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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Fast Mapping, Heidi Kloos, Hannah Mcintire
Fast Mapping, Heidi Kloos, Hannah Mcintire
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In a classic study by Carey and Bartlett (1978), preschool children were presented with two trays and prompted to: “Bring me the chromium tray, not the blue one. The chromium one.” One week later, a new task context was used to test what children thought ‘chromium’ refers to (e.g., “Show me the chromium one”). Results show that 3- and 4-year-olds were able to learn the meaning of ‘chromium’ even after a single exposure. This phenomenon was termed ‘fast mapping’. It captures the mental process of narrowing down the meaning of a word during a casual experience. In the current essay, …
Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis
Personal Control Beliefs, Sarah Kurzu, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Personal control refers to the degree to which an individual believes one is in control of his or her own life, as opposed to one’s circumstances being the result of factors outside of one’s control. An individual with high personal control has a stronger belief that he or she is able to produce desired outcomes within a designated domain. The beliefs themselves are broken down into two main constructs: external and internal control. Internal control emphasizes the responsibility of the individual and his or her actions on the outcome, while external control determines the outcome as being guided by an …
Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm
Adolescent Depression, Skip Kumm
Essays in Developmental Psychology
It is common for teens to experience depression. Researchers have found that up to one in eight youth experience some form of depression during their teenage years. It is also well known that all adolescents face many unique challenges related to school, finding a college, peer pressure, and hormones, which may result periods of sadness, frustration, and despair; however, depression is more than just feeling sad or not being happy, depression is a serious mental condition different from typical adolescent experiences.
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Generativity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In psychology, the term generativity refers to concern for the future and the need to offer positive contributions to future generations. The term first appeared in stage seven of Erik Erikson’s model of psychosocial development (generativity vs. stagnation). Erikson’s model postulates that generativity occurs explicitly in middle adulthood, but a more recent model of generativity created by Dan McAdams proposes that generativity occurs as a function of increasing cultural demand and concern for future generations, rather than a function of personality change (McAdams, 2001).
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Complex Emotions, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complex emotions are ways in which an individual reacts and respond to complex social situations when encountering people and situations in the social world. Thus, complex emotions are ways of coping and adapting to complex social situations. Complex emotions are mental representations that have been studied on a three-level analysis surrounding the body, mind, and society, which translates to the biological and the evolutionary, the mental and the psychological, and the social and the cultural. This approach has been referred to as the neurocognitive sociology of emotions.
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Birth Complications, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Complications during childbirth can pose a serious threat to both infant and maternal health. Birth complications can lead to a variety of different health risks, ranging from minor to severe in nature. The following common labor complications can happen even after a standard pregnancy with no difficulties or high risk variables.
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
The Life Of Susan Sutherland Isaacs, Cherish J. Caldwell, Rachel C. Davis, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Susan Sutherland Isaacs was a British psychologist and psychoanalyst who rose to prominence during the nineteenth century progressive educational movement. Isaacs is best known for her publications on the intellectual and social development of children, as well as her theories regarding the education of children through free play. Furthermore, Issacs served as the first principal of the Malting House School, one of the earliest progressive schools to incorporate the theories of psychoanalysis within its curriculum (Graham, 2009).
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Parental Influence, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
An adequate level of parenting—providing enough nutrition, shelter, exposure to language and peers, or not harshly punishing children (punching, kicking, striking with a weapon)—seems to not have a long-term effect on cognitive development in children. Twin and adoption studies have found that intelligence is accounted for almost entirely by genes and nonshared environment, which includes peers, teachers, and unique experiences. However, there are parenting styles and types of home environments that are correlated with better school performance, stronger school engagement, and more words spoken at certain ages.
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Gifted Children, Justin Burgess, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children can be gifted in a variety of different areas, including musical talent, athleticism, and artistic ability among others. The focus of this entry will be solely on those children who are gifted in intellectual ability and academic achievement. Identification of intellectual giftedness usually requires an individually administered intelligence test, achieving a Full-Scale Intelligence Quotient (FSIQ) of 130 or higher, which is a threshold that dates back to Lewis Terman’s research at Stanford in the early to mid 20th century. Although this seems like an arbitrary score, an IQ score of 130 and above is where an individual scores two …
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Marshmallow Task, Laurel A. Brabson, Hannah M. Coffey, Mary Margaret Ruckle, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To study the human systems of self-control during delayed gratification, Dr. Walter Mischel and colleagues developed what became the famous Marshmallow Test, published in Science in 1989. This study became a frontrunner in the field of psychology, laying the foundation for future studies in impulse control. Dr. Mischel was born in 1930 in Vienna, Austria. He was a professor at the University of Colorado, Harvard University, and Stanford University where he originally conducted the Marshmallow Test. Dr. Mischel currently holds a professorship at Columbia University.
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Perception, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perception is the process through which humans are able to select, organize, and interpret sensory input from the external environment. This process of selection, organization, and interpretation of external sensory stimulation results in our internal representation of the outside world, as well as our conscious experience. Through the process of perception, we are able to gain information and knowledge about our environment, allowing us to safely and effectively navigate in the world.
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nutrition And Growth, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
From a child’s embryonic development in the womb to adulthood, nutrition plays a key role in physical, mental, and social growth and development. Throughout the lifespan, proper nutrition and growth are essential to living a long, healthy life. Nutrition is particularly important in the developmental period.
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Craik & Lockhart: Levels Of Processing, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
What is the nature of mental activity that allows a child to remember a past experience? Traditionally, the question of memory was answered with an exclusively static model: The mind was said to have storage bins to which represented experiences are added. Depending on the exact nature of the storage bin, the experience is remembered either for a short time (i.e., shortterm memory) or for a long time (i.e., long-term memory). Though widely familiar, this model of static storage bins falls notoriously short on explaining the nuance of memory findings. For example, short-term memory appears to have strict capacity limits …
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Representative Sampling, Jessica Choe, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The research process begins with an initial observation that scientists or researchers of various backgrounds want to engage in and understand, which prompts them to formulate theories and hypotheses, collect data, and use statistical procedures to organize, summarize, and interpret gathered data. Research conducted through questionnaires or surveys are often utilized to determine the nature of a population or the interests of members in a particular group.
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Durable Power Of Attorney, Carolyn L. Carlson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A power of attorney is a written document that authorizes an individual (an “agent” or “attorney-in-fact”) to act on behalf of another individual (the “principal”) in a fiduciary capacity related to matters specified within the power of attorney document. The agent does not have to be a licensed attorney in order to assume the role as agent, but must act with care and in good faith when dealing with the principal’s affairs. An agent’s power can be limited to a specific transaction, such as purchasing a specified piece of real estate, or the agent can be authorized to complete various …
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Possible Selves, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Self-concept is an individual’s idea of who the individual was in the past, who the individual is at present, and who that individual has the potential to become in the future. When considering self-concept, group memberships and other social roles typically shape how an individual thinks about him- or herself. A strong self-concept helps an individual to make sense of his or her present situation, maintains positive feelings through difficult situations, make sensible predictions about the future, as well as helps to sustain motivation.
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Intersensory Redundancy, Macey Cartwright, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
How does redundancy in the input affect the child’s attention? Consider, for example, a scenario in which the child is listening to a parent’s utterances, as well as watching the parent’s lips moving in synchrony with the speech. Intuitively, one might assume that there is an inherent advantage in such informational coherence. The match between sounds and visual input might help constrain attention in productive ways. Alternatively, a mismatch in intersensory information might affects attention negatively. The reality of how intersensory redundancy affects a child’s attention is more surprising than what intuition might suggest, as we discuss in this essay.
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Psychomotor Speed In Old Age, Cheryl Chakranarayan, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Psychomotor ability is defined in terms of the relationship between cognitive functions and motor activities. It plays an important role in acquiring and carrying out a broad range of physical skills and coordinated behaviors, such as playing a sport, or in everyday activities like pouring a glass of milk or applying makeup. Psychomotor speed therefore is the rate at which a certain psychomotor behavior can be carried out. Because of the relevance of psychomotor speed to many areas of personal functioning, it has been extensively studied in a wide variety of applied contexts including sports performance, personnel selection within the …
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Spirituality, Kimberly Diah, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of spirituality is polysemic and adapts different meaning based on individual experiences, culture, and purpose. For many, spirituality means being a part of a structured religion such as attending church, going to a mosque or synagogue. For others, it is a personal journey that involves meditation, yoga, private worship with a higher power or God and reflection. Spirituality can also be a way of seeking meaning through connections with other people, or nature. Virtually, it is a broad concept that allows multiple perspectives to take hold. While the object or belief may differ, the commonality among spirituality suggests …
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Adolescent Social Development, Randall E. Osborne
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Views about the manner and nature of human development have changed across time (Psyking.net 2016). Some of these views have been religious (e.g., creationism) and some of these views have been more biological (e.g., preformationism). Regardless of the focus of the view, how we believe human beings develop has a profound effect on our expectations for those beings. One early view of human development from a biological perspective was Preformationism. This is explained as, “A notion that was widespread among pioneer biologists in the 18th century was that the fetus, and hence the adult organism that develops from it, is …
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
The Concrete Operational Period Of Development, Rebecca Olson, Kelsey Eackles, Cassandra Kepple, Cheryl B. Mcneil
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Jean Piaget was one of the first psychologists to systematically investigate the cognitive development of children. He believed that intelligence develops as a result of both biological and environmental reactions rather than being an unchangeable, inherited trait. He believed cognition develops in distinct stages from infancy to adulthood, which became the basis of Piaget’s Cognitive-Developmental Theory.
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Sibling Relationships In Old Age, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The relationship between siblings is unique among family relationships in that sibling relationships have a dimension of equality. In other words, they do not necessarily share the same obligations toward each other as a married partners or parents and child may, especially in Western cultures. Durkheim (1933) described sibling relationships as a “mechanical” bond rather than an “organic” bond, which would better characterize a complimentary relationship, such as that between married partners or a parent and child. This mechanical bond results in ambivalence and rivalry towards one another during childhood and early adulthood, as siblings are often forced to compete …
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Speech (Building Blocks), Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nova Southeastern University The building blocks of language begin with the smallest distinguishable unit, the phoneme, and grow in complexity to convey meaning within a specific social context. The study of meaning is known as semantics. According to Kellogg (2003), the goal of semantic theories is to explain how individuals form mental representations of words and thus derive meaning from them. The smallest distinguishable unit of speech is the phoneme. A phoneme is essentially a unique speech sound, or phonological segment, that can alter the meaning of a word. For instance, if you examine the words “pat” and “cat” you …
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Sensorimotor Period, Maria Munoz, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The developing mind does not merely follow a linear trajectory—say from knowing little to knowing more. Instead, the mind appears to actively organize information into coherent structures. According to Jean Piaget, these mental organizations – referred to as schemas – go through qualitatively distinct stages, the first of which is the sensorimotor period. Cognition at this stage is characterized by a reliance on reflexes and primary sense, rather than on symbolic or abstract thought. The argument is that children younger than 2 years base their cognition on immediate actions-perception loops, making distinctive mistakes when the task requires an ability to …
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Cognitive Dissonance, Afton Nelson, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Leon Festinger proposed the theory of cognitive dissonance in 1957, in which he extensively outlined the major derivations of dissonance, consonance, and justification (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959). In short, cognitive dissonance occurs when one’s actions are inconsistent with previous beliefs about one’s self. The inconsistency in these beliefs creates conflict within the self. For example, an individual may think of herself as a good person, yet she breaks a law. In this example, there is inconsistency between one’s current action and prior beliefs about the self.
Memory Strategies, Tina M. Miyake, Erika K. Fulton
Memory Strategies, Tina M. Miyake, Erika K. Fulton
Essays in Developmental Psychology
If questioned, we can all probably describe a strategy we employed to try to remember relevant information (e.g., I rehearsed the definitions, I generated examples of the definitions) for some future event (e.g., a test). Essentially, memory strategies help manage encoding and retrieval demands given a particular memory task. In the example of a test, we must figure out how to remember all the material covered on the test. This task requires that our studying allow us to discriminate the information at test. Famous psychologist, Endel Tulving, demonstrated the Encoding Specificity Principle that posits that the more similar the retrieval …
John B. Watson, Afton Nelson, Amanda Kracen
John B. Watson, Afton Nelson, Amanda Kracen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
John B. Watson (1878 – 1958) was an influential American psychologist credited with advancing behaviorism, a psychological approach that considers all behavior to be a result of interactions with the external environment. Watson was born in South Carolina on January 9, 1878, where he lived throughout his childhood. Despite his rebellious adolescent years and poor academic performance, he graduated with a master’s degree from Furman University in South Carolina at the age of 21. He earned a Ph.D. in psychology in 1903 from the University of Chicago, where he studied animal behaviors for his doctoral dissertation. In 1908, Watson accepted …
Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto
Ethical Research, Stephanie Nguyen, Aya Shigeto
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In the early history of empirical research, the ethical code of conduct was only loosely followed and not well regulated. Now, following a proper code of ethics is expected in research with committees from the institutional to the international level strictly regulating and holding researchers accountable for their work. Research ethics address questions, such as whether a study will produce the greatest good; who is intended to benefit from a study at the expense of others; and how research participants, especially those from vulnerable populations (e.g., pregnant women; minors; people in impoverished circumstances, with disabilities, or from minority groups), should …
Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford
Psychological Development During Childhood, Meg Milligan, Kanessa Miller Doss, Sherrionda H. Crawford
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Childhood is a time of tremendous psychological development. Our personalities, cognitive capabilities, and emotions expand and transform us from infants to adolescents. In some ways we exhibit continuous development, while others are more accurately described as stages. The following pages present some of these significant changes that occur during early and middle childhood.
Piaget's Conservation Experiments, Motolani Shenbanjo, Heidi Kloos
Piaget's Conservation Experiments, Motolani Shenbanjo, Heidi Kloos
Essays in Developmental Psychology
When it comes to assessing the magnitude of a quantity, the mind has several options. For example, to determine the amount of juice in a glass, one could merely look at the height of the juice in the glass; or one could incorporate both the height and the width of the glass. The latter would be the correct approach: The height alone can be misleading, for example when the glass is very narrow. Thus, in order to behave rationally, one has to look past the salient dimension of height and instead focus on integrating several dimensions. According to Jean Piaget, …