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American Society Of Parasitologists Newsletter, V. 22, No. 1, April 1, 2000, Scott Lyell Gardner

American Society of Parasitologists: Newsletter

An issue of the American Society of Parasitologists' quarterly newsletter, also called the Journal of Parasitology Newsletter.

How The Host ‘Sees’ Pathogens: Global Gene Expression Responses To Infection, Ian D. Manger, David A. Relman

United States Department of Veterans Affairs: Publications

Innate immune responses to pathogens are believed to be patterned and stereotyped. Adaptive responses display variety but in relatively few types of products and with limited numbers of mechanisms. Is this apparent disparity between microbial pathogen diversity and a restricted set of host responses an accurate picture of infection or is it the result of a limited collection of analytic tools? DNA microarray technology permits one to address simple descriptive questions about global gene expression inside cells. In particular, it offers an opportunity to examine the relationship between host and pathogen in much greater detail than has been possible previously. …

Natural Transfer Of Helminths Of Marine Origin To Freshwater Fishes, With Observations On The Development Of Diphyllobothrium Alascence, Robert L. Rausch, Ann M. Adams

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Infective stages of helminths of 5 species that occur as adults in marine mammals were found in burbot, Lota lota (L.) (Gadidae), from the lower Kuskokwim River (southwestern Alaska): Diphyllobothrium alascense Rausch et Williamson, 1958; Pyramicocephalus phocarum (Fabricius, 1780); Corynosoma strumosum (Rudolphi, 1801); Corynosoma semerme (Forsell, 1904); and Pseudoterranova decipiens (Krabbe, 1878). Some larval stages were obtained also from smelt, Osmerus mordax dentex Steindachner, an anadromous fish important as prey of burbot. Burbot, which are freshwater fish, could become paratenic hosts of those helminths by means of at least three interactions: by consuming marine fishes in brackish waters at river …

Genetic Resistance To Experimental Infection With In Red Deer (Cervus Elaphus), Colin G. Mackintosh, Tariq Qureshi, Ken Waldrup, Robert E. Labes, Ken G. Dodds, J. Frank T. Griffin

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Tuberculosis (Tb) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is a worldwide threat to livestock and humans. One control strategy is to breed livestock that are more resistant to Mycobacterium bovis. In a 3-year heritability study 6 farmed red deer stags were selected from 39 on the basis of their differing responses to experimental challenge via the tonsillar sac with approximately 500 CFU of M. bovis. Two stags remained uninfected, two were moderately affected, and two developed serious spreading Tb. Seventy offspring, bred from these six stags by artificial insemination using stored semen, were similarly challenged with M. bovis …

Jembrana Disease Virus Tat Can Regulate Human Immunodeficiency Virus (Hiv) Long Terminal Repeat-Directed Gene Expression And Can Substitute For Hiv Tat In Viral Replication, Hexin Chen, Jun He, Steven Fong, Graham Wilcox, Charles Wood

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Jembrana disease virus (JDV) is a bovine lentivirus genetically similar to bovine immunodeficiency virus; it causes an acute and sometimes fatal disease in infected animals. This virus carries a very potent Tat that can strongly activate not only its own long terminal repeat (LTR) but also the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) LTR. In contrast, HIV Tat cannot reciprocally activate the JDV LTR (H. Chen, G. E. Wilcox, G. Kertayadnya, and C. Wood, J. Virol. 73:658–666, 1999). This indicates that in transactivation JDV Tat may utilize a mechanism similar to but not the same as that of the HIV Tat. To …

Virus-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis Blocked By The Herpes Simplex Virus Latency-Associated Transcript, Guey-Chuen Perng, Clinton J. Jones, Janice Ciacci-Zanella, Melissa Stone, Gail A. Henderson, Ada Yukht, Susan M. Slanina, Florence M. Hofman, Homayon Ghiasi, Anthony B. Nesburn, Steven L. Wechsler

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Faculty Publications

Latent infections with periodic reactivation are a common outcome after acute infection with many viruses. The latency-associated transcript (LAT) gene is required for wild-type reactivation of herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In rabbit trigeminal ganglia, extensive apoptosis occurred with LAT^- virus but not with LAT⁺ viruses. In addition, a plasmid expressing LAT blocked apoptosis in cultured cells. Thus, LAT promotes neuronal survival after HSV-1 infection by reducing apoptosis.

Arthropod And Helminth Parasites From The Plains Pocket Gopher, Geomys Bursarius Bursarius From The Hosts' Northern Boundary Range In Minnesota, Monroe H. Bartel, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

As part of a continuing and more general study of the diversity of parasites from subterranean mammals in central North America, individuals of the Plains pocket gopher, Geomys bursarius bursarius, were collected from 7 localities in northwestern Minnesota from September 1991 through October 1996. Arthropods collected included the fleas, Opisocrostis bruneri (4 of 124, 3.20/0), Foxella ignota ignota (85 of 124, 68.50/0); the chewing louse, Geomydoecus geomydis geomydis from 98 of 124 (790/0), and larvae of the tick, Dermacentor variabilis (1 of 124, 0.8%). Nematodes found included Physaloptera limbata (2 of 118 gophers, 1.7%), Capillaria americana (4 of 118, …

Interferon Regulatory Factor 7 Is Induced By Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1, Luwen Zhang, Joseph S. Pagono

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

Infection by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) generates several types of latency with different profiles of gene expression but with expression of Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1) in common. The BamHI Q promoter (Qp) is used for the transcription of EBNA-1 mRNA in type I latency, which is an EBV infection state exemplified by Burkitt’s lymphoma (BL). However, Qp is inactive in type III latency, and other promoters (C/Wp) are used for transcription of EBNA-1, which raises the question of how usage of these promoters is governed. Interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 7 (IRF-7) was identified first as a negative regulator of …

A Phylogenetic Hypothesis For Species Of The Genus Taenia (Eucestoda: Taeniidae), Eric P. Hoberg, Arlene Jones, Robert L. Rausch, Keeseon S. Eom, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

Cladistic analysis of a numerical data matrix describing 27 characters for species of Taenia resulted in four most parsimonious phylogenetic trees (174 steps; consistency index = 0.28; homoplasy index = 0.72; retention index = 0.48). Monophyly for Taenia is diagnosed by the metacestode that is either a cysticercus or a form derived from a bladder-like larva; no other unequivocal synapomorphies are evident. Tree structure provides no support for recognition of a diversity of tribes or genera within the Taeniinae: Fimbriotaeniini and Taeniini have no phylogenetic basis. Hydatigera, Fimbriotaenia, Fossor, Monordotaenia, Multiceps, Taeniarhynchus, Tetratirotaenia must …

Helminthoxys Abrocomae N. Sp. (Nematoda: Oxyurida) From Abrocoma Cinerea In Bolivia, Jean-Pierre Hugot, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

A new pinworm parasite is described from Abrocoma cinerea, a caviomorph rodent of the superfamily Octodontoidea from the Andes of Bolivia. The new species, Helminthoxys abrocomae n. sp., possesses special secretory mamelons which we consider a synapomorphy of the genus Helminthoxys. Within Helminthoxys, the closest relatives are found in octodontoid rodents: H. gigantea occurs in Octodon degus in Chile and O. bridgesi in Argentina, and H. freitasi is a parasite of Thrichomys aperoides in Brazil. H. abrocomae n. sp. differs from both other species morphometrically in relation to different parts of the body in both sexes, particularly …

Bibliography Of Parasites And Vertebrate Hosts In Arizona, New Mexico And Texas (1893–1984), Lillian F. Mayberry, Albert G. Canaris, John R. Bristol, Scott Lyell Gardner

Harold W. Manter Laboratory of Parasitology: Faculty Publications

TABLE OF CONTENTS:
Introduction • Tables
Parasite-Host Bibliography: Protozoa • Cestoda • Trematoda • Nemata • Aanthocephala • Arthropoda • Acarina-Mite • Acarina-Tick • Copepoda-Crustacea • Insecta-Diptera • Insecta-Hemiptera • Insecta-Mallophaga and Anoplura • Insecta-Siphonaptera • Pentastomida • Class Unknown
Host-Parasite Bibliography: Scientific Name • Common Name
Literature Cited
Theses and Dissertations not Referenced
Acknowledgments

This bibliographic listing of parasites and hosts reported from Arizona, New Mexico and Texas has been prepared to facilitate literature searches by parasitologists and others needing such information. In the Parasite-Host Bibliography, parasites have been categorized into major taxonomic groups, assigned a number (left column) …

Genetic Diversity And Transcriptional Analysis Of The Bys1 Gene From Blastomyces Dermatitidis, James L. Bono, Basam Jaber, Mark A. Fisher, Raed O. Abuodeh, Erin O’Leary-Jepson, Gene M. Scalarone, Laurens H. Smith Jr.

Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center: Reports

Blastomyces dermatitidis, a pathogenic fungal organism, is able to exist in two differentmorphologies, a multicellular mycelium or a unicellular yeast, according to temperature, 25˚C and 37˚C respectively. The switching between morphologies must be accompanied by a cascade of signaling events in which expression of genes responsible for the change of morphology is increased or decreased. bys1, a gene from B. dermatitidis isolate #58, is expressed at high levels in the unicellular yeast, but gradually diminishes as the temperature is lowered and the organism converts to the mycelial phase where there is no transcription of bys1. We explored …

Severe Anemia In Young Children After High And Low Malaria Transmission Seasons In The Kassena-Nankana District Of Northern Ghana, Kwadwo A. Koram, Francis K. Nkrumah, Seth Owusu-Agyei, Fred N. Binka, Greg Utz, Kevin J. Baird, Steven L. Hoffman

United States Navy: Publications

Malaria and anemia accounted for 41% and 18% respectively of hospital deaths in the Kassena-Nankana district of northern Ghana during 1996. We measured hemoglobin (Hb), malaria prevalence, and anthropometric indices of 6—24-month-old infants and young children randomly selected from this community at the end of the high (May–October, n = 347) and low (November–April, n = 286) malaria transmission seasons. High transmission season is characterized by rainfall (the equivalent of 800–900 mm/yr.), while the remaining months receive less than 50 mm/ yr. Severe anemia, defined as Hb < 6.0 g/dL, was 22.1% at the end of the high transmission season compared to 1.4% at the end of the low transmission season (Odds Ratio [OR] = 20.1; 95% CI: 7.1–55.3). Parasitemia was 71% and 54.3% at these time points (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5–2.9). Nutritional anemia appeared to have little impact upon this seasonal difference since anthropometric indices were comparable. Although the relative contributions of other causes of severe anemia were not assessed, repeated malaria infections may be a primary determinant of severe anemia among infants and young children during the high transmission season.

Prevalence Of Antibody To Hepatitis E Virus Among Rodents In The United States, Michael O. Favorov, Michael Y. Kosoy, Sergei A. Tsarev, James E. Childs, Harold S. Margolis

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

The recent identification of antibody to hepatitis E virus (HEV) in pigs, sheep, and cattle and characterization of an HEV isolated from domestic pigs suggest animal reservoirs for this virus. To investigate whether rodents might be a natural reservoir of HEV, the prevalence of anti-HEV was determined among a variety of species throughout the United States. Serum samples were obtained from 806 rodents of 26 species in 15 genera. Anti-HEV prevalence was assessed by 2 EIAs (mosaic protein- and 55-kDa protein-based), which gave concordant results. The highest prevalence of antibody was found in the genus Rattus (59.7%; 66/278). Overall, rodents …

Incidence Of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Among American Indians In Oklahoma, Jennifer H. Mcquiston, Robert C. Holman, Amy V. Groom, Stephen F. Kaufman, James E. Cheek, James E. Childs

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Althought he state of Oklahoma has traditionally reported very high incidence rates of Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) cases, the incidence of RMSF among the American Indian population of the state has not been studied. The authors used data from several sources to estimate the incidence of RMSF among American Indians in Oklahoma.

Development Of Vaccines For Prevention Of Botulism, Michael P. Byrne, Leonard A. Smith

United States Army: Publications

Botulism is a potentially lethal disease caused by one of seven homologous neurotoxic proteins usually produced by the bacterium, Clostridium botulinum. This neuromuscular disorder occurs through an exquisite series of molecular events, ultimately ending with the arrest of acetylcholine release and hence, flaccid paralysis. The development of vaccines that protect against botulism dates back to the 1940s. Currently, a pentavalent vaccine that protects against BoNT serotypes A-E and a separate monovalent vaccine that protects against BoNT serotype F are available as Investigational New Drugs. However, due to the numerous shortcomings associated with the toxoid vaccines, several groups have efforts …

Response To Critique Of The Claim Of Cannibalism At Cowboy Wash, Patricia M. Lambert, Banks L. Leonard, Brian R. Billman, Richard A. Marlar, Margaret E. Newman, Karl J. Reinhard

Karl Reinhard Publications

The original authors of Billman et af. (2000) are joined by three other analysts from the Cowboy Wash research team to respond to the critique of this article by Dongoske et af. (2000). Dongoske and his coauthors state that Billman et af. (2000) failed to test alternative hypotheses or to consider alternative explanations for the findings at 5MTJOOJO and similar sites. The original authors point out that alternative hypotheses were examined and rejected, leaving a violent episode of cannibalism as the most plausible explanation for the remains found at 5MTJOOJO. Dongoske et af. also question many aspects of the osteological, …

Primary Isolation Of Ehrlichia Chaffeensis From Patients With Febrile Illnesses: Clinical And Molecular Characteristics, Steven M. Standaert, Tina Yu, Margie A. Scott, James E. Childs, Christopher D. Paddock, William L. Nicholson, Joseph Singleton Jr., Martin J. Blaser

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

Ehrlichia chaffeensis was sought among patients with a history of tick exposure and fever, and the accuracy of other diagnostic tests was compared with that of primary isolation. Among the 38 patients enrolled, E. chaffeensis was isolated from the blood of 7 (18%) and from cerebrospinal fluid specimens of 2 of these 7. All 7 patients also were positive by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of blood, and 6 patients developed diagnostic titers of antibody to E. chaffeensis. The isolates were characterized by molecular analysis of the 16S rRNA gene, the 120-kDa protein gene, and the variable-length PCR target (VLPT) …

Clinical Evaluation Of A Vaccinia-Vectored Hantaan Virus Vaccine, David Mccain, Peter Summers, Stephen Harrison, Alan Schmaljohn, Connie Schmaljohn

United States Army: Publications

We evaluated a vaccinia-vectored vaccine for hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in clinical trials. A Phase I dose-escalation study in 16 volunteers divided into four groups demonstrated that subcutaneous inoculation of approximately 107 plaque-forming units of the recombinant virus was safe and immunogenic. Vaccination of a fifth group of 12 volunteers indicated that neutralizing antibody titers to both vaccinia virus and Hantaan virus were enhanced after a second inoculation. Comparing two routes of vaccination showed that scarification effectively induced neutralizing antibodies in vaccinia virus-naive volunteers but that subcutaneous inoculation was superior to scarification in vaccinia virus-immune individuals. A Phase II, …

Persistent Hantavirus Infections: Characteristics And Mechanisms, Barbara Meyer, Connie Schmaljohn

United States Army: Publications

Hantaviruses include serious human pathogens that are maintained in nature in persistently infected rodents and that can also persistently infect cultured mammalian cells, causing little or no cytopathology. The mechanisms of hantavirus persistence are only beginning to be explored. Recent data point to subtle changes in the viral genome that might result in the differential regulation of replication and lead to persistence.

Genetic Diversity Of Hantaviruses Associated With Hemorrhagic Fever With Renal Syndrome In The Far East Of Russia, Connie Schmaljohn, Lyudmila Yashina, Nikolai Patrushev, Leonid Ivanov, Raisa Slonova, Vasiliy Mishin, Galina Kompanez, Nina Zdanovskaya, Irina Kuzina, Pavel Safronov, Vladimir Chizhikov, Sergei Ketesov

United States Army: Publications

blood samples collected from HFRS patients in 1994–1998, were examined by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. In addition, 36 sera were tested by an immunofluorescence assay for antibodies against Hantaan, Seoul, Puumala, and Khabarovsk viruses, and 54 samples were tested by plaque reduction neutralization test. With both serological assays, the highest antibody titers were to Hantaan and:or Seoul viruses. Of 110 blood samples 36 were found RT-PCR positive. Phylogenetic analysis the sequences of a 256-nucleotide (nt) fragment of the hantavirus M genome segment revealed at least 3 genetically distinct hantavirus lineages. Nucleotide sequence comparison showed that two of the lineages, designated …

Expression Of Biologically Active Human Butyrylcholinesterase In The Cabbage Looper (Trichoplusia Ni), Peter L. Platteborze, Clarence A. Broomfield

United States Army: Publications

This investigation examined the utility of three recombinant protein-expression systems (COS cells, insect cells and insect larvae) to cost-effectively produce biologically active human butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). It was determined that baculovirus-infected insect cells (Sf9 and High 5) expressed 3.5- and 8.2-fold, respectively, more active enzyme than COS-7 cells. Baculovirus-infected cabbage looper (Trichoplusia ni) insect larvae produced over 26 times more than High 5 cells ; in fact, one baculovirus-infected insect larva provided more active protein than 100 ml of insect cell culture. Analysis of the larvally expressed proteins revealed that the vast majority of BuChE expressed was inactive due to …

Mortality In Serologically Unconfirmed Mediterranean Spotted Fever [With Reply], Pablo Yagupsky, Christopher D. Paddock, James E. Childs, Sherif R. Zaki, Stephen A. Berger

Zoonotics and Wildlife Disease: Publications

I read with interest the article by Paddock et al. [1], who described the detection of occult mortality due to Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) by demonstrating Rickettsia rickettsii antigens or DNA in blood and tissues. In Mediterranean countries, including Israel, spotted fever is caused by members of the R. conorii complex, which are antigenically related to R. rickettsii. ...

To the Editor -- We appreciate the comments by Yagupsky, which underscore several of the salient features of spotted fever- group rickettsial infections that we emphasized in our report [2]. For patients, diagnosticians, and clinicians faced with the potentially tragic …

Asian Carp Management And Control Workshop

National Invasive Species Council

The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service’s Columbia Fishery Resources Office and Region 6 Aquatic Nuisance Species Coordinator co-hosted an Asian Carp Workshop in St. Louis, Missouri on April 19-20, 2000 to initiate the process of gathering input for the development of a Mississippi River Basin Asian Carp Management and Control Plan. The goal of the workshop was to review status, distribution, biology; ecological and economic benefits and impacts of four Asian carp species and identify management and control alternatives to reduce or mitigate these impacts.

Fifty-eight participants from state and federal natural resources agencies, universities and research facilities along with …

Department Of Veterinary And Biomedical Sciences: 2000 Annual Report

School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences: Information and History

Foreword, 2000 John A . Schmitz. Professor and Department Head
Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences Personnel
Faculty Profiles
Teaching program
Research program
Extension Program
Nebraska Veterinary and Diagnostic Laboratory Systems
Grants and Contracts Funded or Active in 2000
Patents by VBMS Faculty in 2000
Publications by VBMS Faculty in 2000
Presentations by VBMS Faculty in 2000
Articles Regarding the Department in 2000
Selected Committees, Editorial and Other Appointments of VBMS Faculty
Departmental Budget Summaries
Nebraska Agricultural Statistics 1999

Use Of Gis To Evaluate Livestock-Wildlife Interactions Relative To Tuberculosis Spread On Molokai Island, Hawaii, Stephanie Bany, Jerome Freier

Michigan Bovine Tuberculosis Bibliography and Database

Historically, bovine tuberculosis has occurred and been eradicated several times on the Hawaiian island of Molokai. After the most recent depopulation of cattle, TB was again identified in an adult cow in 1997, thus continuing the investigation into why bovine tuberculosis is reoccurring on the island. The Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health (CEAH) have implemented spatial analysis using ArcView software that, along with epidemiological investigations, attempts to identify the environmental factors responsible for maintaining this disease in natural foci. To examine the ecological aspects of tuberculosis transmission from wildlife to livestock, and to identify the foci of infection, we …

Quantitative Image Analysis Of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Replication In Macrophages Coinfected With Mycobacterium Avium Complex, Qingsheng Li, Keith G. Mansfield, Andrew Lackner, Ashley T. Haase

Qingsheng Li Publications

Mycobacterium avium is the most frequent cause of disseminated bacterial infection in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and in rhesus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection. This animal model of AIDS was used to test the hypothesis that this frequent association is the result of reciprocal enhancement of replication of both microorganisms. The replication of M. avium and SIV was analyzed in lymphatic tissues obtained from rhesus macaques experimentally inoculated with SIVmac who developed or remained free of overt M. avium infection. In situ hybridization, quantitative image analysis, and staining of M. avium and of macrophages …

Production And Purification Of The Heavy Chain Fragment C Of Botulinum Neurotoxin, Serotype A, Expressed In The Methylotrophic Yeast Pichia Pastoris, Karen J. Potter, Wenhui Zhang, Leonard A. Smith, Michael M. Meagher

Michael Meagher Publications

A recombinant Hc fragment of botulinum neurotoxin, serotype A (rBoNTA(Hc)), has been successfully expressed in a Mutt strain of the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris for use as an antigen in a proposed human vaccine. Fermentation employed glycerol batch, glycerol-fed batch, and methanol-fed batch phases to achieve high cell density. Induction times were short to maximize rBoNTA(H_c) production while minimizing proteolytic degradation. Concentration of rBoNTA(H_c) in yeast cell lysates was generally 1-2% of the total protein based on ELISA analysis. The H_c fragment was purified from cell lysates using a multistep ion-exchange (IEC) chromatographic process, including …

School Regulation Of Exotic Body Piercing, Karen A. Haase

Nebraska Law Review

I. Introduction

II. Body Piercing: The Latest Craze (and You Thought Pet Rocks Were Weird)

III. First Amendment Protection of Body Piercing (or How Can You Exercise Free Speech with That Thing in Your Mouth?) … A. Student First Amendment Rights … B. Body Piercings as “Speech”

IV. Fourteenth Amendment Protection of Body Piercing (or How Can You Even Mention “Rational” and “Body Piercing” in the Same Breath?)

V. Crafting a Constitutionally Acceptable Regulation … A. Health and Hygiene … B. Disruption … C. Discipline

VI. Conclusion

Identification Of The Transactivation Domain Of The Transcription Factor Sox-2 And An Associated Co-Activator, Tamara K. Nowling, Lance R. Johnson, Matthew S. Wiebe, Angie Rizzino

Nebraska Center for Virology: Faculty Publications

The importance of interactions between Sox and POU transcription factors in the regulation of gene expression is becoming increasingly apparent. Recently, many examples of the involvement of Sox-POU partnerships in transcription have been discovered, including a partnership between Sox-2 and Oct-3. Little is known about the mechanisms by which these factors modulate transcription. To better understand the molecular interactions involved, we mapped the location of the transactivation do-main of Sox-2. This was done in the context of its interaction with Oct-3, as well as its ability to transactivate as a fusion protein linked to the DNA-binding domain of Gal4. Both …