Digital Commons Network^™

Section One: Test Bias, Multicultural Assessment Theory, And Multicultural Instrumentation, Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Stanley Sue in "Measurement, Testing, and Ethnic Bias: Can Solutions Be Found" addresses multicultural assessment and research with experienced wisdom and scientific inquiry. His tone is amicable, communicating a problem-solving attitude. Owing to its applicability, Sue's paper will appeal to a wide readership, with each reader finding a particular part especially meaningful. We find journalistic information on negligent diagnosis; a review of diagnostic studies; suggestions for new measurement methods to control for cultural bias in tests; analyses of a White prediction equation for the academic achievement of various Asians in the U.s.A.; ongoing research on MPPI-2 scores of diversely acculturated …

1. Measurement, Testing, And Ethnic Bias: Can Solutions Be Found?, Stanley Sue

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Assessment, evaluation, and diagnosis will gain increasing prominence as we head into the next century. Emphasis on managed care in the mental health system, well-being of individuals, job and work efficiency, personnel selection, upward promotions in one's career, admissions to institutions of higher education, etc., all require valid means of measurement and testing.

Several points are covered in this chapter. Firs t, the assessment process involving ethnic minorities has many avenues by which bias can emerge. The biases can occur because of differences in culture or ethnicity as well as minority group status. Although culture has been defined in many …

Section Three: Measurement Of The Relationships Of Multicultural Counseling Competencies And Counselor Training, Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Ponterotto, Sodowsky, and Pope-Davis are paying attention to the nomological net encompassing multicultural counseling competencies for definitional and utilitarian purposes. The studies· reported in this section suggest that the Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale (MCAS) and the Multicultural Counseling Inventory (MCI) are relatively reliable, valid, and pragmatic measures. Although the MCAS and MCI assess multicultural competencies, they differ in their item content, and, hence, in their operational definitions of multicultural knowledge, skills, and awareness. They have different numbers of factors. In addition, the item content of their respective factors/subscales indicates that the MCAS focuses on self-reported attitudes and the MCI on …

8. The Multicultural Counseling Inventory: Validity And Applications In Multicultural Training, Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Counseling professionals in the United States (U.S.) realize that they live in a multicultural, multietlmic, and diverse socioeconomic society. The complexity of this society challenges the cOlU1selor ("counselor" is used to include all psychological service providers) to revise and relearn the help-giving process. This challenge has been taken up by multicultural training (MCT). MCT's challenge is professional, philosophical, and political in nature.

Professional mandates of the American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD, 1988) (now called American Counseling Association [ACA]) and the American Psychological Association (APA) (APA, 1992; APA Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs, 1993) that influence lU1iversity accreditation and …

9. Assessing Multicultural Counseling Competencies Using The Multicultural Counseling Inventory: A Review Of The Research, Donald B. Pope-Davis, Deanna Nielson

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Since the publication of the position paper on cross-cultural counseling competencies of the Education and Training Committee of the American Psychological Association's Division of Counseling Psychology (Division 17; Sue, Bernier, Durran, Feinberg, Pedersen, Smith, & Vasquez-Nuttall, 1982), a great deal has been written about the need for increased training in cross-cultural counseling. Many textbooks and journal articles on multiculturaP counseling theories and techniques have been published to provide guidance to trainers (e.g., D'Andrea, Daniels, & Heck, 1991; Leong & Kim, 1991; Pedersen, 1987, 1988; Sue & Sue, 1990) in the provision of services to counselor trainees. As a result, there …

Epilogue, Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky, James C. Impara

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

The book has shown the use of a combination of approaches to understand the nature of a problem: traditional diagnosis and standardized assessment, cultural and racial explanations as alternative hypotheses, clinical judgement based on a decision-tree involving cross-cultural and indigenous frameworks, quantitative-qualitative methods of data analyses, and the use of multicultural paper-and pencil and projective tests. The attitudes and cognitive-affective tests presented or referenced in the book, in addition to being formally administered, could be used as springboards for collaborative discussions with clients and psychology trainees in order to gain a better understanding of their values and assumptions and, by …

Author Index

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

List of Authors

A-Z (10 pages)

Subject Index

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Subject Index

A-Z (5 pages)

Acuta Enews April 1996, Vol. 25, No. 4

ACUTA Newsletters

In This Issue

From the President

Pasadena Community College

Port by Every Pillow at WCU

Multi-Media at Sewanee

DC at a Glance

From ACUTA Headquarters

Comments On The Distribution Of Botrychium Lunarioides (Ophioglossaceae) In Texas, W. C. Holmes, T. L. Morgan, Jeffrey R. Stevens, R. D. Gooch, J. R. Singhurst

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Botrychium lunarioides (Michx.) Sw. (Ophioglossaceae) is now known to be widespread and abundant throughout the eastern portion of Texas. In 1996, Do, et al. reported ten additional county records in the central portion of the Post Oak Savannah of Texas, thereby extending the known distribution of the species up to 273 km to the west. Additional field studies during 1996 have yielded nineteen new county records for the species in Texas. These new reports are primarily from the Post Oak Savannah, Pineywoods, and Blackland Prairies of northeast Texas and from the southern portion of the Post Oak Savannah. The most …

What Josiah Said: Uncle Josiah's Role In Ceremony, Thomas Lynch

Department of English: Faculty Publications

Leslie Marmon Silko's novel Ceremony is probably the most thoroughly analyzed recent work of Native American literature. Much of that analysis involves the various elements that contribute to the "ceremony" that heals the main character, Tayo, including such aspects as memory, animals, ritual, traditional stories, mythological characters, and both symbolic and literal landscapes. Critics have focused especially on the role of female figures and mythological characters such as Night Swan and Ts'eh. Such an emphasis is warranted since the roles of female and mythological characters in Laguna culture are probably the two important aspects in the story least familiar-and hence …

Conditioned Stimulus Determinants Of Conditioned Response Form In Pavlovian Fear Conditioning, Stephen D. Kim, Steven Rivers, Rick A. Bevins, John J. B. Ayres

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Four experiments using barpress conditioned suppression in rats found that tone evoked more freezing (immobility) than did light. Still, tone and light appeared to have similar conditioned value as assessed by suppression in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, and by blocking, second-order conditioning, and over-conditioning assays in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Experiment 4 arranged for tone to evoke less suppression than light but more freezing. Results suggest that in fear conditioning, the nature of the conditioned stimulus affects the form of conditioned responding (strong vs. weak freezing). This conclusion extends one drawn by P. C. Holland (1977) on …

Education And Training In Psychology And Law/Criminal Justice: Historical Foundations, Present Structures, And Future Developments, James R. P. Ogloff, Alan Tomkins, Donald N. Bersoff

Alan Tomkins Publications

Although psychology had a brief—and rather dramatic—foray into the legal system early in this century, it was only after World War II that psychology started to systematically permeate the legal system. Building on the interest psychologists and other social scientists had on the law, education and training in the areas of psychology and law/criminal justice has undergone considerable growth and development over the past two decades. The authors discuss the early developments and current models of this education and training. Implications of the increased interest and training in psychology and law/ criminal justice, and directions for future developments in these …

Envy And Jealousy As Discrete Emotions: A Taxometric Analysis, Nick Haslam, Brian H. Bornstein

Department of Psychology: Faculty Publications

Envy and jealousy may differ in kind or only by degree. In a study of emotion episodes recalled by 291 subjects, two forms of taxometric analysis were used to test between categorical and dimensional models of the two emotions. The two emotions yielded strong convergent evidence of discreteness, and commonly co-occurred. However, although subjects rated their episode to contain similar levels of “envy” and “jealousy,” both terms were equally correlated with the presence of envy features and neither term was correlated substantially with the presence of jealousy features. Implications are drawn for the study of categorical distinctions between emotions, and …

Nebline, March 1996

NEBLINE Newsletter Archive from Nebraska Extension in Lancaster County

Horticulture

Rural $ense

Family Living

4-H & Youth

Environmental Focus

Community & Leadership Development

Extension Calendar

Expanded Food and Nutrition Education Program (EFNEP)

Nebraska Association for Family and Community Education News

and other extension news and events

Weed Awareness Edition

The Ethics Of Implementation: Institutional Remedies And The Lawyer's Role, Susan Poser

Nebraska College of Law: Faculty Publications

The issue addressed in this article is whether and to what extent a lawyer has an ethical responsibility to pursue implementation of the remedy in institutional reform litigation. Institutional reform litigation refers to cases in which an individual or class of individuals sues a large organization in order to vindicate constitutional or statutory rights. The types of cases with which this article is concerned are the "public law" type, such as school desegregation, prisoners' rights and patients' rights cases, although included under the rubric of institutional reform can be, inter alia, antitrust, reapportionment and bankruptcy cases. The implementation stage of …

Verdicts Of Conscience: Nullification And Necessity As Jury Responses To Crimes Of Conscience, Robert F. Schopp

Nebraska College of Law: Faculty Publications

Consider three types of atypical criminal defendants. The first trespasses at a nuclear weapons plant (or a segregated bus station or women's health clinic) in order to publicly protest a law or public policy represented by that facility or by the activity that occurs there. The second operates an underground railroad in violation of the Fugitive Slave Act (or smuggles South American residents into the United States or breaks into a women's health clinic in order to disable equipment and prevent scheduled abortions). The third causes the death of a loved one by disconnecting that person from life sustaining medical …

Homosexual Marriage And The Myth Of Tolerance: Is Cardinal O'Connor A "Homophobe"?, Richard F. Duncan

Nebraska College of Law: Faculty Publications

Duncan explains why he believes the heterosexual norm should be defended in what well may be the decisive moment of the sexual revolution--the battle over the meaning of marriage in human community. In particular, Duncan will focus on an aspect of this controversy that he notes often goes unnoticed--the impact of a paradigm shift on the "old order," on those who continue to affirm the conventional understanding of sexual morality and marriage.

Acuta Enews January 1996, Vol. 25, No. 1

ACUTA Newsletters

In This Issue

From the President

SIUE $1.1 Million Phone Scam

NUI Implements ADSI Technology

Sewanee Campus Hooked up to Info Highway

ACUTA Listserves

From ACUTA Headquarters

Unl Women's Studies Program Fall 1996, Christina E. Brantner

Women's and Gender Studies Program: Information and Materials

Since this newsletter is coming to you at the beginning and not the end of an academic year, and sinceyour entire Women's Studies staff is new, I would like to address you only briefly.

I am very excited about the opportunity to serve you all and am deeply honored by your confidence in me. I am not even going to try to fill Barbara DiBernard's wonderful shoes; I simply plan on keeping Women's Studies "on track" these two semesters.

2. Multicultural And Crosscultural Assessment: Dilemmas And Decisions, Juris G. Draguns

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Cross-cultural psychologists aspire to scientific objectivity and cultural sensitivity. These two objectives are pursued simultaneously, yet they often exercise a pull in divergent directions. If the investigator's concepts, instruments, and procedures are designed to maximize cultural appropriateness, they may not be usable within other cultures. If, however, comparability is the principal consideration, sensitivity to the unique culture that is being investigated may be compromised.

The assessment of disturbed behavior across cultures is not exempt from these two pressures. In this chapter, four objectives are pursued. First an attempt is made to take stock of the present state of multicultural assessment. …

3. Development Of Temas, A Multicultural Thematic Apperception Test: Psychometric Properties And Clinical Utility, Giuseppe Costantino, Robert G. Malgady

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

INTRODUCTION

The propriety of administering psychological tests standardized on nonminority, middle-class, and English-speaking populations to examinees who are not fluent in English or are from culturally or demographically diverse backgrounds has been a controversial topic for over five decades (Dana, 1993b; Olmedo, 1981). Although the controversy originally surrounded intelligence testing of Blacks, similar allegations of bias toward Hispanics have been raised in the context of personality testing and diagnostic evaluation, a topic which is our present focus. The prevailing view is that in the absence of empirical evidence to the contrary, standard mental health evaluation procedures are considered unbiased (e. …

Section Two: New Developments In The Theories And Measurement Of White And Black Racial Attitudes, Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Janet Helms in "Toward a Methodology for Measuring and Assessing Racial as Distinguished from Ethnic Identity" proposes (a) theoretical advancements in the Black and White racial identity models, (b) a nontraditional psychometric understanding of the White Racial Identity Attitudes Scale (WRIAS), and (c) assumptive differences in the constructs of racial identity and ethnic identity. Helms has introduced new concepts, such as, "sociorace," "racial assignment," "societally defined racial classification system" and "societally regulated racial group," to argue that one cannot classify people in the U.S. according to genetic origins and phenotypes. Rather, race-defining characteristics are chosen by the White dominant group, …

5. Exploring The Complexity Of Racial Identity Attitude Measures, Robert T. Carter

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

In the 1970s theories of racial identity began to appear in the psychological literature. Several scholars working independently in various parts of the country introduced theories of Black racial identity development (see Helms, 1990). Since the 1970s, racial, ethnic, or minority identity theories have been introduced to include other visible racial! ethnic groups. The term "visible racial-ethnic" applies to Black, Asian, Indian, and Latino Americans; it identifies them as members of both racial and ethnic groups who are recognized by skin-color, physical features, and/or language. Ethnic or racial or cultural identity models have been proposed for Asians, Hispanics (Berry, 1980), …

4. Toward A Methodology For Measuring And Assessing Racial As Distinguished From Ethnic Identity, Janet E. Helms

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

In the 1970s, as an offshoot of the civil rights movements of that era, applied psychologists began to grapple with the issues of how to measure racial and ethnic identity. Given the increased emphasis on improving the life circumstances of disenfranchised peoples in the United States, practitioners and applied social and behavioral scientists sought pragmatic strategies for determining how best to intervene in the environments primarily of peoples of color in order to contribute to positive mental health outcomes for them as well as society more inclusively (Sue, 1992).

However, as Helms (1990a) noted, the sophistication of theoretical models and …

6. Development Of The Oklahoma Racial Attitudes Scale Preliminary Form (Oras-P), Sandra K. Choney, John T. Behrens

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

The attitudes one holds about oneself as a member of a specific racial or ethnic group and how those attitudes influence perceptions and behavior have been topics of increasing interest since the introduction of Cross's (1971) model of Nigrescence. However, in 1984, Janet Helms opened new vistas by urging that the racial outlook of Whites also be considered, particularly as it may affect cross-racial dyadic interactions. In addition to the potential benefits for practice, an increased understanding of White racial outlook is thought to have significant utility for both training (Sabnani, Ponterotto, & Borodovsky, 1990) and research (Atkinson & Thompson, …

7. Development And Initial Validation Of The Multicultural Counseling Awareness Scale, Joseph G. Ponterotto, Brian P. Rieger, Ann Barrett, Genevieve Harris, Rickey Sparks, Caridad M. Sanchez, Debbie Magids

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

In recent years counseling programs have devoted increasing attention to multicultural issues in the curriculum. The counseling profession's initial interest in multicultural training (or development) was buoyed by the Division of Counseling Psychology (Division #17 of the American Psychological Association [APA]) position paper on multicultural competencies (Sue et al., 1982). This position paper delineated 11 cross-cultural counseling competencies organized within the categories of awareness (beliefs/attitudes), knowledge, and skills.

The Awareness category refers to the counselor's awareness of his or her own value biases and how these biases may translate into culturally insensitive counseling; to the need to check biases and …

Multicultural Assessment In Counseling And Clinical Psychology (Complete Work), Gargi Roysircar Sodowsky, James C. Impara

Multicultural Assessment in Counseling and Clinical Psychology

Select multicultural instruments that are paper-and-pencil attitude and projective tests, developed recently and cited in refereed journals, are presented. New data are treated to multivariate statistics, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, structural equation modeling, cluster analyses, reliability estimation, and norm transformations. Tests are shown to be construct-related to multicultural theories and/ or criterion- related to sociocultural variables. That is, instrument validity is supported through the theoretical groundedness of obtained results, through theory-building based on data interpretation, or through criterion predictions.

Test bias of mainstream instruments are discussed statistically as well as conceptually. Differences in test scores are given an interpretation …

Attacking Ideas, Not People: Using Structured Controversy In The College Classroom, Barbara L. Watters

Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: Archives

In my version of structured controversy. students choose a controversial issue related to the course in which they are enrolled. prepare pro and con arguments based on course material. debate the issue formally in class, and engage in small-group discussions to discover common values and solutions. Although I have used structured controversy only with college students in psychology courses, it could be adapted easily for other age groups and academic subjects (Johnson and Johnson, 1979; Johnson and Johnson. 1987; Johnson. Johnson, and Holubec, 1993). Using structured controversy involves three steps: preparations, argumentation, and collaboration.

Integrating Research And Undergraduate Teaching, Anne Bezuidenhout

Professional and Organizational Development Network in Higher Education: Archives

I would like to describe some of the benefits and difficulties I have encountered in my attempt to integrate my research and teaching in an introductory logic course. My introductory logic students work in groups on semester-long research projects. The research that these students are involved in belongs to the scholarship of integration, rather than the scholarship of discovery (Boyer, 1990). It is highly unlikely that most instructors will ever teach a student who will break new ground in their field. However, what most students can begin to do is to think about what role one body of knowledge or …