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Articles 61 - 90 of 163
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Novel Fungal Taxa In An Alaskan Boreal Forest: Phylogenetic Affinities, Ecologies, And Ribosomal Rna Secondary Structures, Daniel Glass
Novel Fungal Taxa In An Alaskan Boreal Forest: Phylogenetic Affinities, Ecologies, And Ribosomal Rna Secondary Structures, Daniel Glass
Biological Sciences
Phylogenetic analyses suggest that a novel DNA sequence (NS1) found in a boreal forest soil-clone library belongs to the fungal kingdom but does not fall unambiguously within any known class. In order to determine if NS1 codes for an authentic ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene-copy, I modeled ribosomal RNA secondary structure for four gene regions. Such analyses have never been used on environmental ribosomal sequences before. It appears that NS1 does code for an authentic gene-copy and is not a biological or lab artifact. I also elucidated the habitat preferences, horizon preferences, and fine-scale spatial structure of NS1 using molecular methods. …
Survival Of Duck Nests, Distribution Of Duck Broods, And Habitat Conservation Targeting In The Prairie Pothole Region, Johann Walker
Survival Of Duck Nests, Distribution Of Duck Broods, And Habitat Conservation Targeting In The Prairie Pothole Region, Johann Walker
Biological Sciences
The Prairie Pothole Region (PPR) is an important breeding region for populations of upland-nesting ducks (Anas spp.). I studied survival of duck nests, distribution of duck broods, and conservation easement targeting in the PPR of North and South Dakota, USA. Nest survival of common duck species varied from 0.02 (ŜE = 0.01) to 0.23 (ŜE = 0.02) among study sites and years and was positively related to current pond density and primary productivity and negatively related to recent pond density and primary productivity. This result was consistent with the hypothesis that nest predators and thus nest survival were responding to …
Aurora Vol. 03 No. 2 (Spring 2011), N/A N/A
The Hydrologic Regime At Sub-Arctic And Arctic Watersheds: Present And Projected, Anna K. Liljedahl
The Hydrologic Regime At Sub-Arctic And Arctic Watersheds: Present And Projected, Anna K. Liljedahl
Engineering
The wetlands in the Arctic Coastal Plain, Northern Alaska, support a multitude of wildlife and natural resources that depend upon the abundance of water. Observations and climate model simulations show that surface air temperature over the Alaskan arctic coast has risen in recent history. Thus a growing need exists to assess how the hydrology of these arctic wetlands will respond to the warming climate. A synthesis study was conducted combining the analysis of an extensive field campaign, which includes direct measurements of all components of the water balance, with a physically-based hydrologic model forced by downscaled climate projections. Currently, these …
Arctic Alaskan Shrub Growth, Distribution, And Relationships To Landscape Processes And Climate During The 20th Century, Ken D. Tape
Biological Sciences
The primary change underway in the tundra of Arctic Alaska is the increase in air temperature and expansion of deciduous shrubs since 1980. I explored relationships between shrub expansion and relevant ecosystem properties such as climate, soil characteristics, erosion, and herbivory. Alnus viridis ssp. fruticosa (Siberian alder) shrubs located along streams, rock outcrops, or other features with active disturbance regimes showed a positive correlation between growth ring widths and March through July air temperature. Climate-growth relationships were much weaker for alder in adjacent tussock tundra. Additionally, tussock tundra sites had different vegetation composition, shallower thaw, lower mean annual ground temperature, …
Variation In The Trophic Position Of Spiny Dogfish (Squalus Acanthias) In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean: An Approach Using Carbon And Nitrogen Stable Isotopes, Alexander George Andrews
Variation In The Trophic Position Of Spiny Dogfish (Squalus Acanthias) In The Northeastern Pacific Ocean: An Approach Using Carbon And Nitrogen Stable Isotopes, Alexander George Andrews
Fisheries
"Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) are among the most abundant shark species in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA). An increase in relative biomass of spiny dogfish in 2003 and 2007 inspired interest in this species as a commercial resource. However, very little was known about the ecology of this species in the GOA. This study investigated the trophic role of spiny dogfish in the GOA, British Columbia (BC), and Washington using stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen. Specifically, we examined the trophic position (TP) of spiny dogfish in relation to length, sex, and geographic region. Weathervane scallops (Patinopecten caurinus) were …
The Relationship Between Rainbow Trout Stocking Success And Habitat Variables In Interior Alaska Lakes, Kelly A. Mansfield
The Relationship Between Rainbow Trout Stocking Success And Habitat Variables In Interior Alaska Lakes, Kelly A. Mansfield
Fisheries
"Fish are stocked for a variety of reasons, including the providence of diverse angling opportunities. Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss are the most widely stocked sport fish species in North America. In Interior Alaska, over 90 of the 137 lakes chosen for stocking are stocked with rainbow trout. To optimize fish stocking programs, managers require a better understanding of the lake characteristics associated with success in meeting program objectives, for assessment of potential lakes proposed for stocking, and to address angler inquiries. For my project, I used a model-selection process with lake morphometric and biotic data from 36 stocked lakes in …
Common Ravens In Alaska's North Slope Oil Fields: An Integrated Study Using Local Knowledge And Science, Stacia Ann Backensto
Common Ravens In Alaska's North Slope Oil Fields: An Integrated Study Using Local Knowledge And Science, Stacia Ann Backensto
Biological Sciences
Common ravens (Corvus corax) that nest on human structures in the Kuparuk and Prudhoe Bay oil fields on Alaska's North Slope are believed to present a predation risk to tundra-nesting birds in this area. In order to gain more information about the history of the resident raven population and their use of anthropogenic resources in the oil fields, I documented oil field worker knowledge of ravens in this area. In order to understand how anthropogenic subsidies in the oil fields affect the breeding population, I examined the influence of types of structures and food subsidies on raven nest site use …
The Colonization Mechanism Of Pink Salmon Populations In Glacier Bay, Alaska, Based On Genetic Data, Christine M. Kondzela
The Colonization Mechanism Of Pink Salmon Populations In Glacier Bay, Alaska, Based On Genetic Data, Christine M. Kondzela
Fisheries
Following retreat of the last glacial advance in the early 1700s, pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha colonized many watersheds in Glacier Bay, Alaska. Streams in the lower Bay were populated first, and colonization proceeded up the Bay during the last 200 years. The objective of this study was to use analyses of genetic data---microsatellite and allozyme loci, and mitochondrial DNA haplotypes---to elucidate the colonization mechanism. The even- and odd-year broodlines served as replicate experiments; the mechanisms of colonization for the two broodlines were similar in most respects. The population genetic structure, based on allele/haplotype frequencies and genetic diversity (FST), suggested that …
Recent Paleoenvironmental Changes Recorded In Three Non-Anadromous Lakes In Southwest Alaska: Effects Of Climatic And Vegetation Dynamics On Lake Productivity, Brian R. Cohn
Marine Biology
"Paleolimnological investigations, landscape analyses, and repeat photographs were used to provide a long-term view (~150 yrs. BP to present) of nutrient dynamics and lake ecosystem change in southwest Alaska. Recent major changes in lake ecology and landscape are generally attributed to climate warming since the end of the Little Ice Age and to the recent warm phase of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Disturbances driven by climate, glacial retreat, and volcanism also contribute to changes in aquatic-driven processes. Sediment cores reveal a complex yet progressive set of changes that are expressed in the study lakes. Changes in the biogeochemical proxies began …
Balancing The Conservation Of Wildlife Habitat With Road Access For Subsistence Hunting In Yakutat, Alaska, Colin S. Shanley
Balancing The Conservation Of Wildlife Habitat With Road Access For Subsistence Hunting In Yakutat, Alaska, Colin S. Shanley
Biological Sciences
"This thesis was an interdisciplinary investigation with the goal of balancing the conservation of wildlife habitat with road access for subsistence hunting in Yakutat, Alaska. The problem posed by land managers and subsistence moose hunters revolved around the use of off-highway vehicles (OHVs; e.g. 'four-wheelers') for subsistence moose hunting and the potential disturbance OHVs have on moose. This complex social-ecological problem is becoming an increasingly common management dilemma faced by rural mixed cash-subsistence communities across the Circumpolar North. I addressed this problem in two chapters with a combination of methods from wildlife ecology, landscape modeling, subsistence land-use, and scenario planning. …
Annual Report: 2007, N/A N/A
Annual Report: 2007, N/A N/A
Annual Reports
I submit herewith the annual report from the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station, School of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences, University of Alaska Fairbanks, for the period ending December 31, 2007. This is done in accordance with an act of Congress, approved March 2, 1887, entitled, “An act to establish agricultural experiment stations, in connection with the agricultural college established in the several states under the provisions of an act approved July 2, 1862, and under the acts supplementary thereto,” and also of the act of the Alaska Territorial Legislature, approved March 12, 1935, accepting the provisions of the act …
Foraging Ecology And Nutritional Stress Of Tufted Puffins (Fratercula Cirrhata) Inferred From Stable Isotopes, Fatty Acid Signatures, And Field Endocrinology, Cory T. Williams
Foraging Ecology And Nutritional Stress Of Tufted Puffins (Fratercula Cirrhata) Inferred From Stable Isotopes, Fatty Acid Signatures, And Field Endocrinology, Cory T. Williams
Marine Biology
Prey availability has a major impact on the reproductive output of seabirds, yet information on seabird diets throughout the breeding season is often lacking. Although reduced prey availability is known to affect the growth and survival of nestling seabirds, few studies have demonstrated similar effects on indices of adult body condition. I used stable isotopes and fatty acid (FA) signatures to investigate seasonal and age-related variation in the foraging niches of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata). I conducted captive feeding experiments to determine whether inferences based on these techniques are affected by moderate food restriction during growth. I also examined how …
M.D. Snodgrass: The Founder Of The Alaska State Fair, Talis James Colberg
M.D. Snodgrass: The Founder Of The Alaska State Fair, Talis James Colberg
Arctic and Northern Studies
This dissertation presents the life of M.D. Snodgrass as an example of how the Alaskan frontier transformed an unremarkable middle aged migrant into a socially prominent civic leader. The life of M.D. Snodgrass exemplifies how American frontier society provides ordinary people with exceptional opportunities to flourish and prosper. One of the end results of Snodgrass's taking advantage of Alaskan frontier opportunity was the Alaska State Fair. The dissertation divides the life of Snodgrass into four phases with the following findings: (1) The first thirty-one years of Snodgrass's life was spent outside of Alaska. His early life in Kansas demonstrates: the …
Juvenile Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Ecology, Edward V. Farley
Juvenile Bristol Bay Sockeye Salmon Ecology, Edward V. Farley
Fisheries
Predicting annual returns of Bristol Bay sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) has been difficult due to large, unexplained variations in return strength. Ocean conditions, particularly during the first few months after salmon leave freshwater, are believed to have a strong influence on their early marine growth and survival. Limited historical and present research suggests that sea temperature can affect juvenile Bristol Bay distribution. During years with cool spring sea temperatures, juvenile sockeye salmon are distributed nearshore along the Alaska Peninsula, whereas they are found further offshore during years with warm spring sea temperatures. Juvenile sockeye salmon are larger, in better condition, …
Temporal And Spatial Distribution Of Grazers And Kelp Phlorotannins In Kachemak Bay, Alaska, Angela M. Dubois
Temporal And Spatial Distribution Of Grazers And Kelp Phlorotannins In Kachemak Bay, Alaska, Angela M. Dubois
Marine Biology
The potential influence of grazers on the density and distribution of kelp thalli is substantial and may be mediated by kelp phlorotannins serving in a defensive role. The purpose of this study was to determine how temporal and spatial phlorotannin patterns in four kelp species in Kachemak Bay, Alaska, are influenced by density and distribution of the gastropod grazer Lacuna vincta and environmental variables. Temporal phlorotannin patterns from June 2004 through December 2005 were mainly explained by the life history of particular kelp species as well as strong correlations with light attenuation and nitrate concentration. The Optimal Defense Theory of …
Clay Mineralogy And Soil Formation In Moist Acidic Tundra And Moist Nonacidic Tundra Of Northern Sagwon Hls, Alaska, Patrick William Borden
Clay Mineralogy And Soil Formation In Moist Acidic Tundra And Moist Nonacidic Tundra Of Northern Sagwon Hls, Alaska, Patrick William Borden
Plant, Animal and Soil Sciences
Clay mineralogy, physical and chemical characteristics were studied in three sites of moist acidic tundra (MAT) and three sites in moist nonacidic tundra (MNT) in the Northern Sagwon Hills, Alaska. The major similarities found in physical characteristics between MAT and MNT were color, field texture and consistence. Dissimilarities were in the depth, boundary and thickness of the horizons as well as soil structure. The major similarities found in chemical characteristics across MAT and MNT were in % carbon and nitrogen, ammonium phosphorus, iron and aluminum contents. The major dissimilarities were in pH, cation exchange capacity, nitrate and base saturation. Upper …
Assessing Climate Change: Did We Get It Right?, Glenn Patrick Juday
Assessing Climate Change: Did We Get It Right?, Glenn Patrick Juday
Miscellaneous Publications
No abstract provided.
Changing Strategies In Seward Peninsula Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus) Management, Heather J. Oleson
Changing Strategies In Seward Peninsula Reindeer (Rangifer Tarandus Tarandus) Management, Heather J. Oleson
Natural Resources
Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) management techniques have changed since the founding of the reindeer industry on the Seward Peninsula in 1891. From 1891-1915, herds were small and management was intensive. Between 1915 and 1944, community herds and joint stock companies were formed. Herd management was extensive and herds were large and relatively free roaming. A period of re-privatization followed from 1944 to 1960, during which a limited number of moderately stocked ranges were established. The era after 1960 saw the introduction of several new forms of technology, some of which became catalysts for broad changes in reindeer management. Snow machines …
Multiple Stable Isotopic Analyses ([Delta]¹³C, [Delta]¹⁵N, [Delta]¹⁸O, And [Delta]D) Of The Boulder Patch, A High Arctic Kelp Community: Trophic And Temporal Perspectives, Casey William Debenham
Multiple Stable Isotopic Analyses ([Delta]¹³C, [Delta]¹⁵N, [Delta]¹⁸O, And [Delta]D) Of The Boulder Patch, A High Arctic Kelp Community: Trophic And Temporal Perspectives, Casey William Debenham
Marine Biology
The Boulder Patch, a high Arctic kelp community, is a rarity in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Considered a biodiversity oasis, this area provides habitat for many organisms. Trophic relationships, spatial patterns, and isotopic changes over time were examined within the Boulder Patch using stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes. 394 samples, representing over 55 species were analyzed. Isotope values showed considerable variability in the food web base, particularly for the kelp Laminaria solidungula. Isotopic values for most animals fit their known feeding strategies. Little spatial variation was observed in isotope values, however temporal differences were found in L. solidungula isotope values …
Changes In Embryonic Development, Hatching, And Zoeae Of Snow Crab With Variation In Incubation Temperature, Joel Benjamin Webb
Changes In Embryonic Development, Hatching, And Zoeae Of Snow Crab With Variation In Incubation Temperature, Joel Benjamin Webb
Fisheries
The effect of incubation temperature on duration of embryonic development and morphology, weight and energetic content of post-hatch zoeae was described for snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio, from the eastern Bering Sea held at -1, 0, 1, 3, and 6° C in the laboratory from collection to hatch. The mean incubation time increased with decreasing temperature by 32% (113 d) between 6 and -1° C. Extrusion success of females at 6° C was lower versus 0 or 3° C, but the duration of hatching did not vary significantly with incubation temperature. A one-year cycle of embryo incubation was observed, indicating that …
Paleoecology Of Twin Cays: Interpretation Of Palynological, Isotopic, And Stomatal Proxies In A Peat Core From Belize, Rebecca Leea Morgan
Paleoecology Of Twin Cays: Interpretation Of Palynological, Isotopic, And Stomatal Proxies In A Peat Core From Belize, Rebecca Leea Morgan
Geosciences
Reconstructions of Holocene climate from numerous mid- and high-latitude sites have identified millennial-scale cool and arid intervals at 8,200 and 4,200 yrs. B.P. The global nature of these events can only be established by examination of Holocene climate records from low latitude sites. The Central American island of West Twin Cays was chosen as the study location due to its thick peat deposits, which allow for the reconstruction of Holocene vegetation, sea level, and climate for the Belize coastal region. Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) dominated the island's vegetation since its formation 8,200 cal. yrs. B.P. Alternating periods dominated by dwarf …
The Physical Dynamics Of Patterned Ground In The Northern Foothills Of The Brooks Range, Alaska, Pier Paul Overduin
The Physical Dynamics Of Patterned Ground In The Northern Foothills Of The Brooks Range, Alaska, Pier Paul Overduin
Engineering
Periglacial landforms, called patterned ground, change the vegetation, microtopography and organic content of the surface soil horizons. Because they are uniquely products of the periglacial environment, changes in that environment affect their distribution and activity. As surface features, they mitigate heat and mass transfer processes between the land and atmosphere. For environmental change detection, the state of the soil and active layer must be monitored across temporal and spatial scales that include these features. It is suggested here that changes in the state of the active layer due to the abrupt spatial changes in surface soil character lead to changes …
Growth And Yield Of Black Spruce, Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.Pl., In Alaska, Carolyn Rosner
Growth And Yield Of Black Spruce, Picea Mariana (Mill.) B.S.Pl., In Alaska, Carolyn Rosner
Forest Sciences
Black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., is largely overlooked in Alaska because of its small size and slow growth. Growth and yield information is therefore limited or nonexistent. Presented here are the first polymorphic site index (height-age) curves and height-diameter functions for predicting height and volume for Alaska black spruce. Models are accurate for trees up to 50 feet in height and 8 inches DBH. Predicted stem volumes range from 0.006 ft3 to 21.8 ft3 for trees between 0.5 and 11.5 inches DBH Sampled tree dimensions range from 5.5 to 78.0 feet tall and from 0.4 to 11.0 inches DBH. …
Kelp Bed Variability And Fish Population Dynamics In Kachemak Bay, Alaska, Judith Ann Hamilton
Kelp Bed Variability And Fish Population Dynamics In Kachemak Bay, Alaska, Judith Ann Hamilton
Marine Biology
Understanding interactions between kelp beds and fishes is essential because anthropogenic changes and natural variability in these beds (composition, density, and distribution) may affect available habitat for fishes. In Alaska, little is known about the annual and seasonal variability of macroalgal cover in kelp beds and corresponding changes in associated fish populations. This study investigated natural variability using monthly SCUBA surveys in Kachemak Bay, Alaska from May 2002 to September 2003. Ten shallow (approximately 7m water depth) nearshore kelp beds with varying degrees of macroalgal cover were surveyed visually for fishes and kelp, and measurements of environmental variables were collected. …
Investigations Of The Role Of Lipids In Marine Mammal Diets, Health And Ecology, Tamara Lynn Mau
Investigations Of The Role Of Lipids In Marine Mammal Diets, Health And Ecology, Tamara Lynn Mau
Marine Biology
Lipids are essential to many aspects of marine mammal biology. I investigated the amount, type and flux of lipids under a variety of natural and controlled nutritional and dietary conditions, in order to increase our knowledge of marine mammal diets, health and ecology. First, I examined the influence of biological and environmental variables on the quantity and quality of blubber, and their importance in establishing condition indices in the bowhead whale. Blubber was heterogeneous in composition, varying by both site and depth. Sex, age-class, season and body length were all significant factors in determining lipid content (quality) of blubber. Blubber …
Birch: White Gold In The Boreal Forest, Deirdre Helfferich
Birch: White Gold In The Boreal Forest, Deirdre Helfferich
Miscellaneous Publications
No abstract provided.
Agroborealis, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Winter 2004-2005), School Of Natural Resources And Agricultural Sciences
Agroborealis, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Winter 2004-2005), School Of Natural Resources And Agricultural Sciences
Agroborealis
Fire in Interior Alaska: Forest, fire, people, money: a balancing act for managers -- Watching the trees return -- Modeling fuels and fire to improve management: The summer of 2004 was a hot and smoky one for Alaska's Interior, focusing residents' attention on fire management issues. / Doreen Fitzgerald -- Wetlands and Wastewater Treatment in Alaska: Dave Maddux, a PhD graduate of SNRAS, has been bringing wholesome natural relief to communities in Alaska by building marshes for wastewater treatment. / Deirdre Helfferich -- Research Crops Do Double Duty: Experimental crops grown at the Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station are examined …
Adolph Murie: Denali's Wilderness Conscience, Linda S. Franklin
Adolph Murie: Denali's Wilderness Conscience, Linda S. Franklin
Arctic and Northern Studies
Denali National Park, Alaska substantially owes its stature as Alaska's premier wilderness park to Adolph Murie. Forty years after he retired as park biologist, Murie still influences the perception and management of Denali National Park. Murie's development from childhood to esteemed scientist and wilderness advocate followed a linear progression. His rural upbringing under the tutelage of his older brother, Olaus Murie, cultivated his desire to be a biologist and his appreciation for wild places. His academic training in animal ecology solidified his belief that the management of natural areas must consider all species as essential and equally valuable. His pioneering …
Cultural Activity And Market Enterprise: A Circumpolar Comparison Of Reindeer Herding Communities At The End Of The 20th Century, Michael Stephen Koskey
Cultural Activity And Market Enterprise: A Circumpolar Comparison Of Reindeer Herding Communities At The End Of The 20th Century, Michael Stephen Koskey
Anthropology
Reindeer herding throughout the circumpolar North is in decline. Investigating this decline, this dissertation takes a comparative approach with a focus on four case studies: the Chukchi of Chukotskii Peninsula, the Iñupiat of the Seward Peninsula, the Saami of the Kola Peninsula, and the Saami of Finnmark. Because various rates and types of decline are occurring in these different cases, a comparative method leads to a systematic analysis of how patterns develop in the practice of contemporary reindeer herding, both locally and globally. Comparing and contrasting the trajectories of declines in reindeer herding identifies and explains the dimensions of specific …