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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Job Satisfaction (Motivation / Work / Employee / Satisfaction), Veronica Stelzer, Jonathan Proctor
Job Satisfaction (Motivation / Work / Employee / Satisfaction), Veronica Stelzer, Jonathan Proctor
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Satisfaction is a multifaceted emotional state of being that is derived from the fulfillment of expectations, wants, and needs. Reaching a level of satisfactory creates contentment, pleasure and even pride, but in order to achieve this state of well-being the task must be reasonably challenging, purposeful and appreciated. Today, job satisfaction is a topic that interests many. Satisfaction surveys are completed yearly, if not quarterly, to assure employees are feeling heard and understood. Some businesses such as Facebook and American Express have employee satisfaction ratings that top the charts, other places of work, suffer from high turnover rates and lack …
Stereotype Thinking, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stereotype Thinking, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stereotypes are widely held fixed thoughts and beliefs adopted by common members of a group, that represent a particular group of individuals or behaviors as a whole. Attitudes people hold reflect in-group beliefs, values, and everyday life choices that are transgressed throughout multiple generations. Stereotypes are intertwined into society, and although many people would like to deny these attitudes, they are implanted on individuals when we are young and occur without conscious awareness. Stereotype thinking is adaptive in nature, which serves the purpose to help people make sense of the world around them, by explaining social events, justifying one’s actions, …
Harry Harlow’S Nature Of Love (1958), Jonathan B. Santo
Harry Harlow’S Nature Of Love (1958), Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In Harold Harlow’s 1958 address of the American Psychological Association, he hoped to tackle a concept he felt was too often avoided by the psychologists of his time, the nature of love. His work on the behavior of macaques when reared without their mothers makes a compelling argument about the limits of viewing psychology (and by extension development) as simply the reduction of “primary drives” like hunger, thirst and avoidance of pain.
Intelligence In Adulthood, Shehroo B. Pudumjee, Nathan C. Weed
Intelligence In Adulthood, Shehroo B. Pudumjee, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The construct of intelligence has been extensively debated and ascribed many definitions. A typical example, provided by David Wechsler, defines intelligence as “the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with [one’s] environment.” While most intelligence theorists agree upon the existence of a “general intelligence” (often symbolized g), and agree upon the existence of narrower abilities, there is a great deal of disagreement about the nature and number of the narrower abilities. For example, Cattell proposed a model including crystallized intelligence, the ability to employ acquired skills and knowledge, and …
Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Muhammad Ibn Zakariya Razi, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A Persian physician, alchemist, philosopher, and polymath, Muhammad ibn Zakariya Razi was born near current-day Tehran, Iran in 854 CE and died in around 925 CE. Credited with more than 200 manuscripts, he contributed to numerous disciplines and is still celebrated to this day.
Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley
Job Dissatisfaction, David A. Scott, Dawn-Marie Farrell-Smith, Angela Garren, Hannah Wegley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
We either have experienced or know someone who has experienced job dissatisfaction at some point in their life. Many factors can lead to job dissatisfaction, including horrible mangers, poor working conditions, irritating co-workers and even harassment. Job dissatisfaction is very common and can have an impact on a person’s overall health and relationships. Job dissatisfaction can also lead to people changing careers several times over their lifetime. A person would be considered very lucky to have a job they enjoy going to each and every day.
Love (Components), Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Love (Components), Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Several theories have emerged over the years to explain love. These theories have emerged in order to understand the nature of one’s experience of love in daily life. The two dominating theories on love are those proposed by John Alan Lee and Robert Sternberg. Lee’s model suggested a model which includes six styles of love, three which are primary, and three that are considered secondary. The primary styles of love are Eros or passionate love, Ludus or game-playing love, and Storge which is friendship-based love. The secondary styles of love are Pragma or practical love, Mania which is possessive love, …
Play And Gender, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Play And Gender, Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
While children vary greatly in their play preferences, research has shown that gender differences in play tend to emerge fairly young. These gender differences may be influenced by a variety of sources. Parents, peers, teachers, and media all impact on children’s play. Such gender differences have been documented in North American and European countries, including those that are fairly gender-egalitarian, including Sweden.
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Unemployment, David A. Scott, Caroline Sumner, Taylor Roberson, Rachel Edwards
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Unemployment is a difficulty that millions of Americans face on a yearly basis. Unemployment is a multifaceted concern that impacts the individual, including their financial security, their family, and the larger community systems. The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported the unemployment rate at 4.1% in 2017, which is the lowest unemployment rate since 2000. Based on the BLS’s 2016 statistics, African Americans suffer with the highest unemployment rates, followed by Hispanics, Whites, and lastly, Asians. However, statistics only tell part of the story. According to the BLS, unemployment is classified as “people who are jobless, are actively seeking work …
Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Wear And Tear Theory Of Aging, Zahra Sattaur, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The wear and tear theory of aging is an idea proposed by German biologist, Dr. August Wiesmann, in 1882. The theory suggests that aging results from a gradual deterioration of the cells and tissues of the body via wear and tear, oxidative stress, exposure to radiation, toxins, or other deteriorative processes. It suggests that living organisms “wear out” over time with repeated use and increased stress on the body. This concept is similar to the idea that objects such as automobiles deteriorate or wear out as they are used repeatedly over time. Because people observe the wear and tear on …
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Infant Speech Perception And Babbling, Brian Schanding
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Much work in the study of early life speech perception centers on an infant’s ability to discriminate sounds. Studies rely on an infant’s reactions to spoken language, measured by various physical and biometric responses, as evidence of an infant’s ability to perceive distinct spoken sounds. Studies have identified a number of characteristics of human speech, termed cues, which infants have demonstrated they can recognize.
Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo
Charles Darwin, Michaela J. Santo, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Charles Robert Darwin was born February 12th, 1809 in Shropshire England, the fifth child of six to Robert and Susannah Darwin. Although Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, he had an early interest in medicine working with his father treating the poor in the village of his birth. Though he enrolled in medical school, he found the study of taxidermy more engaging than his medical studies. His interest soon shifted towards natural history, to the cataloging of beetles and eventually geology. He subsequently dropped the pursuit of medicine to finishing his coursework to become an Anglican …
Parenting Dimensions, Pamela C. Sheffler, Ceclia S. Cheung
Parenting Dimensions, Pamela C. Sheffler, Ceclia S. Cheung
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Parenting is the process of supporting the development of a child from infancy through adulthood. This support encompasses not only the child’s physical development, but his or her social, emotional, and financial development as well. Although children are most often raised by their biological parents, parenting refers to a process that is separate from its biological definition. Thus, siblings, grandparents, and legal guardians may also parent. For example, in the Kipsigis community of Kenya, after a child reaches the age of two it is common practice for older siblings to take on the role of parent while the mother is …
Temperament, Aya Shigeto
Temperament, Aya Shigeto
Essays in Developmental Psychology
John Locke, an English philosopher, stated that all babies come to the world with a blank slate or tabula rasa, ready to absorb everything that their outside world has to offer. Behaviorists like John B. Watson similarly advocated the power of nurture (i.e., learning) and disregarded the contribution of nature (i.e., biology, genetics) to human development. Researchers today agree that babies are born with unique characteristics called temperament and that these individual differences in behavior, affect, and attention are believed to have genetic and biological bases. However, researchers also agree that temperament is not immune to environmental influences. In other …
Nervous System, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nervous System, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are two major subdivisions of the nervous system: the Central Nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). The CNS consists of the brain and the spinal cord. Whereas the PNS consists of the nerves outside the CNS. These nerves bring sensory information to the CNS and transmit commands (i.e. motor information) from the CNS to the body. The PNS has three components, the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS), somatic nervous system (spinal nerves), and the cranial nerves.
Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger
Early Stages Of Sociocultural Development, Lisa L. Persinger, Joey D. Persinger
Essays in Developmental Psychology
We often think about the development of a person’s interpersonal skills, relationships, and identity as something that happens after birth, and certainly, it does. However, in practice, prenatal (before birth) interactions between caregivers and the fetus start the sociocultural developmental process that continues after a baby is born. Personality development, interpersonal style, and identity begin before birth and extend far into the life span. Caregivers provide interactions as well as physical care during pregnancy, and after birth, that influence these developments. This chapter will provide an overview of how interactions from conception through age two influence trust and attachment, emotional …
Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Ibn Al-Haytham (Alhazen), Mithra H. Pirooz, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Abū ʿAlī al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Haytham was an Arab Muslim born around 965 CE and died circa 1040 CE in current-day Iraq. A scientist, astronomer, philosopher, and mathematician, he is particularly known for his work in astronomy, mathematics, visual perception, and optics. In medieval Europe, he was referred to as the “Second Ptolemy”. As the first to determine that vision results from light being reflected from an object to the eye, he is often referred to as “the father of optics”. He is also praised for being among the first theoretical physicists. He was one of the first scientists …
Jean Piaget, Kelsey Pegg, Amanda Kracen
Jean Piaget, Kelsey Pegg, Amanda Kracen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is a well-known leader in the field of psychology with a focus on child development and cognition. Piaget was born in Neuchâtel, Switzerland. As an adolescent, he had interests in the natural sciences including a fascination with mollusks. While studying zoology and receiving a doctoral degree in the natural sciences at the University of Neuchâtel, Piaget attended psychology courses at the University of Zürich with Carl Jung, an important figure in the field of psychoanalysis. In learning information about psychoanalysis, Piaget became interested in psychology and the complex operations of the human mind.
Memory Development, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh
Memory Development, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Human memory shows amazing changes across infancy, childhood, and even through adulthood. But there are many different kinds of memory—each performing a specific function—and these different types show different patterns of change across the lifespan. Both age of onset and improvement rate can differ across memory systems. However, most types of memory show an “inverted U” pattern of development, with individuals showing low performance levels in the early years, increasing levels through young adulthood, and then lower levels again in middle age and old age
Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade
Memory Change In Old Age, Suzanna L. Penningroth, Tesalee K. Sensibaugh, Angel Munoz Gomez Andrade
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Scientists who study aging usually define older adulthood as beginning at around age 65. Older adults show many differences in memory functioning compared to young adults, and these differences get progressively larger throughout older adulthood. Although many older adults are afraid of developing Alzheimer’s disease, the vast majority will not; only 7% of people age 90 or older develop this disease. With normal aging, memory systems show a complex pattern of changes: many types of memory decline, but a few show stability and even improvements.
Egocentrism, Sarah M. Pringer, Eric A. Goedereis
Egocentrism, Sarah M. Pringer, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Building upon Sigmund Freud’s concept of ego, defined as the “I” component of an individual and the mediator between oneself and the external world, Jean Piaget developed the concept of egocentrism. Thus, egocentrism refers to an inward-looking cognitive phenomenon defined as having or regarding the self as the center of all things.
Life Story Model Approach To Understanding Personality, Nile Stanley
Life Story Model Approach To Understanding Personality, Nile Stanley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
McAdams’s life story model of identity is a narrative approach to understanding personality which draws on the psychoanalytic writings of Eric Erikson and the personology theory of Henry A. Murray. Other influences include Jerome Bruner and Theodore R. Sarbin who introduced and popularized the term narrative psychology. McAdams, a professor from Northwestern University, believed understanding human behavior should be grounded in the knowledge that people make sense of their lives by constructing and internalizing stories. According to this model, individuals begin to organize their lives in terms of self-stories in late adolescence and young adulthood. People reconstruct their past and …
Cellular Theories Of Aging, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Cellular Theories Of Aging, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are multiple theories of aging, which include evolutionary, molecular, cellular, and systemic theories. The focus of this entry will be on the cellular theories of aging. There are two main categories of theories of cellular aging, error theories and programming theories. The error theories suggest that aging is a result of an accumulation of errors as an outcome of environmental insults that leads to damage at various levels of the cell. Error theories also propose that imperfect repair mechanisms are a factor that leads to cellular aging. The second category, programming theories, suggest that aging is a genetically programmed …
Behavioral Genetics, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Behavioral Genetics, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Behavioral genetics is a field of scientific research that aims to understand how much genetic and environmental factors contribute to variability in behavior. From a genetics standpoint, numerous genes are influenced by the environment, which results in complex behaviors. Additionally, the physiology and developmental history of an individual, along with its environment, can modify genes and neuronal circuits of the brain. Furthermore, evolution and natural selection shape behaviors to optimize survival of the individual. Behavioral genetics is an evolving field that involves a combination of experimental psychology, genetics, neuroscience, and ethology.
Environmental Teratogens, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Environmental Teratogens, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Environmental teratogens are external agents that can increase the risk for carcinogenesis, malformations, mutagenesis, or deficient growth in an embryo or fetus. There are two general categories of teratogenic agents, which include errors in genetic processing, and environmental agents or factors. Both genetic and environmental teratogens can lead to embryopathology, but they have different pathologic processes. Errors in genetic processing can lead to abnormal development via gene abnormalities, chromosome deletion, chromosome excess, or chromosome rearrangement. Environmental teratogens, on the other hand, interact with the embryo during development, which can lead to congenital malformations and a multitude of other deficits. Environmental …
Demographics Of Aging, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Demographics Of Aging, Lisa Stebbins, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The experience of growing older in the 21st century is vastly different from the past. The advancement in technology, medicine, and lower rates of death at birth has allowed for the population to shift in size. The shift is specifically from the baby boomers generation, which refers to the increase in birth rate from 1940’s to the early 1960’s. This generation is aging and in recent years the first baby boomers began reaching retirement age. This segment of the U.S. is the fastest growing, so it is essential to understand the growth of the aging population. This aging group is …
Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective, Jonathan B. Santo
Self-Esteem From A Developmental Perspective, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-esteem is among one of the most well understood components of identity development. It refers to a person’s overall positive or negative assessment of their worth. It’s needs to be noted that self-esteem is not to be confused with self-concept which encompasses the characteristics that a person ascribes to themselves [see self-concept, same volume]. Specifically, self-esteem reflects the degree to which a person feels competent and of worth. Self-esteem has been of interest to psychologists and other social scientists because it is often related to other measures positive development such as satisfaction with life and academic engagement.
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Adopted Children, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adoption is the legal transfer of parental rights and responsibilities over the care of a child from the birth parents to other adult(s), who will then raise the child. The adoption of children by non-biologically-related adults has a long and complicated history in both the United States and around the world. Over time awareness of adopted individuals, adoptive families, and birth parents and families has increased; all three groups known as the adoption triad, or adoption kinship network.
Altruism And Children, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Altruism And Children, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Altruism is the combination of willingly and spontaneously helping others. Many studies have focused on the origin of these traits, whether they are innate or learned. Researchers are examining inborn altruism and studying the influence of external forces, such as parental role modeling and prosocial tendencies, that have an influence on children's altruistic behavior (Clay, 2006). Altruism is often associated with altering levels of trust however, in children altruism takes on various forms and definitions with each developmental stage and as more complex interactions with others take place.
Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Peer interactions often occur in groups. Children spend an increasing amount of time in these groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with each other around playsets, although these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as though they are true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social …