is placed in a sound-proof room; tubes conduct the sound to another room where the Os observe. The essential part of the procedure consists in varying the intensities of vibration of the two forks by means of the rheostats and getting introspective descriptions of what is heard in each situation.

Effects Of Sectioning In Psychology I, A. E. Brown

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The problem was to see what is the effect on achievement when Psychology I classes are sectioned into three intelligence levels, there being no systematic plan for varying the instruction for the different groups. This experiment was carried out in Iowa State Teachers College in the fall of 1926.

A Preliminary Study Of The Tempos Used By Preschool Children In The Three Rhythms - Walking, Running, And Skipping, Eva Leah Hulson

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

A preliminary study was undertaken to find out at what tempos young children from four to five years of age are best able to walk, run, and skip in concert with music - in this case appropriate music played on the piano. It was carried on with a group of about twenty children from four to five years old from the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station. It was performed under group conditions - all of the children being present during the testing periods. For this study, sixteen measures of music - chosen because of its suggestiveness as well as for …

A Rating Scale For The Study Of Social Behavior In Young Children, Esther Van Cleave

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

The social behavior of fifty children from one to five years of age was observed and analyzed for traits that should make up a rating scale for measuring social behavior in young children. The results of the analysis were compared with certain child behavior traits, called by Norsworthy and Whitley, "social" and "non-social" instincts; by Watson, "emotions"; by Bolton, "social traits," and by Gambrill, "social attitudes." A preliminary graphic rating scale of twenty-six traits has been replaced by a more complete scale of thirty traits. The scale has five divisions extending from a decidedly high degree of the trait to …

A Further Report On The May Beetles (Phyllophaga Spp.) In Iowa, H. E. Jaques

Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science

White grubs have been doing serious damage in Iowa every third year for about three decades. In 1921 this area of heavy infestation reached south-east Iowa. Their distribution has been mapped for 1921¹ and for 1924². What threatens to be the most destructive infestation for many years is due for the spring and summer of 1927.