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International Graduate Students In A Master Of Public Health Program: A Mixed Methods Study To Identify Challenges And Needed Supports, Melinda S. Harrison Jan 2023

International Graduate Students In A Master Of Public Health Program: A Mixed Methods Study To Identify Challenges And Needed Supports, Melinda S. Harrison

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The increase in international graduate students (IGSs) in the United States in recent years has created additional linguistic and cultural diversity in graduate programs, thus, spotlighting the existence of these students’ unmet challenges. Although much research has been conducted on the experiences of international students in U.S. higher education contexts, very little research has focused on IGSs’ transition experiences to and through academic and professional university programs by way of pathway language support programs. Applying activity theory, I designed and conducted this case study with explanatory sequential mixed methods to investigate IGSs’ experiences as they transitioned into and through a …

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Realization Of Hyperbolic Laminations And Properties Of Limit Laminations, Adam Carty Jan 2023

Realization Of Hyperbolic Laminations And Properties Of Limit Laminations, Adam Carty

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The dynamics of polynomials is a topic of great interest for those studying complex dynamics. Polynomial dynamics is concerned with how collections of points behave under iteration of a polynomial P. The Julia set of P, which is the boundary of the collection of points which iterate off to ∞, is an interesting collection of points to look at because P is sensitive to small pertubations of points in the Julia set. Thanks to the work of William Thurston, we have a tool known as a lamination (a closed collection of chords in the unit disk D which do not …

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Advanced Applications Of Existing Technology And Their Influence On Quality Outcomes In Federally Qualified Health Centers, Ali Riza Demirbas Jan 2023

Advanced Applications Of Existing Technology And Their Influence On Quality Outcomes In Federally Qualified Health Centers, Ali Riza Demirbas

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Increasing competition in the healthcare industry is compelling organizations to adopt new strategies to obtain and/or maintain a competitive advantage. To obtain a competitive advantage, healthcare organizations may need either more efficient processes or offer new or improved products and services through the utilization of these strategies. In competitive market environments, technological innovations can be a key competitive advantage to reduce expenses, improve quality, attract more customers, or a combination of all. All healthcare organizations can benefit from technological innovations, especially those with limited resources. One type of healthcare organization that highlights the disparity in resources is the Federally Qualified …

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The Effects Of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Variants And Ligands On The Structure And Function Of Trem2, Hunter Byron Dean Jan 2023

The Effects Of Alzheimer's Disease-Associated Variants And Ligands On The Structure And Function Of Trem2, Hunter Byron Dean

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Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating, complex form of dementia. Contributions from genetics make up almost 70% of a person’s risk of developing AD, but the mechanisms by which this occurs are not well understood. Attempts to tease apart the risk contributions from individual genes have identified lipid processing and activation of innate immunity as convergent pathways for many of the known genetic risk factors. One of the strongest known risk factors, TREM2, codes for a transmembrane receptor that activates a protective immune response when it detects bound lipids. Variants in TREM2 that control AD risk have been identified, but …

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Reduction Of Sphingomyelinases Associated With Progranulin Deficiency And Frontotemporal Dementia, Nicholas R. Boyle Jan 2023

Reduction Of Sphingomyelinases Associated With Progranulin Deficiency And Frontotemporal Dementia, Nicholas R. Boyle

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Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a leading cause of early-onset dementia and has a significant socioeconomic burden due to difficulties in diagnosis and delay to diagnosis. FTD is a clinically, pathologically, and genetically heterogeneous disorder. The pathological changes associated with FTD are termed frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). Protein aggregates are always present in FTLD, with >90% of cases presenting with either TDP-43 or tau pathology. Most cases of FTD are sporadic, but familial cases account for up to 25% of FTD. All familial FTD is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion with most cases being caused by mutations in tau (MAPT), …

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Investigation Into The Structure And Function Of Tyrosyl-Dna Phosphodiesterase I'S N-Terminal Domain, Evan J. Brettrager Jan 2023

Investigation Into The Structure And Function Of Tyrosyl-Dna Phosphodiesterase I'S N-Terminal Domain, Evan J. Brettrager

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Tyrosyl-DNA phosphodiesterase I (Tdp1) is a eukaryotic DNA repair enzyme that removes adducts from DNA ends via hydrolysis of a phosphodiester bond. These adducts consist of damaged nucleotides or trapped protein-DNA complexes. Tdp1 hydrolyzes the phosphodiester bond utilizing two catalytic histidines and forming a Tdp1-DNA covalent intermediate. Mutations of these catalytic histidines have been shown to increase the stability of the Tdp1-DNA covalent intermediate and cause Topoisomerase I dependent toxicity in cells. We use these toxic Tdp1 mutant enzymes to study the function of Tdp1’s N-terminal domain (NTD). Full-length Tdp1 has proven difficult to purify due to degradation of the …

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The Global And Local Correspondence Between Unicritical And Maximally Critical Laminations And The Realization Of Laminations To Julia Sets, Brittany Burdette Jan 2023

The Global And Local Correspondence Between Unicritical And Maximally Critical Laminations And The Realization Of Laminations To Julia Sets, Brittany Burdette

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In this thesis, we first discuss the concept of laminations which was initially introduced by Thurston [1] as a way to understand quadratic polynomials and their parameter space. Laminations are a combinatorial way to model Julia sets. We go into detail explaining the introductory definitions in hopes it makes the following chapters easier to follow. In the next chapter, we go into detail discussing unicritical laminations and laminations with a single critical moment (SCM). We show there is a one - to - one correspondence between globally unicritical laminations and single critical moment laminations. The goal in this correspondence is …

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Sialylation Of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor By The Sialyltransferase St6gal1 Modulates Receptor Activity And Downstream Signaling, Katherine Ankenbauer Jan 2023

Sialylation Of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor By The Sialyltransferase St6gal1 Modulates Receptor Activity And Downstream Signaling, Katherine Ankenbauer

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During the process of malignant transformation, cells have striking changes in their cell surface glycosylation. One of these changes is an enrichment for α2,6 sialic acid which is added by the sialyltransferase, ST6GAL1. ST6GAL1 is upregulated in numerous malignancies and acts by adding an α2,6 sialic acid onto receptors bound for the plasma membrane. This sialic acid, in turn, modulates the activity of the receptor by regulating conformation, clustering, and cell surface retention. The work presented in this dissertation focuses on how ST6GAL1-mediated sialylation of a specific cell surface receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), regulates many of its properties. …

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Macrophage Ipla2ss-Derived Lipid Signaling Contributes To Type 1 Diabetes Development, Abdulaziz Saad Almutairi Jan 2023

Macrophage Ipla2ss-Derived Lipid Signaling Contributes To Type 1 Diabetes Development, Abdulaziz Saad Almutairi

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Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells that leads to hyperglycemia; however, the mechanism of β-cells destruction remains elusive. Ca2+-independent phospholipase A2β (iPLA2β), which hydrolyzes membrane phospholipids at the sn-2 position and releases bioactive lipids, modulates polarization of macrophages (M ). Data from our lab suggests that selective iPLA2β-derived lipid signals (iDLs) (i.e., PGs, HETEs, DHETs, LTB4) produced by M from spontaneous-T1D prone nonobese diabetic mice (NOD) are high during the pre-diabetic phase. However, the impact of macrophage-derived iDLs in T1D remains unclear. Therefore, we generated a NOD mouse model with …

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Generalization Of The Limit-Point & Limit-Circle Classification To Equations With Distributional Coefficients, Varun Bhardwaj Jan 2023

Generalization Of The Limit-Point & Limit-Circle Classification To Equations With Distributional Coefficients, Varun Bhardwaj

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This thesis aims to generalize the limit-point & limit-circle classification to a system with complex valued distributional coefficients and re-establish the relationship between the number of linearly independent square integrable solutions and the convergence of the circle consisting of Titchmarsh-Weyl m functions to a point or a circle in the complex plane. We begin by discussing linear relations, distributions of orders 0 and measures, and ordinary differential equations. Afterwards, we present some preliminary results that will help us generalize the classification of limit-points and limit-circles. With the preliminary results in hand, we develop the limit-point and limit-circle classification, following Weyl …

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Factors Impacting Serious Illness Care In Alabama: An Assessment Of The Current State Of Hospital Palliative Care, Amy M. Beasley Jan 2023

Factors Impacting Serious Illness Care In Alabama: An Assessment Of The Current State Of Hospital Palliative Care, Amy M. Beasley

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BACKGROUND: Palliative care (PC) use has been shown to offer many benefits to patients and families. Hospital PC has expanded in the United States, though growth has been limited within hospital types and geographic locations. According to the Center to Advance Palliative Care (CAPC), Alabama was rated a “D,” indicating that significant improvements in PC are needed. The purpose of this study was to develop a thorough description of access to palliative care in Alabama hospitals. METHODS: A mixed methods multiple case study was employed with quantitative data embedded into a qualitative case study approach. Four hospitals were selected based …

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Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Inhibiting Small Molecules With Anticariogenic Activity, Parmanand Ahirwar Jan 2023

Streptococcus Mutans Biofilm Inhibiting Small Molecules With Anticariogenic Activity, Parmanand Ahirwar

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Dental caries, a highly prevalent disease, is characterized by the erosion of the tooth surface. This disease is caused by the oral bacteria living in complex communities called biofilms. Streptococcus mutans, among the various pathogenic bacterial species inhabiting the oral cavity, is considered to be the major etiological agent for dental caries. This bacterium forms robust biofilms capable of producing significant amounts of acid, leading to the demineralization of hydroxyapatite in the tooth enamel and subsequent erosion over time. Biofilm penetration into the dentin and pulp causes severe pain, while the entry of the bacteria into the bloodstream can result …

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Epigenetic Aberrations In Systemic Sclerosis And Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Peter C. Allen Jan 2023

Epigenetic Aberrations In Systemic Sclerosis And Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Peter C. Allen

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Autoimmune diseases are a classification of more than eighty diseases where the immune system recognizes a self-antigen and mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissue, inducing inflammation a nd p otentially l eading t o d amage. Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women and develop at any age depending on the disease. The prevalence of some autoimmune diseases is increased in minority populations. Despite this, research into higher-risk populations is lacking. This highlights the need to contribute research into understanding autoimmune disease pathogenesis in diverse studies to understand why disease is more severe in these populations. We analyzed transcriptomes and methylomes of …

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Acute Placental Inflammation And Growth Outcomes In Preterm Infants, Emily Gunawan Jan 2023

Acute Placental Inflammation And Growth Outcomes In Preterm Infants, Emily Gunawan

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Background. Acute placental inflammation (API) has been associated with various adverse outcomes in preterm infants. However, little is known about how API affects their body composition and growth outcomes. This study aims to examine the association between API and growth outcomes in preterm infants. Methods. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of mother-infant dyads born < 326/7 weeks of gestation with fat mass (FM) accretion measured using air displacement plethysmography at term-equivalent age. API severity including maternal inflammatory response (MIR) and fetal inflammatory response (FIR) was staged according to criteria by Society for Pediatric Pathology based on placental pathology reports. We examined the differences in characteristics of mother-infant dyads by API severity using ANOVA or the Kruskall-Wallis test. The association between API severity and growth outcomes was analyzed using linear regression models and adjusted for statistically significant confounders. Mediation analyses were used to study the direct and indirect association of API and growth outcomes via gestational age. Results. Among 375 mother-infant dyads analyzed, 104 (28%) dyads had MIR. FIR was found in 82% of dyads with MIR. Adjusted models indicated that API severity progression was positively associated with FM accretion. Gestational age partially (49%) iv mediated the association between API severity and FM z score (indirect effect: b=0.12, 95% CI: 0.05-0.19; direct effect: b=0.12, 95% CI: 0.01-0.25). Conclusions. API severity is associated with growth outcomes and helps to accurately predict body composition in preterm infants.

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Unveiling The Commuting Experience Of An Urban University Community, Jannatul Adan Joarder Jan 2023

Unveiling The Commuting Experience Of An Urban University Community, Jannatul Adan Joarder

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Conducting a comprehensive commuter survey is a prevalent task that can help to guide traffic operations, planning, designing, and infrastructure development decision. It is one of the best approaches to comprehending commuters’ attitudes and preferences and the present commuting practices. The commuting behavior of the commuters at and around a university campus varies from that of residential or commercial areas as the university often serves a diverse community of transportation users such as students, faculty, and staff who serve the university or receive services from the university in a variety of ways. The University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB) is …

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Failure Modes Of Different Zirconia Crown Heights And Materials On Titanium Base Abutments, Aikaterini Anastasaki Jan 2023

Failure Modes Of Different Zirconia Crown Heights And Materials On Titanium Base Abutments, Aikaterini Anastasaki

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Statement of the Problem: The existing scientific literature lacks comprehensive information regarding the influence of zirconia crown height on debonding and fracture occurrences between zirconia crowns and titanium base abutments. Additionally, there is a lack of comparative studies evaluating different zirconia materials as restorative options for screw-retained restorations. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the failure modes of the zirconia crown/titanium implant abutment complex by investigating the impact of increasing zirconia crown heights and different zirconia materials. Materials and Methods: The experimental design encompassed six groups, each consisting of 10 specimens. Group 1 included 10 non-anatomical crowns …

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Role Of Dpy30 In The Epigenetic Regulation Of Odontoblast Differentiation In Vitro, Namrata Landge Rana Jan 2023

Role Of Dpy30 In The Epigenetic Regulation Of Odontoblast Differentiation In Vitro, Namrata Landge Rana

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Purpose: Dentin is produced from odontoblasts, derived from human Dental Pulp Cells (hDPCs), which are essential for dentin formation, remodeling, and mineral hemostasis. Epigenetic mechanisms are believed to be involved in odontoblast differentiation and function, and H3K4 methylation is associated with gene activation which is fundamental to histone-based epigenetics. The SET1/MLL complexes are mammals' major histone H3K4 methylation enzymes. DPY30 is a core subunit of SET1/MII complexes, mammalian's major histone H3K4 methyltransferases. It plays an important role in regulating fundamental processes including the determination of cell lineage, growth, and differentiation. Thus, histone-based epigenetic mechanisms are involved in odontoblast differentiation and …

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Molecular Determinants Of Retroviral Gag Targeting To The Plasma Membrane For Assembly, Dominik Herrmann Jan 2023

Molecular Determinants Of Retroviral Gag Targeting To The Plasma Membrane For Assembly, Dominik Herrmann

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Human T-cell leukemia virus 1 (HTLV-1) was the first oncogenic human retrovirus to be discovered. Several serious diseases have been linked to HTLV-1 infection, such as Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Between 10-20 million people are infected with HTLV-1 making it a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A comprehensive understanding of the factors that govern retroviral replication precludes the development of efficient antiretroviral therapies (ARTs). In the example of HIV-1, atomic level structural data was paramount to developing and improving upon many of the ARTs used today, underscoring the need for structure …

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Early Life Stress And Endothelin Receptor Type A: Separate Roles In Mediating Colitis, Rachel Q. Muir Jan 2023

Early Life Stress And Endothelin Receptor Type A: Separate Roles In Mediating Colitis, Rachel Q. Muir

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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) results from the interplay of genetic susceptibility, environmental influences, the microbiota, and aberrant immune responses. Despite the fact that over 200 genetic susceptibility loci have been identified, the genetic contribution to disease onset is believed to be less than 50%. Environmental factors have arisen as key drivers of disease. Early life stress (ELS) is an understudied environmental trigger linked to IBD susceptibility. Utilizing 2 separate models of ELS, we show that ELS results in diminished colonic corticosterone and prolonged intestinal inflammation upon colitogenic insult. ELS-exposed animals consistently demonstrated high levels of colonic Tnf, concurrently with decreased …

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Parental Psychological Distress And Perception Of Children's Externalizing Behaviors: Potential Role Of Parental Resources, Abigail Jeanette Anderson Jan 2023

Parental Psychological Distress And Perception Of Children's Externalizing Behaviors: Potential Role Of Parental Resources, Abigail Jeanette Anderson

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The relations between parental psychological distress and parental resources in the perception and emergence of early childhood externalizing behaviors were investigated in a longitudinal study with a cross-lagged design. Both mothers and fathers participated in a longitudinal study, which began prenatally when parents were in the third trimester of pregnancy, with follow-up assessments when children were 6 months, 18 months, and 4 years of age. Parents reported on their own psychological distress, coping self-efficacy, and social support satisfaction during all four time points, and reported on their child’s externalizing behaviors during the latter two timepoints. Results suggest that mothers’ psychological …

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Investigating The Role Of A Novel Subpopulation Of Pd-L1+ Quiescent Melanocyte Stem Cells In Pigmentation, Joseph W. Palmer Jan 2023

Investigating The Role Of A Novel Subpopulation Of Pd-L1+ Quiescent Melanocyte Stem Cells In Pigmentation, Joseph W. Palmer

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Immune checkpoint inhibitors have drastically improved cancer treatments and increased the overall survival rate of many cancer patients. Currently, one of the most active areas of research involves inhibitors to the interaction of programmed death 1 (PD- 1) found on T cells and its ligand programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) found on tumor cells. However, PD-L1 expression is not limited to cancer cells and physiological expression of PD-L1 can be found in tissues throughout the body. One notable side-effect of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies is the return of pigmentation to previously gray hairs suggesting that quiescent melanocyte stem cells (qMcSCs) are retained gray hairs …

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Improved Myocardial Infarct Repair Via Cardiac Tissue Engineering And Modified Rna, Lu Wang Jan 2023

Improved Myocardial Infarct Repair Via Cardiac Tissue Engineering And Modified Rna, Lu Wang

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Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death in the United States and the world. Myocardial infarction (MI) happens when there is an occlusion in the blood vessel. Cardiomyocytes (CM) die quickly after MI and are replaced by a fibrotic scar. Since adult mammalian cardiomyocytes have a limited capacity to regenerate, the damages induced by MI usually deteriorate into more severe symptoms such as heart failure. In order to achieve regeneration of the cardiomyocytes, numerous therapies have been proposed, including cellular therapy and CM cell cycle re-entry. During this dissertation study, we focused on improving myocardial infarct repair via cardiac …

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Sex-Stratified Genetic Analysis Of Gout And Comorbidities, Nicholas Andrew Sumpter Jan 2023

Sex-Stratified Genetic Analysis Of Gout And Comorbidities, Nicholas Andrew Sumpter

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Gout is a common inflammatory arthritis that is increasing in prevalence globally. It has clear sex differences, being more common among men, though comorbidities appear to be more common among women. It also varies in prevalence between populations, driven by a combination of genetic and socioeconomic factors. Genetic studies have identified gout-associated genetic variants, several of which are shared between different populations. Here, I combined gout-associated genetic variants into a gout polygenic risk score. This score was then used to elucidate the genetic underpinning of gout severity and presence of comorbidities, comparing its effects in different sexes and populations. I …

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Aberrant Signal Transduction Of Neuronal Injury: Trauma And Toxicology, Alan Umfress Jan 2023

Aberrant Signal Transduction Of Neuronal Injury: Trauma And Toxicology, Alan Umfress

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Neurological injuries occur in epidemic proportions worldwide. Neuronal injuries are events resulting in damage to the central nervous system (CNS) that impair neurological function. Subsequent impairments in neuronal function can be rapid, existing immediately after injury, or progressive and chronic impairments that persist for the lifetime of the survivor. CNS injury constitutes a broad class of environmental and pathophysiological insults ranging from blunt-force trauma to the brain or spinal cord, to acute ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, and insults resultant from neurotoxic agents. While divergent in initial cause, many of these insults share underlying pathophysiological outcomes including excitotoxic cell signaling, neuroinflammation, …

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Mechanisms Of Simulated-Spinal Manipulative Therapy In Animal Models Of Low Back Pain, Carla Rigo Lima Jan 2023

Mechanisms Of Simulated-Spinal Manipulative Therapy In Animal Models Of Low Back Pain, Carla Rigo Lima

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Low back pain (LBP), a condition characterized by pain experienced between the 12th rib margin and gluteal folds, is a prevalent health problem that affects an ever-increasing population worldwide. First-line treatment for LBP often involves non-pharmacological approaches, including spinal manipulative therapy (SMT), which has demonstrated mild-to-moderate clinical efficacy. However, despite its therapeutic benefits, the physiological mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of SMT in LBP are still not well understood. Recent evidence suggests that sensitization of peripheral and central nervous system structures contribute to the progression and maintenance of LBP with inflammatory cytokines, reactive glial cells, and/or aberrant muscle spindle activity …

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Enhancing Plant Functional Annotation By Integrating Graph Convolutional Networks And Natural Language Processing, Nilesh Kumar Jan 2023

Enhancing Plant Functional Annotation By Integrating Graph Convolutional Networks And Natural Language Processing, Nilesh Kumar

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Studying plant gene function is essential for understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern plant growth, development, and environmental adaptation. This knowledge can improve crop yields and food security by developing plants resistant to diseases, pests, and environmental stress. Moreover, understanding plant gene function can also aid in environmental conservation efforts by providing insight into the mechanisms that plants use to adapt to changing environments and can help preserve endan-gered plant species. For several reasons, studying gene function in plants can be more challenging than in animals. Plant genomes are larger and more complex than animal genomes, making it harder to …

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The Urban Pedagogue To Principal Pipeline: Elementary School Teacher Leaders' Perceptions Of Mentorship And Its Impact On Their School Leadership Preparation, Erica Jewel Littleton Jan 2023

The Urban Pedagogue To Principal Pipeline: Elementary School Teacher Leaders' Perceptions Of Mentorship And Its Impact On Their School Leadership Preparation, Erica Jewel Littleton

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Schools are complex and dynamic systems that require innovative leaders who are willing to invest in classroom teachers by giving them opportunities to lead beyond the four walls of the classroom. Because principals play an integral role in the academic achievement of students in their schools, it is incumbent upon principals to invest in teacher leaders to support students’ unique and multifaceted needs. The knowledge teachers gain because of leadership experiences often strengthens their professional dispositions and expands their interest in other critical roles in the system such as becoming an instructional coach, interventionist, principal, or curriculum specialist. A systematic …

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Understanding Patient Factors Influencing Outpatient Follow-Up Among Adult Survivors Of Acute Kidney Injury: A Mixed Methods Study, Ciara Mitchell Jan 2023

Understanding Patient Factors Influencing Outpatient Follow-Up Among Adult Survivors Of Acute Kidney Injury: A Mixed Methods Study, Ciara Mitchell

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Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a growing health concern that is related to both short and long-term health consequences. AKI disproportionately impacts hospitalized patients who often experience competing health conditions that overrides knowledge and awareness concerning AKI diagnosis. Therefore, attending AKI follow-up care after hospital discharge may help increase knowledge and awareness as well as mitigate some of the poor health outcomes associated with AKI. However, AKI follow-up is low among this vulnerable population. Methods: To address this problem, a mixed-methods study was conducted to examine various patient factors influencing AKI follow-up and to explore the illness beliefs of …

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Comparing Three Resilience Frameworks Across Outcomes For Children Who Have Experienced Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences, Kevin Keane Jan 2023

Comparing Three Resilience Frameworks Across Outcomes For Children Who Have Experienced Multiple Adverse Childhood Experiences, Kevin Keane

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Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have a well-established relationship with poorer mental health, health, and school-related outcomes among children. ACEs researchers have identified potential resilience frameworks like the National Scientific Council on the Developing Child (NSCDC), Health Outcomes from Positive Experiences (HOPE), and cumulative positive childhood experiences (PCEs) frameworks that identify protective factors to mitigate ACEs. However, each framework has a limited evidence base with no known studies comparing their effectiveness. The purpose of this dissertation was to compare the relationship between these three resilience frameworks and childhood outcomes in three domains (mental health, weight status, and school-related outcomes) among children …

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Strategies For Her2 Targeted Pet Imaging, Maxwell Adams Ducharme Jan 2023

Strategies For Her2 Targeted Pet Imaging, Maxwell Adams Ducharme

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Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers diagnosed in women each year. The HER2-positive subtype of breast cancer is associated with poor prognosis and lower progression-free survival. Early identification of HER2 expression is extremely important for the effective treatment of the disease. Current methods to diagnose HER2-positive breast cancer involve invasive biopsies to semi-quantitatively determine the amount of HER2 expression. However, many lesions are often unavailable for biopsy due to their location and there may be variable HER2 expression between the primary tumor and metastasis. Positron emission tomography (PET) can give a full-body, non-invasive evaluation of …

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