Digital Commons Network^™

Rotary Compressor With The Stationary Crankshaft, Nelik Dreiman

International Compressor Engineering Conference

A parts of the contemporary rotary compressors are supported as by revolving crankshaft (rotor, roller, etc.), so by the housing (stator, pump, suction accumulator, etc.). Such dual supporting structure complicates assembly of a compressor due to the necessity of precision axial and radial positioning of the pump parts, motor rotor and stator. Developed novel rotary compressor provides a unitary assembly, in which a rotor of the driver -external rotor electric motor, is integrated with concentrically situated pump and rotatably arranged on stationary crankshaft. Stationary crankshaft is fixedly connected to the hermetic housing and supports as the fixed to it motor …

Selection Of Flapper Valve Steel For High Efficient Compressor, Mathias Hareland, Anders Hoel, Stefan Jonsson, David Liang, Guocai Chai

International Compressor Engineering Conference

Due to the environmental, energy saving and economic requirements, development of very high efficient compressors is of great importance. Consequently, flapper valve material becomes a critical issue and a limiting factor for the development of compressor. This paper provides a discussion on the material selection of the flapper valve for the compressors with very high efficiency, based mainly on a basic research on the mechanisms of impact fatigue and a FEM simulation on the formation of stress concentration in the flapper valve during the impact process. Impact fatigue initiation is caused by the initial impact stress, but the fatigue crack …

Non-Contacting Seals In Screw Compressors, Michael Beinert, Jan Hauser

International Compressor Engineering Conference

Screw compressors are currently the most frequently used compressor type in the field of industrial compressed air production. Because end products are only allowed to come into contact with absolutely clean compressed air in many fields of industry, there is a considerable demand on the market for the production of compressed air that is entirely oil-free. The high acquisition costs of dry-running compressor systems and the disadvantages in energy terms compared to oil-injected designs need to be offset by a long useful life and guaranteed reliability. The compressor's integrated sealing system makes an important contribution here. High peripheral speeds and …

Study On Energy-Saving Performance Of A Novel Co2 Heat Pump With Applications In Dairy Processes, Yefeng Liu, Eckhard A. Groll, Orkan Kurtulus, Kazuaki Yazawa

International Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Conference

In dairy processes, there are significant simultaneous heating and cooling demands. A novel type of transcritical CO2 heat pump system is proposed, and its features and benefits are introduced. Bassed on the technical characteristics, primary energy-savings, and operating cost aspects, the CO2 heat pump system is simulated and compared to current heating and cooling systems used in dairy plants. The results show that the highest primary energy-saving rate of the CO2 heat pump is 51.5%. For fluid milk and cheese manufacturing processes, the primary energy-saving is 36.2% and 45.1%, respectively. In addition, the operating cost savings of fluid milk and …

Fluiglass - Façade Elements For Active Solar Control For High-Rise Buildings, Anne Liebold, Daniel Oppliger, Daniel Gstöhl, Tobias Menzi, Stefan Bertsch

International High Performance Buildings Conference

A new facade type, called fluidglass, is under development for new buildings as well as to retrofit existing buildings. This new facade allows increasing the energy efficiency of the building as well as the comfort of people inside. The system works as a shading device, as a solar collector for supporting the hot water production and as cooling or heating device. Core of the system is a fluidized glass facade that controls the heat flux as well as the solar radiation through the facade. One or two fluid-filled layers are set into the glass facade. These fluid layers regulate the …

Optimal Chiller And Thermal Energy Storage Design For Building Hvac Systems, David I. Mendoza-Serrano, Donald J. Chmielewski

International High Performance Buildings Conference

In the context of indoor building temperature regulation, a controller calculates the inputs for the HVAC system that result in appropriate thermal comfort conditions. Additionally, if electricity prices are time dependent, these control actions will also impact economic expenditures. To improve economic performance, Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is typically used in conjunction with HVAC to time-shift chiller cooling loads to times of low energy price. The method of Economic Model Predictive Control (EMPC) has been demonstrated to effectively reduce expenditures. Since TES and chiller sizes have a direct impact on achievable operational savings, an economic analysis considering the investment costs …

Analysis Of Iaq Based On Modeling Of Building Envelope Coupled With Cfd&Ht Room Airflow, Roser Capdevila, Oriol Lehmkuhl, Joaquim Rigola, López Joan, Assensi Oliva

International High Performance Buildings Conference

Buildings represent a major part of the world energy requirement. The simulation of combined heat, air and moisture (HAM) and pollutant transfer in this context is important to predict the indoor air quality (IAQ), along with the thermal comfort inside the buildings. Moreover, it is important to have appropriate levels of indoor humidity along with the room temperature as movement of water vapor through the building envelope causes a lot of harm to the building structure and reduces the quality of its thermal insulation leading to higher energy demand. The knowledge of the peak loads, temperatures, humidity levels can help …

A University Engagement Model For Achieving Technology Adoption And Performance Improvement In Healthcare, Manufacturing, And Government, D. R. Mckinnis, M. A. Sloan, L. D. Snow, S V. Garimella

CTRC Research Publications

The Purdue Technical Assistance Program (TAP) offers a model of university engagement and service that is achieving technology adoption and performance improvement impacts in health care, manufacturing, government, and other sectors. The TAP model focuses on understanding and meeting the changing and challenging needs of those served, always seeking to engage a mix of faculty, staff, students, and others that best meet these needs. Although the TAP mission is focused on the needs of those served, participating faculty and students have experienced significant benefits, and faculty rarely decline an opportunity to participate. This essay presents the evolution of Purdue University’s …

Investigation Of Boiling Heat Transfer In Water Using A Free-Particles-Based Enhancement Technique, T. Y. Kim

CTRC Research Publications

Enhancement of pool boiling heat transfer in water by means of the introduction of free particles on the heated surface is investigated. The layer of loose particles on the heated surface is free to move and deform under the action of bulk liquid convection and vapor nucleation. High-speed visualizations show that bubble nucleation preferentially occurs at the narrow corner cavities formed between the free particles and the heated surface. The effects of the number and size of the free particles are experimentally explored using copper particles over a wide size range from tens of nanometers to 13 mm. Experimental results …

System-Level Simulation Of A Solar Power Tower Plant With Thermocline Thermal Energy Storage, S. Flueckiger, B. D. Iverson, Suresh V. Garimella, J. Pacheco

CTRC Research Publications

A thermocline tank is a low-cost thermal energy storage subsystem for concentrating solar power plants that typically utilizes molten salt and quartzite rock as storage media. Long-term thermal stability of the storage concept remains a design concern. A new model is developed to provide comprehensive simulation of thermocline tank operation at low computational cost, addressing deficiencies with previous models in the literature. The proposed model is then incorporated into a system-level model of a 100MWe power tower plant to investigate storage performance during long-term operation. Solar irradiance data, taken from measurements for the year 1977 near Barstow, CA, are used …

Numerical Simulation Of Single- And Dual-Media Thermocline Tanks For Energy Storage In Concentrating Solar Power Plants, C. Mira, S. M. Flueckiger, S V. Garimella

CTRC Research Publications

No abstract provided.

Void Detection In Dielectric Films Using A Floating Network Of Substrate-Embedded Electrodes, S. H. Taylor, S V. Garimella

CTRC Research Publications

A sensor is developed for simple, in situ characterization of dielectric thermal interface materials (TIMs) at bond line thicknesses less than 100 lm. The working principle is based on the detection of regions of contrasting electric permittivity. An array of long, parallel electrodes is flush-mounted into each opposing substrate face of a narrow gap interface, and exposed to the gap formed between the two surfaces. Electrodes are oriented such that their lengthwise dimension in one substrate runs perpendicular to those in the other. A capacitance measurement taken between opposing electrodes is used to characterize the interface region in the vicinity …

A Free-Particles-Based Technique For Boiling Heat Transfer Enhancement In A Wetting Liquid, T. Y. Kim, J. A. Weibel, S V. Garimella

CTRC Research Publications

An easy-to-implement technique for pool boiling heat transfer enhancement is proposed and evaluated through an experimental investigation. This free-particle technique brings about nucleate boiling at a low degree of superheat by means of metal particles that are not fixed to the heated surface, but rather are free to move with respect to the surface. The effects of copper particles with sizes ranging from tens of nanometers to 9 mm on nucleate boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux (CHF) of the wetting dielectric fluid FC-72 are investigated. Visualizations of the bubble nucleation characteristics due to the free particles are presented. …

3d Reconstruction And Design Of Porous Media From Thin Sections, K. K. Bodla, S. V. Garimella

CTRC Research Publications

Characterization and design of fluid-thermal transport through random porous sintered beds is critical for improving the performance of two-phase heat transport devices such as heat pipes. Two-dimensional imaging techniques are quite well developed and commonly employed for microstructure and material characterization. In this study, we employ 2D image data (thin sections) for measuring critical microstructural features of commercial wicks for use in correlation-based prediction of transport properties. We employ a stochastic characterization methodology based on the two-point autocorrelation function, and compare the predicted properties such as particle and pore diameters and permeability with those from our previously published studies, in …

Polysemy In Design Review Conversations, Georgi V. Georgiev, Toshiharu Taura

Design Thinking Research Symposium

This paper examines the role of polysemy, defined as the quality of having multiple meanings, in design review conversations. It examines the polysemy, particularly of nouns, involved in a dataset of design review conversations with reference to design ideas. The purpose is to determine whether polysemy is related to successful development of design ideas and more creative design outcomes. The results show that the polysemy of nouns involved in the conversations of the finally developed, successful, design ideas exceeds in the most cases the average polysemy involved in the conversations pertaining to the unsuccessful design ideas. Furthermore, the polysemy of …

A Performance-Based Framework For Structural Resilience To Blast-Induced Damage, Shalva Marjanishvili, Spencer Quiel, Brian Katz

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

This paper proposes a framework for establishing quantitative measures and mathematically reproducible definitions of structural resiliency as it pertains to a structure's ability to minimize the potential for undesirable response to low-probability-high-consequence events. The resiliency assessment and design process follow a logical progression of steps starting with the characterization of hazards and continuing through analysis simulations, damage modeling, and loss assessment by balancing functional relationships between design tradeoffs and associated consequences. The outcomes of each subprocess are articulated through a series of generalized variables: topology, geometry, damage, and hazard intensity measures. A rigorous probabilistic framework permits consistent characterization of the …

Flood Risk Management: An Illustrative Approach, Natainia S. Lummen, Y Nagayoshi, H Shirozu, T Hokamura, S Nakajo, F Yamada, N Okada

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Widespread flooding with significant damage in many countries, such as the Philippines in 2013, highlights the ongoing need for effective flood risk management (FRM). This hinges on comprehensive access to and dissemination of information about the elements and the people at risk. Simulations, real-time graphs, and maps illustrate the spatial distribution of flood risks, spatial allocation and dissemination of flood effects, if flood risk reduction measures are not implemented, as well as the benefits to be derived from the effective implementation and maintenance of flood risk management measures not realized. Using precipitation, river water, and tide levels, a real-time monitoring …

Tornado Mitigation In The Canadian Prairie Region, Samanthi Durage Prof.

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Tornadoes are a destructive form of the extreme weather associated with thunderstorms. Canada gets more tornadoes than any other country with the exception of the US. This paper presents some results of a study on tornado mitigation in the Canadian Prairie region. Initially, a regression-based analysis of the Prairie tornado database was conducted, and the trend for the number of tornadoes reported in each year is discussed in this paper. The detection, warning, communication, and evacuation stages at the pretouchdown phase of a tornado were analyzed and compared with the US system to recognize the key areas that need to …

Reaching Communities With The Social Resilience Message: Be Prepared, Jamie Richards

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Building resilience to natural and man-made disasters has become a dominant strategic theme and an operational goal in many countries around the world. Of the many parts making up resilient communities, this paper discusses what is commonly termed Social Resilience, and in particular the “education” of communities to initiate a culture of preparedness for them to be able to maintain essential functions for their families/communities in the event of “disruption” to everyday life, whether it be large or small. By examining case studies in New Zealand and internationally, this study looks at a way forward for Auckland, New Zealand’s largest …

Motive And Conflict In The Disaster Recovery Process Of Housing Reconstruction In Sri Lanka After The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, Chang Yeol Choi, Riki Honda

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Normative solutions for the successful recovery from large-scale disasters have been presented by various researches, but implementation requires a long process, and mechanism for the process to continue is necessary. We consider the consistency among strategies of stakeholders such as government and NGOs. These players make a decision based on not only direct motive but various complex motives and interaction with other players. This paper considers interactive decision-making as a game among stakeholders. As a case to study, we analyze housing reconstruction project in Sri Lanka after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. There was relatively abundant financial support, but the …

Data Preparation For Validation Study Of Hazus Canada Flood Model, Heather Mcgrath, Emmanual Stefanakis, M Mccarthy, Miroslav Nastev

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

As our climate changes, the occurrence of extreme weather events and heavier rainfall becomes more common. This change in weather patterns and precipitation results in a greater number of recorded flood events and a larger magnitude of flood events. Canadian municipalities are therefore facing a pressing demand to perform hazard assessments to identify communities at risk and measure potential economic and societal losses due to flood events. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) developed a standardized tool, Hazus-MH, for loss estimation from natural disasters for use in the US. Recently, Hazus has been adapted for use in Canada. This paper introduces …

Global Response For Capacity Building Of Disaster Preparedness: A Tiems Initiative, Kåre H. Drager, Thomas V. Robertson

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

At the end of 2013, the devastating consequences of the Typhoon Haiyan that struck the Philippines on November 8, 2013, were exposed worldwide through intensive media coverage. The death toll reached more than 6,000 people, and around one million people were displaced and in desperate need of help and support. The international community queued up to offer support and help and showed that worldwide solidarity works when we know our “brothers and sisters” are in desperate need of help. But how can this international community, eager to respond when disaster strikes, better help before disasters strike? Vulnerable areas in the …

Compare And Contrast Major Nuclear Power Plant Disasters: Lessons Learned From The Past, Sayanti Mukhopadhyay, Makarand Hastak Dr., Jessica Halligan

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

The construction of nuclear power plants is a major step towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions compared to the conventional coal-fired or oil-fired power plants. However, some of the major nuclear accidents in the past have raised questions about the safety and reliability of nuclear power plants. This paper compares and contrasts the major nuclear accidents of the past for example, the Chernobyl disaster (USSR), the Fukushima Daiichi disaster (Japan), and the Three Mile Island incident (USA). Although each of the accidents was unique, a thorough comparison found some common issues, such as faulty design of reactors and safety systems, safety …

Meeting The Challenge Of Reconstruction And Development In Fragile States: Lessons From Aceh, Haiti, And South Sudan, Josef Leitmann

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Reconstruction and development in poor, fragile countries present a double challenge: tackling the issues of poverty and underdevelopment as well as the constraints posed by instability, poor governance, and weak capacity. This context generates a range of problems that include: insecurity, insufficient planning, inadequate implementation capacity, poor financial management, misprocurement, corruption, a volatile fiscal environment, ineffective donor coordination, and negative environmental and social impacts. The paper draws lessons from positive and negative experiences in meeting these challenges in three conflict- and/or disaster-affected cases: Aceh Province, Indonesia (postdisaster reconstruction and postconflict development following the tsunami and earthquakes of 2004), Haiti (postdisaster …

First Responder/Private Industry Collaboration To Advance Disaster Response, Mark Shaurette, Randy Rapp, T R. Stahr

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

In most developed countries, well-established communities of first responder organizations have formed to provide a quick and coordinated reaction to disasters. In most cases these response organizations are controlled, organized, and funded by related governmental agencies. Because their disaster response contributes to the good of the public, the existence of government funded and coordinated first responder organizations are considered by many to be the most effective approach to provide disaster response. Unfortunately, these organizations do not always have ready access to all of the skills and resources required to efficiently respond to many of the physical challenges that result from …

Selecting A Temporary Debris Management Site For Effective Debris Removal, Jooho Kim, Abhijeet Deshmukh, Makarand Hastak

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

The overall debris removal after disasters is often prolonged due to the huge amount of debris and lack of capacities such as a Temporary Debris Management Site (TDMS) in the community. This results in a delay of overall recovery and increases the total recovery cost. Strategic planning and building a TDMS will help in providing extra time for proper disposal of debris and clearing a disaster-impacted site that will facilitate the reconstruction process. This paper presents a unique approach for identifying and selecting TDMS locations for expediting debris removal from the community. A hypothetical example of a community impacted by …

Catastrophic Response And Disaster Recovery: An Industry Panel On Best Practices, G Pete Consigli

International Institute for Infrastructure Resilience and Reconstruction (I3R2) Conference

Natural disasters and man-made failures or defects cause damage to buildings and its contents disrupting people’s lives, businesses and the communities they live in. On a worldwide scale billions of dollars are spent to mitigate, restore and recover from a one-time residential incident, a single site large loss or for an area wide catastrophe.

This 2 part panel presentation will offer a perspective on the best practices from 3 different industry sectors from initial response to full recovery.

Representatives from the Restoration, Demolition and Volunteer Assistance industries will provide valuable insights to best practices and offer solutions on how industry …

Making Design Pedagogical Content Knowledge Visible Within Design Reviews, Robin Adams, David Radcliffe, Tiago Forin, Mel Chua

Design Thinking Research Symposium

Design pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is the content-specific specialized teacher knowledge that connects the how (pedagogical knowledge) and what (content knowledge) of teaching design. In this study, we make visible the design PCK in three student design reviews: choreography, undergraduate industrial design, and mechanical engineering. We use cognitive apprenticeship and teaching-as-improvisation frameworks to characterize PK, and design judgment, design task strategies, and process management strategies to characterize CK. We identify and describe four patterns of design PCK: scaffolded articulation, driving for meaning and guidance, breaking the 4^th wall to create a teaching moment, and “suggest don’t tell”. Theoretical implications …

Study Of User Search Activities With Two Discovery Tools At An Academic Library, Xi Niu, Tao Zhang, Hsin-Liang Chen

Libraries Faculty and Staff Scholarship and Research

The goal of this study was to investigate and compare user search activities of two discovery tools at an academic library. The implementation of a new discovery tool (Primo by Ex Libris) to replace an existing system (VuFind) provided a unique opportunity to collect transaction logs of both systems and examine user search behavior in an empirical test. Results from a transaction log analysis and a user study of this study have contributed to the understanding of users’ search behavior and their preferences and perceptions of the two systems. We find both commonalities and differences between VuFind and Primo for …

Building Better Help: User Characteristics’ Effect On Library Help Design, Tao Zhang, Ilana Stonebraker, Marlen Promann

Libraries Faculty and Staff Scholarship and Research

The goal of this study is to examine the effect of user help seeking characteristics on their perception of library help design principles, formats and tools. Structural equation modeling (SEM) of a questionnaire survey results showed a number of significant regression relationships. Analysis of open-ended survey questions revealed existing user behaviors such as preferred help formats and gave insights into the likelihood of using a help system.