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Statistical Analyses For Comparison Of Esophageal And Hand-Clipped Samples From Grazing Trials, Kenneth P. Vogel, K. J. Moore, B. E. Johnson

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Esophageal fistulated animals are used to collect samples of the forage being consumed by animals in grazing experiments. Four principal hypotheses (H) can be tested in esophageal trials: (1) esophageal samples are similar over treatments, (2) available forage is similar over treatments, (3) esophageal and available forage samples are similar, and (4) differential selection of diet did not occur among treatments. Because of the constraints of limited animal numbers, multiple lath+square or crossover designs in which the same animals are used to sample pastures during different periods of time are used to test H 1. Available forage is determined by …

Correlation Of A-Amylase Inhibitor Content In Eastern Soft Wheats With Development Parameters Of The Rice Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), James E. Baker, Stanley M. Woo, James E. Throne, Patrick L. Finney

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

The a-amylase inhibitor content in saline extracts of 104 Eastern soft wheat cultivars was determined by assay against a purified a-amylase preparation from the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae (L.). A two-fold range of inhibitor levels, expressed as amylase inhibitor units per gram of dry weight (AID/g), was found across all cultivars. Inhibitory activity was lowest in cultivar 'Augusta' (5,084 ± 124 AIU/g) and highest in cultivar 'Logan' (10,410 ± 61 AID/g). No correlation of inhibitor content with progeny production (r = -0.161) or rate of emergence (r = -0.292) was found among weevils reared on 30 cultivars having relatively low, …

Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Degradation And Biological Efficacy Toward Maize Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) On Corn Stored At Four Temperatures And Three Moisture Contents, Frank H. Arthur, James E. Throne, Richard A. Simonaitis

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Corn was treated with 6 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl and stored for 10 mo at each of four temperatures (15.0, 22.5, 30.0, and 37.5·C) and three moisture contents (11.4, 12.4, and 14.4%). Every 2 mo, samples were removed from storage and analyzed for chlorpyrifos- methyl residue and infested with maize weevils, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky. Initial residues on the corn were 4.95 ± 0.67 ppm. Of the residues that were lost, most were lost during the first 2 mo of storage. The loss rate increased as temperature and moisture content increased. No weevils survived on corn stored at 15.0 or 22.5°C,except for 7.2% …

Economic Effects Of Horn Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) Populations On Beef Cattle Exposed To Three Pesticide Treatment Regimes, Jerome Hogsette, David Prichard, Joseph Ruff

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Horn flies could not be maintained below 50 per animal with sprays or dusts during a 21-wk study. However, weights of cows and calves and condition scores of cows were not influenced by suppression of Haematobia irritans (L.) populations. Results show that cattle in northwest Florida can tolerate average populations of >200 flies for 70 d with no adverse economic effects. Spray treatments providing the best fly control were Lintox-D and Ra-Vap. The most economical products for use were Del-Tox, Lintox-D, and Ra-Vap.

Vegetation And Soil Zonation Associated With Juniperus Pinchotii Sudw. Trees, Guy R. Mcpherson, G. Allen Rasmussen, David B. Wester, Robert A. Masters

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Herbaceolis vegetation pattern and soil properties around individual Juniperus pinchotii Sudw. trees were studied on a grazed and a relict grassland in western Texas. Herb standing crop and soil samples were obtained under the canopy, at canopy edge, and beyond the canopy edge of three to five trees on each of four dates. Standing crop was lowest midway between the bole and canopy edge. Soil organic matter was highest under juniper canopies on both sites. Soil pH and P were not related to distance from tree bole on either site. Herbaceous pattern from under the canopy to canopy edge apparently …

Effects Of Breed Group By Location Interaction On Crossbred Cattle In Nebraska And Florida, T. A. Olson, K. Euclides Filho, L. V. Cundiff, M. Koger, W. T. Butts Jr., K. E. Gregory

United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service / University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Faculty Publications

Data on 2,744 calves produced in Clay Center, Nebraska, and Brooksville, Florida, were used to evaluate the importance of genotype × location interactions on the reproductive and maternal performance of eight breed groups of F1 crossbred cows. A total of 648 F1 crossbred cows included Bos taurus × Bos taurus (Bt × Bt) crosses: Hereford × Angus reciprocal crossbreds (HA and AH), Pinzgauer × Angus (PA), Pinzgauer × Hereford (PH); and Bos indicus× Bos taurus (Bi × Bt) crosses: Brahman × Angus (BA), Brahman × Hereford (BH), Sahiwal × Angus (SA) and Sahiwal × Hereford (SH). The first calf …

Human Anisakis Transmitted By Marine Food Products: Raw Facts On Sushi And Sashimi, Thomas L. Deardorff, Stephen G. Kayes, Takakazu Fukumura

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Library Materials

A seafood connection with parasitic diseases in Hawaii clearly has been established and clinicians and physicians need to become more aware of this association. The risk of people in Hawaii becoming infected with these parasites from seafood products are extremely low; however, this risk increases slightly if imported fresh fishes raw or partially cooked are eaten. Prevention of these diseases, therefore, is probably best accomplished by providing continuous, accurate, and responsible information to the public concerning the health risks of eating raw fishery products; by advising the seafood industry of potential problems and methods of addressing them properly; and by …

The Fatty Acid Compositions Of Phospholipids And Triacylglycerols From Two Chinch Bug Species Blissus Leucopterus Leucopterus And B. Iowensis (Insecta: Hemiptera; Lygaeidae) Are Similar To The Characteristic Dipteran Pattern, Barbara P. Spike, Robert J. Wright, Stephen D. Danielson, David W. Stanley-Samuelson

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

1. The fatty acid compositions of phospholipids and triacylglycerols prepared from whole chinch bugs Blissus leucopterus leucopterus and B. iowensis were analyzed.
2. The fatty acid profiles from these insects are different from those from all other insect groups so analyzed, except most Diptera.
3. The major components include 16:0 and 18:0, high proportions of 16:1 and 18:1 and low proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids.
4. The fatty acid profiles were similar for several categories from both species of chinch bugs, including adult males and females, prediapausing and diapausing adults, and nymphs.

Ice-Wedge Casts Of Wisconsinan Age In Eastern Nebraska, William J. Wayne

Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences: Faculty Publications

Sand-filled, wedge-shaped structures beneath a thin layer of aeolian sand penetrate a preIllinoian till and gravel in northeastern Nebraska. Interpreted to be relic thermal contraction crack wedges, they provide the first definite evidence in this State of the former presence of permafrost. The wedges are 5- 7 m apart, 1.8-2.8 m deep and 0.6-0.9 m across at the top, taper downward to a crack and intersect to form polygons. They are filled with medium sand that contains mostly rounded and frosted grains. Vertical fabric is present in each wedge. Ventifacts lie along the top of the till, which is covered …

School Psychology At The University Of Utah, William R. Jenson, Elaine Clark, Susan M. Sheridan, Howard N. Sloane, Thomas J. Kehle

Department of Educational Psychology: Faculty Publications

The article describes the history of the school psychology program at the University of Utah from 1978, and discusses responsibilities of a school psychologist: utilizing and disseminating the knowledge base of psychology in educational problem solving; operating from a scientist-practitioner model, wherein practices prescribed are based on research-validated procedures and a sound theoretical framework. School psychologists are generalists and specialists and function as researchers, diagnosticians, interventionists, assessors, consultants, and advocates for children. Professionally, school psychologists are identified with the overarching goals of enhancing the academic, social, and emotional well-being of students.

Introgression Of Coyote Mitochondrial Dna Into Sympatric North American Gray Wolf Populations, Niles Lehman, Andrew Eisenhawer, Kimberly Hansen, L. David Mech, Rolf O. Peterson, Peter J. P. Gogan, Robert K. Wayne

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genotypes of gray wolves and coyotes from localities throughout North America were determined using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Of the 13 genotypes found among the wolves, 7 are clearly of coyote origin, indicating that genetic transfer of coyote mtDNA into wolf populations has occurred through hybridization. The transfer of mtDNA appears unidirectional from coyotes into wolves because no coyotes sampled have a wolf-derived mtDNA genotype. Wolves possessing coyote-derived genotypes are confined to a contiguous geographic region in Minnesota, Ontario, and Quebec, and the frequency of coyote- type mtDNA in these wolf populations is high (> 500%). The …

Bioconcentrations Of Heavy Metals Copper, Chromium (Tot), Lead, Zinc, Nickel And Mercury In The Missouri River 1991

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

The presence of heavy metals within aquatic environments can be attributed to sources such as industry, municipal discharges, agriculture and natural processes which release various amounts into natural systems. Metals such as copper, zinc and chromium are listed as essential micronutrients for many plant and animal species. Of potential concern, however, is the tendency of heavy metals to accumulate within the food webs of ecosystems. Classified as biologically hard to degrade, heavy metals may concentrate to significant amounts within the trophic levels of a particular ecosystem. At these increased concentrations many of these heavy metals become toxic to living organisms. …

Orphaned Mallard Brood Travels Alone From Nest To Water, Gary Krapu, Christopher Dwyer, Carmen Luna

United States Geological Survey, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center: Publications

Waterfowl young often travel long distances from the nest site to water when accompanied by a parent; the timing of the trip can range from a few hours to days after hatching (Sowls 1955, Bjlrvall 1968; Dzubin and Gollop 1972; Ball 1973; Duncan 1983; Afton and Paulus, in press). Little is known, however, of what happens to waterfowl broods or individual young stranded far from water by the death of a parent or after becoming separated or abandoned.

Reservoir Sedimentation Studies, D C. Boudurant, R H. Livesey

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha District

It must be recognized that, when a reservoir is constructed on a stream, all or most of the sediment transported into the reservoir by the stream will be deposited there. With few exceptions, there is no practical method for reducing or eliminating the sediment inflow; thus it is necessary to anticipate and to provide for resulting problems. The major problem is, of course, the accumulative loss of storage capacity. Other items of importance include the distribution of the sediment with respect to various storage increments, the effect on the chemical or physical quality of the water, ecological effects, and the …

Size Differences Among Root-Knot Nematodes On Resistant And Susceptible Alyceclover Genotypes, L. E. Powers, R. A. Dunn, R. Mcsorley

Department of Plant Pathology: Faculty Publications

The influence of plant resistance on the size of individual root-knot nematodes was determined in greenhouse experiments. Five genotypes of alyceclover were inoculated with second-stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita race 3 or M. arenaria race 1. Plants were harvested at selected intervals and stained for detection of the nematodes, which were dissected from the roots. Length, width, and sagittal-sectional area of each animal were measured using an image-analysis system, and areas of nematodes in all stages were compared at different times and across alyceclover lines. Nematodes feeding on roots of resistant lines were consistently smaller than those on susceptible plants, …

Monoclonal Antibodies To The Fusion Protein Of Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Kent M. Mulkey, Gary A. Anderson

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Five monoclonal antibodies specific for bovine respiratory syncytial virus were characterized by Western immunoblotting, radioimmunoprecipitation, and epitope mapping assays. The monoclonal antibodies were found to be specific for the fusion protein, and there were at least two antigen binding sites, one of which was neutralizing.

Inheritance Of Acid-Soil Tolerance In Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor) Grown On An Ultisol, C. I. Flores, L. M. Gourley, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, R. B. Clark

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Inheritance of acid-soil tolerance (generally considered AI-toxicity tolerance) i.n sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is not clear. Forty F₁ sorghum hybrids and their 14 parents were grown two seasons in the field at relatively high (67 and 71%) and low (43 and 42%) Al saturations on an acid Ultisol in Colombia, South America to evaluate the effects of acid soil on agronomic component traits and to better understand inheritance of acid-soil tolerance of sorghum. For plants grown at the high Al saturation levels, hybrids from acid-soil tolerant [AS-T] x acid soil-sensitive [AS-S] crosses were as tolerant as hybrids from …

Fertility And Forage Yield Of Sorghum X Sudangrass Hybrids In A1 And A3 Cytoplasm, J. J. Toy, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, K. J. Moore

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Most sorghum x sudangrass hybrids are currently produced in Al male-sterile cytoplasm. Availability of alternative cytoplasmic sterility systems allows production of sorghum x sudangrass hybrids that may have superior forage characteristics. A study was conducted to compare the agronomic performance of Al and A3 sorghum x sudangrass hybrids. A bulk of eight sudangrass populations was used to pollinate four grain sorghum inbreds normally used as females that had been sterilized in both Al and A3 cytoplasm, and two inbreds normally used as males that had been sterilized in A3 cytoplasm. The hybrids were evaluated in 1990. Results indicate that male-sterile …

Notes: Interpretive Analysis For Forage Yield Trial Data, Jeffrey F. Pedersen, K. J. Moore, Edzard Van Santen

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Forage cultivar evaluation is often done in small plots with multiple harvests throughout the growing season. Data is often summarized by presenting a yearly total yield for each cultivar in addition to the mean for each harvest date. Data summarization often becomes burdensome and difficult to interpret. Regressing yield against a growth index associated with harvest dates can be utilized to describe forage performance in a concise and easily interpreted format. Subsets of data from tall fescue (Festuca amndinacea Schreb.) yield trials conducted in Alabama and Kentucky were used to demonstrate the technique. The analysis involves regressing yield of a …

Nitrogen And Methyl Jasmonate Induction Of Soybean Vegetative Storage Protein Genes, Paul E. Staswick, Jing-Feng Huang, Yoon Rhee

Department of Agronomy and Horticulture: Faculty Publications

Vegetative storage protein (VSP) and VSP mRNA levels in soybean (Glycine max) leaves correlated with the amount of NH₄NO₃ provided to nonnodulated plants. The mRNA level declined as leaves matured, but high levels of N delayed the decline. This is consistent with the proposed role for VSP in the temporary storage of N. Wounding, petiole girdling, and treatment with methyijasmonate (MeJA) increased VSP mRNA in leaves 24 hours after treatment. The magnitude of the response depended on leaf age and N availability. N deficiency essentially eliminated the response to wounding and petiole girdling. MeJA was …

Performance Of Seedigated And Conventionally Planted Crops, W. S. Leander Jr., Derrel L. Martin, James R. Gilley

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Seedigation is the use of a moving sprinkler irrigation system to broadcast seeds on the soil surface. Seed germination, plant characteristics and yield for grain sorghum, winter wheat and soybeans that were seedigated and conventionally planted are compared. When the seeding rates for seedigation were increased above that for conventional planting, and adequate moisture was available for germination, grain sorghum and wheat seedigated on tilled surfaces produced yields similar to conventionally planted crops. Seedigation of soybeans into fallow conditions, or when used as a relay crop, was unsuccessful. Shallow disking following seedigation did not improve germination or yield of grain …

Mechanical And Barrier Properties Of Edible Corn And Wheat Protein Films, T. P. Aydt, Curtis Weller, R. F. Testin

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Published methods for production of homogeneous edible films from com and wheat proteins were adapted. Barrier and mechanical properties of the edible films were evaluated with procedures commonly used on polymeric films. Mechanical property data included thickness, elongation, tensile strength, tear strength, and burst strength measurements. Barrier property data included water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gas transmission rate measurements. Homogeneous com and wheat protein films were found to have low tensile strengths, far less than cellophane. Com films were brittle while wheat films were elastic in comparison to cellophane. All three types of film had low permeabilities for dry …

A Cooperative Educational Program To Reduce Soil Erosion, David P. Shelton, Elbert C. Dickey, Paul J. Jasa, David A. Biere, Susan Smydra Krotz

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Eastern Nebraska, especially the northeastern portion, has a history of severe soil erosion, due in part to a predominance of steep slopes and highly erodible soils (12). While the average annual allowable soil loss ("T" value) for most of these soils is five tons per acre, some fields have annual soil erosion rates that exceed 100 tons per acre. The loss of topsoil is critical, of course, but erosion from cropland also results in the removal of fertilizers and pesticides, which degrades water quality.

Even though farmers are generally aware that soil erosion is a national problem, many …

Estimating Percent Residue Cover Using The Line-Transect Method, David P. Shelton, Elbert C. Dickey, Roger Kanable, Stewart W. Melvin, Charles A. Burr

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

Estimating Percent Residue Cover Using the Line-Transect Method

The line-transect method is one of the easiest method to use in the field to determine the percent residue cover on the surface. Accurate measurement is necessary to determine if enough cover is present to comply with the conservation plan.

The following is a step-by-step procedure for using the line-transect method to measure the percentage of residue cover.

Step 1

Use a 100-foot or 50-foot measuring tape for measuring residue cover. Other measuring length or even knotted ropes can be used if the appropriate multiplication factor is used to calculate the percentage. …

Residue Management To Control Soil Erosion By Water, Elbert C. Dickey, David P. Shelton, Paul J. Jasa, Michael C. Hirschi

Department of Agricultural and Biological Systems Engineering: Faculty Publications

The Erosion Process

Erosion of topsoil begins when water detaches individual soil particles from clod and other soil aggregates. A single raindrop may seem insignificant, yet collectively, raindrops strike the ground with surprising force. During an intense storm, rainfall can loosen and detach up to 100 tons of soil per acre and can be especially erosive when residue mulch or vegetation are not present to absorb their impact.

Two problems often occur during rainstorms. The rate of rainfall can exceed the rate at which water can enter the soil and raindrop impact forces can partially seal the soil surface. In …

Searching Image In The Pigeon: A Test Of Three Hypothetical Mechanisms, Alan B. Bond, Donald A. Riley

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

The searching image hypothesis was originally proposed to account for the observation that animals selecting among disparate foods often consume an excess of the more common types. The hypothesis states that animals searching for a particular cryptic food item focus on visual features that are characteristic of that item, thereby facilitating its discrimination from the background. A change in stimulus discriminability is not, however, the only feasible explanation for the effect. One alternative is a simple change in response bias, an increased predisposition to respond to food-related stimuli. Another possible hypothesis derives from the fact that the amount of time …

Social Behavior And The Ontogeny Of Foraging In The Kea (Nestor Notabilis), Judy Diamond, Alan B. Bond

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Kea are omnivorous parrots endemic to the high mountains of the South Island of New Zealand. Over a two-year period, we recorded quantitative behavioral data from 38 banded male kea foraging at a refuse dump outside Arthur's Pass National Park and analyzed the effects of social factors on the ontogeny of foraging. Members of the four distinguishable age classes — fledglings, juveniles, subadults, and adults — displayed characteristic differences in foraging ability and in the social behavior used to obtain access to resources. Adults performed most of the excavation that uncovered new food resources. Fledglings explored and manipulated objects almost …

Sexual Dimorphism In The Kea Nestor Notabilis, Alan B. Bond, Kerry-Jayne Wilson, Judy Diamond

Papers in Behavior in Biological Sciences

Morphological differences between the sexes in Keas Nestor notabilis were quantified from a sample of 86 sexed museum specimens, nine sexed zoo captives and 129 live, wild-caught birds. The results demonstrate that Kea are sexually dimorphic. Males are about 5% larger than females in linear measurements of body size and their upper bills are on average 12-14% longer, with a slightly larger radius of curvature. The dimorphism in bill size was statistically independent of the difference in overall body size, suggesting the possibility of intersexual differences in niche utilisation. Culmen length appears to be a useful means for distinguishing sexes …

Protein Turnover As A Component In The Light/Dark Regulation Of PhosphoEnolPyruvate Carboxylase Protein-Serine Kinase Activity In C4 Plants, Jin-An Jiao, Cristina Echevarría, Jean Vidal, Raymond Chollet

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Maize leaf phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase [PEPC; orthophosphate:oxaloacetate carboxy-lyase (phosphorylating), EC 4.1.1.311 protein-serine kinase (PEPC-PK) phosphorylates serine-15 of its target enzyme, thus leading to an increase in catalytic activity and a concomitant decrease in malate sensitivity of this cytoplasmic C₄ photosynthesis enzyme in the light. We have recently demonstrated that the PEPC-PK activity in maize leaves is slowly, but strikingly, increased in the light and decreased in darkness. In this report, we provide evidence that cycloheximide, an inhibitor of cytoplasmic protein synthesis, when fed to detached leaves of C₄ monocots (maize, sorghum) and dicots (Portulaca oleracea) in the …

Nicotinate, Nicotinamide, And The Reactivity Of Leghemoglobin In Soybean Root Nodules, Robert V. Klucas, Cyril A. Appleby

Department of Biochemistry: Faculty Publications

Nicotinate has been postulated to interfere with the binding of O₂ to ferrous leghemoglobin in soybean (Glycine max) root nodules. For such a function, the levels of nicotinate in nodules must be sufficiently high to bind a significant amount of leghemoglobin. We have measured levels of nicotinate, nicotinamide, and leghemoglobin in soybean nodules from plants 34 to 73 days after planting in a glasshouse. On a per gram nodule fresh weight basis, levels between 10.4 and 21 nanomoles for nicotinate, 19.2 and 37.8 nanomoles for nicotinamide, and 170 to 280 nanomoles for leghemoglobin were measured. Even if …