Digital Commons Network^™

New Host And Geographic Records For Two Protostrongylids In Dall's Sheep, Susan J. Kutz, A. M. Veitch, Eric P. Hoberg, B. T. Elkin, Emily J. Jenkins, L. Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Biodiversity survey and inventory have resulted in new information on the distribution of Protostrongylidae in Dall’s sheep (Ovis dalli dalli) from the Northwest Territories (Northwest Territories, Canada) and from Alaska (Alaska, USA). In 1998, Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei adults were found for the first time in the skeletal muscles of Dall’s sheep in the Mackenzie Mountains (Northwest Territories). Adult P. odocoilei were associated with petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages and localized myositis; eggs and larvae in the lungs were associated with diffuse granulomatous pneumonia. Experimental infections of the slugs Deroceras laeve and Deroceras reticulatum with dorsal-spined first-stage larvae assumed to be …

Quarantine And Health Screening Protocols For Wildlife Prior To Translocation And Release Into The Wild, Michael H. Woodford

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

In recent years the translocation and release into the wild of wild-caught and captive-bred wild animals (mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish) has become a common practice, ostensibly for rehabilitation or conservation purposes. These wild animals comprise many varied taxa and the objectives of translocation and release may include:
(1) reintroducing a species that has become extinct in its natural range;
(2) restocking or reinforcing a population which has become depleted; and
(3) rehabilitating wild animals and birds which have been illegally captured and subsequently confiscated by Customs or national wildlife authorities. Welfare organizations also receive sick and injured wild …

The Transcriptional Responses Of Respiratory Epithelial Cells To Bordetella Pertussis Reveal Host Defensive And Pathogen Counter-Defensive Strategies, Christopher E. Belcher, Jorg Drenkow, Bettina Kehoe, Thomas R. Gingeras, Nancy Mcnamara, Hassan Lemjabbar, Carol Basbaum, David A. Relman

United States Department of Veterans Affairs: Publications

Bordetella pertussis, the causative agent of whooping cough, has many well-studied virulence factors and a characteristic clinical presentation. Despite this information, it is not clear how B. pertussis interaction with host cells leads to disease. In this study, we examined the interaction of B. pertussis with a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) and measured host transcriptional profiles by using high-density DNA microarrays. The early transcriptional response to this pathogen is dominated by altered expression of cytokines, DNA-binding proteins, and NFKB-regulated genes. This previously unrecognized response to B. pertussis was modified in similar but non-identical fashions by the anti-inflammatory …

Predicting The Local Dynamics Of Epizootic Rabies Among Raccoons In The United States, James E. Childs, Aaron T. Curns, Meghan E. Dey, Leslie A. Real, Lisa Feinstein, Ottar N. Bjørnstad, John W. Krebs

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Mathematical models have been developed to explore the population dynamics of viral diseases among wildlife. However, assessing the predictions stemming from these models with wildlife databases adequate in size and temporal duration is uncommon. An epizootic of raccoon rabies that began in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States in the late 1970s has developed into one of the largest and most extensive in the history of wildlife rabies. We analyzed the dynamics of local epizootics at the county level by examining a database spanning more than 20 years and including 35,387 rabid raccoons. The size, number, and periodicity of …

Ecological And Physiological Factors Affecting Nesting Success Of Burrowing Owls In Buffalo Gap National Grassland, Randall L. Griebel

School of Natural Resources: Dissertations, Theses, and Student Research

The western burrowing owl (Athene cunicularia hypugea) has been declining throughout much of its range, and in some areas, quite dramatically. In the Great Plains region, these declines appear to be closely associated with declines in prairie dog numbers. Most research to date has taken place on relatively small, fragmented prairie dog colonies. The objectives of this study were to analyze burrowing owl reproductive performance (i.e., clutch size, brood size, and number fledged), and nestling body condition in relation to nest level and colony level factors in Buffalo Gap National Grassland, South Dakota. Buffalo Gap contains large prairie …

Phylogenetic Relationships Among Species Of Stilestrongylus Freitas, Lent And Almeida, 1937 (Trichostrongyloidea: Heligmonellidae: Nippostrongylinae), Parasites Of Myomorph Rodents (Rodentia: Muridae) In The Neotropics, Gerardo Perez-Ponce De Leon, Scott Lyell Gardner, Jorge Falcon-Ordaz

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The phylogenetic relationships of 14 species of Stilestrongylus were analyzed using the comparative morphology of 21 characters. We obtained 2 shortest trees of 50 steps, with a consistency index of 0.540 and 25 apomorphic character states. Ingroup monophyly was supported on these trees by 2 and 3 synapomorphies, respectively, and the ingroup was defined by the following characters: greater number of ventral ridges relative to the number of ridges dorsally, asymmetric bursa, and externodorsal rays differing in size. Sister-group relationships among Stilestrongylus and the other genera designated as outgroups are relatively consistent with those postulated by Durette-Desset’s in a classification …

Amino Acid Osmolytes In Regulatory Volume Decrease And Isovolumetric Regulation In Brain Cells: Contribution And Mechanisms, Herminia Pasantes-Morales, Rodrigo Franco, M. Eugenia Torres-Marquez, Karla Hernandez-Fonseca, Arturo Ortega

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Brain adaptation to hyposmolarity is accomplished by loss of both electrolytes and organic osmolytes, including amino acids, polyalcohols and methylamines. In brain in vivo, the organic osmolytes account for about 35% of the total solute loss. This review focus on the role of amino acids in cell volume regulation, in conditions of sudden hyposmosis, when cells respond by active regulatory volume decrease (RVD) or after gradual exposure to hyposmotic solutions, a condition where cell volume remains unchanged, named isovolumetric regulation (IVR). The amino acid efflux pathway during RVD is passive and is similar in many respects to the volume-activated anion …

A New Species Of Eimeria (Apicomplexa, Eimeriidae) From The Weedy Sea Dragon Phyllopteryx Taeniolatus (Osteichthyes: Syngnathidae), Steve J. Upton, M. Andrew Stamper, Andrea L. Osborn, Sonia L. Mumford, Laura Zwick, Michael J. Kinsel, Robin M. Overstreet

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new species of intestinal coccidian is described from the weedy or common sea dragon Phyllopteryx taeniolatus housed at the New England Aquarium in Boston and at the Shedd Aquarium in Chicago, USA. Live oocysts of Eimeria phyllopterycis sp. n. are spherical, 30.9 (28.0-34.4) μm, with a thin, single-layered wall. Both a micropyle and oocyst residuum are absent and a large polar granule is sometimes present. Sporocysts are ellipsoidal and elongate, 24.3 × 10.4 (23.4-25.6 × 9.2-11.2) μm, with Stieda and substieda bodies; shape index (length/width) 2.33 (2.14-2.70). A sporocyst residuum is present, consisting of numerous granules of various sizes. …

Comprehensive Management Of Commensal Bats, Stephen C. Frantz, Brian R. Laniewicz

Wildlife Damage Management Conference Proceedings

This paper reviews the basic concepts behind a comprehensive management approach to managing commensal species, and then considers how this approach is applied to bats that live within and about the built environment. Management activities should take into consideration the whole environment in which the target species is active, including the periodic changes that occur within that environment. Comprehensive management includes a clear understanding of: the biology, behavior and ecology of the species to be managed; the environment in which that species is active (especially harborage location); and the appropriate intervention methods used to manage such species. Interventions fall under …

Radio-Telemetry And Geographical Information Systems To Assess Urban Deer Zoonoses, Karmen M. Hollis, Christopher L. Anchor, James E. Chelsvig, Dwayne R. Etter, J. P. Dubey, Richard E. Warner, Laura L. Hungerford

Wildlife Damage Management Conference Proceedings

Urban white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) populations can influence the epidemiology of many zoonotic diseases because they affect the distribution and abundance of pathogens and vectors. The risk of emerging zoonotic pathogens increases with human populations, as people have closer contact with wildlife in urban environments. We used radio-telemetry to study deer behavior and population dynamics in Chicago, IL. We monitored home-range use and habitat patterns for 43 radio-collared deer from 2 study sites, 1995-1999. Deer serology was conducted to test for various zoonotic diseases, such as babesiosis, encephalitis, and toxoplasmosis for 12 study locations. To analyze potential disease exposures for …

Modeling Pichia Pastoris Growth On Methanol And Optimizing The Production Of A Recombinant Protein, The Heavy-Chain Fragment C Of Botulinum Neurotoxin, Serotype A, Wenhui Zhang, Mark A. Bevins, Bradley A. Plantz, Leonard A. Smith, Michael M. Meagher

Papers in Biotechnology

An unstructured growth model for the recombinant methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris Mut+ expressing the heavy-chain fragment C of botulinum neurotoxin serotype A [BoNT/A(Hc)], was successfully established in quasi-steady state fed-batch fermentations with varying cell densities. The model describes the relationships between specific growth rate and methanol concentration, and the relationships between specific methanol and ammonium consump-tion rates and specific growth rate under methanol-limited growth conditions. The maximum specific growth rate (μ) determined from the model was 0.08 h−1 at a methanol concentration of 3.65 g/L, while the actual maximum μ was 0.0709 h−1. The maximum specific methanol consumption rate was …

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 3, September 2000, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

Prevalence Of Non-O157:H7 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia Coli In Diarrheal Stool Samples From Nebraska, Paul Fey, R. S. Wickert, M.E. Rupp, T. J. Safranek, S. H. Hinrichs

United States Public Health Resources

We determined the prevalence of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in diarrheal stool samples from Nebraska by three methods: cefixime-tellurite sorbitol MacConkey (CT-SMAC) culture, enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) enzyme immunoassay, and stx_1,2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Fourteen (4.2%) of 335 specimens were positive by at least one method (CT-SMAC culture [6 of 14], EHEC enzyme immunoassay [13 of 14], stx_1,2 PCR [14 of 14]). Six contained serogroup 0157, while non-0157 were as prevalent as 0157 serogroups.

Halipegus Eschi N. Sp. (Digenea: Hemiuridae) In Rana Vaillanti From Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica, Derek A. Zelmer, Daniel R. Brooks

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Halipegus eschi n. sp. is described from the esophagus of Rana vaillanti from Guanacaste Province, Costa Rica. The new species differs from other known species of Halipegus on the basis of relative testis size, lateral extent of the uterus, vitelline follicle arrangement, egg size, and polar filament length.

Hsv Latency-Associated Transcript And Neuronal Apoptosis, Anthony B. Nesburn, Clinton J. Jones

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Thompson and Sawtell report that the Promega Anti-PARP p85 antibody did not recognize cleaved PARP in mouse or rabbit cells in their experiments, and conclude that the results reported with this antibody by Perng et al. (1) are an artifact. The Promega antibody was generated against a peptide based on the sequence of human p85. Although the corresponding bovine sequence differs by two amino acids, the antibody reacts with both human and bovine p85 (2). The mouse and rat sequences for this region of p85 differ from the human sequence by a single amino acid that corresponds to one of …

Method For Modulating Eicosanoid Mediated Immune Responses In Arthropods, David W. Stanley

Department of Entomology: Faculty Publications

The invention is directed to compositions which alter the health of invertebrate organisms by affecting eicosanoid mediated immune responses, and methods of using the compositions. The invention provides pharmaceutical com positions and biopesticide compositions. The pharmaceuti cal composition is composed of an effective amount of at least one biologically active agent which enhances or inhib its eicosanoid-mediated immune responses in invertebrate Species and a physiological compatible carrier. The biope Sticide composition is composed of a biopesticidal amount of an inhibitor of eicosanoid-mediated immune responses in invertebrates and a physiologically acceptable carrier. The pharmaceutical compositions are useful to treat invertebrate Species …

Economic Analysis Of A Large Scale Oral Vaccination Program To Control Raccoon Rabies, Philip Kemere, Michael K. Liddel, Phylo Evangelou, Dennis Slate, Steven Osmek

Human Conflicts with Wildlife: 2002 Symposium

Since the late 1980s, results of oral vaccination trials in several states have provided growing evidence that this vaccination method may be effective for controlling the spread of rabies in raccoons (Procyon lotor). This study examines the economic feasibility of using oral vaccination on a larger scale than previous trials. We analyze the benefits and costs associated with a hypothetical barrier that would stretch from Lake Erie to the Gulf of Mexico, combining natural geographic features provided by the Appalachian Mountains with oral vaccination zones. The goal of this barrier would be to prevent the raccoon rabies variant …

The Economic Impact Of Invasive Species To Wildlife Services’ Cooperators, David L. Bergman, Monte D. Chandler, Adrienne Locklear

Human Conflicts with Wildlife: 2002 Symposium

On February 3, 1999, the president of the United States signed an Executive Order 13112 on invasive species. Each federal agency was directed to detect and respond rapidly to control populations of invasive species, monitor invasive species populations, provide for restoration of native species and habitat conditions, conduct research on invasive species and develop technologies to prevent their introduction, and promote public education on invasive species and the means to address them. The United States Department of Agriculture’s Wildlife Services Program fulfills a federal responsibility for helping solve problems which occur when human activity and wildlife, including invasive species, are …

Emergence Of Third-Stage Larvae Of Umingmakstrongylus Pallikuukensis From Three Gastropod Intermediate Host Species, Susan K. Kutz, Eric P. Hoberg, Lydden Polley

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

We investigated the emergence of third-stage larvae (L3) of Umingmakstrongylus pallikuukensis from the slugs Deroceras laeve, Deroceras reticulatum, and the snail Catinella sp. in the laboratory and from D. laeve on the tundra. Third-stage larvae emerged from 8 of 8 D. laeve and 8 of 8 D. reticulatum housed at 20°C in darkness and from 9 of 10 D. laeve and 5 of 5 Catinella sp. housed at 21°C with 10-12 hours of light/day. Larvae emerged from D. laeve and D. reticulatum over a wide range of infection intensities (2-179 and 20-65, respectively), and the patterns of emergence …

Flea News 60 (July 2000), Robert E. Lewis

Flea News

Announcement: Printed copies of Flea News discontinuing

Obituary: Franciscus Gerardus Albertus Maria Smit (June 7, 1920-January 28, 2000)

Book review: Sifonapteros do Brasil, Pedro Marcois Linardi and Lindolpho Rocha Guimaraes. Sao Paulo, Museu de Zoologia USP/FAPESP, 2000.

Flea species

Literature

Miscellanea: As of January 2000 the name of the Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington was changed to Comparative Parasitology.

American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 2, [Summer 2000], Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

Conservation Conundrum, Robert L. Brownell Jr., Barbara E. Curry, Peter Daszak, Andrew A. Cunningham, Alex D. Hyatt

United States Department of Commerce: Staff Publications

P. Daszak, A. A. Cunningham, and A. D. Hyatt present a convincing argument in their Review "Emerging infectious diseases of wildlife-threats to biodiversity and human health" (Science's Compass, 21 Jan., p. 443) that emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose a risk to wildlife, and they suggest that EIDs most often result from a change in the ecology of the pathogen or the host (or both). A situation they did not mention is that in some cases, the protection of threatened species can increase the risk of an EID outbreak by allowing a close association between wildlife and domestic animals where one …

Parasite Community Structure In Pimephales Promelas (Pisces: Cyprinidae) From Two Converging Streams, M. A. Weichman, John A. Janovy Jr.

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Parasites of the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, were examined in fish collected from Elk Creek (40.88534°N, 96.83366°W) and West Oak Creek (40.90821°N, 96.81432°W), Lancaster County, Nebraska. These two streams are part of the Salt Valley watershed and flow together approximately 2 km downstream from the collection sites to form Oak Creek. This study examined the extent to which the two tributaries constitute a continuous habitat with respect to fish hosts. The parasite community included Trichodina sp., Myxobolus sp., Dactylogyrus simplex, D. bychowskyi, and D. pectenatus (all on gills); Gyrodactylus hoffmani (gill and body surface); Posthodiplostomum sp. (neascus, body …

Host Specificity In Metamera Sillasenorum, N. Sp., A Gregarine Parasite Of The Leech Helobdella Triserialis With Notes On Transmission Dynamics, Megan R. Wise De Valdez, John J. Janovy Jr., John C. Wise

John J. Janovy, Jr. Publications

Eugregarines of the suborder Septatorina are apicomplexan parasites that are found mainly in arthropods. Some exceptions are species in the Metameridae that contains the only 5 septate gregarines recorded from annelids. The type genus is Metamera Duke, 1910 with two species, Metamera schubergi Duke, 1910, in European Glossiphonia complanata, and Metamera reynoldsi Jones, 1943, from North American G. complanata. Over the summers of 1995-1998, in Keith County, Nebraska, septate gregarines were found in the glossiphoniid leech Helobdella triserialis. The gregarines were determined to be a new species of Metamera, herein named Metamera sillasenorum. Measurements of size …

Reassignment Of Lamanema From Nematodirinae To Molineinae (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) (Research Notes), Lora G. Rickard, Eric P. Hoberg

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

The monospecific Lamanema historically has been assigned to the Nematodirinae within the Molineidae. Inconsistencies in morphological characters, within a phylogenetic context for Nematodirinae, led to a re-evaluation of the putative relationships and taxonomic placement of Lamanema. Among 7 putative synapomorphies for Nematodirinae, Lamanema possesses only one, large eggs. Large eggs, sporadically present in phylogenetically disparate taxa of trichostrongyles, are equivocal with respect to placement of Lamanema; it is considered that possession of this single homoplasious character alone is insufficient justification to retain the genus in Nematodirinae. Affinities with the Trichostrongylidae (Cooperiinae or Haemonchinae) have also been proposed; however, …

Relationships Of Nematodirus Species And Nematodirus Battus Isolates (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) Based On Nuclear Ribosomal Dna Sequences, Steven A. Nadler, Eric P. Hoberg, Deborah S.S. Hudspeth, Lora G. Rickard

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Nuclear ribosomal sequence data from the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2), 5.8S subunit, and regions of the 18S and 28S genes were used to investigate sequence diversity among geographic samples of Nematodirus battus, and to infer phylogenetic relationships among Nematodirus species. Phylogenetic analysis of these data yielded strong support for relationships among species, depicting Nematodirus helvetianus and Nematodirus spathiger as sister-taxa and a clade of these two species and Nematodirus filicollis. This tree is consistent with caprine bovids as ancestral hosts, with a subsequent host shift to Bovinae in N. helvetianus. Eleven of 14 N. battus …

Phylogeny Of The Species Of The Genus Litomosoides (Nematatoda: Onchocercidae): Evidence Of Rampant Host Switching, Sara V. Brant, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Filarioid nematodes of the genus Litomosoides occur in the abdominal and (or) thoracic cavities of marsupials, rodents, and bats of the Nearctic and Neotropical regions. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships among these nematodes were estimated with a parsimony analysis of morphological characters derived from species descriptions. This nonweighted analysis produced 20 shortest trees. The monophyly of the genus was not supported in that Litomosoides thomomydis and Litomosoides westi failed to group with the other members of the genus. When these 2 taxa (parasites of pocket gophers) were excluded, monophyly of Litomosoides was supported by 2 synapomorphies (structure of the …

Efflux Of Osmolyte Amino Acids During Isovolumic Regulation In Hippocampal Slices, Rodrigo Franco, Octavio Quesada, Herminia Pasantes-Morales

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

The efflux of potassium (K⁺) and amino acids from hippocampal slices was measured after sudden exposure to 10% (270 mOsm), 25% (225 mOsm) or 50% (150 mOsm) hyposmotic solutions or after gradual decrease (22.5 mOsm/min) in external osmolarity. In slices suddenly exposed to 50% hyposmotic solutions, swelling was followed by partial (74%) cell volume recovery, suggesting regulatory volume decrease (RVD). With gradual hyposmotic changes, no increase in cell water content was observed even when the solution at the end of the experiment was 50% hyposmotic, showing the occurrence of isovolumic regulation (IVR). The gradual decrease in osmolarity elicited …

Binding Of Equine Infectious Anemia Virus Rev To An Exon Splicing Enhancer Mediates Alternative Splicing And Nuclear Export Of Viral Mrnas, Michael Belshan, Gregory S. Park, Patricia Bilodeau, C. Martin Stoltzfus, Susan Carpenter

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

In addition to facilitating the nuclear export of incompletely spliced viral mRNAs, equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) Rev regulates alternative splicing of the third exon of the tat/rev mRNA. In the presence of Rev, this exon of the bicistronic RNA is skipped in a fraction of the spliced mRNAs. In this report, the cis-acting requirements for exon 3 usage were correlated with sequences necessary for Rev binding and transport of incompletely spliced RNA. The presence of a purine-rich exon splicing enhancer (ESE) was required for exon 3 recognition, and the addition of Rev inhibited exon 3 splicing. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-Rev bound …

Ceftriaxone-Resistant Salmonella Infection Acquired By A Child From Cattle, Paul D. Fey, Thomas J. Safranek, Mark E. Rupp, Eileen F. Dunne, Efrain Ribot, Peter C. Iwen, Patricia A. Bradford, Frederick J. Angulo, Steven H. Hinrichs

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Background
The emergence of resistance to antimicrobial agents within the salmonellae is a worldwide problem that has been associated with the use of antibiotics in livestock. Resistance to ceftriaxone and the fluoroquinolones, which are used to treat invasive salmonella infections, is rare in the United States. We analyzed the molecular characteristics of a ceftriaxone-resistant strain of Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium isolated from a 12-year-old boy with fever, abdominal pain, and diarrhea.
Methods
We used pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and analysis of plasmids and β-lactamases to compare the ceftriaxone-resistant S. enterica serotype typhimurium from the child with four isolates of this strain …