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Articles 601 - 630 of 10775
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Experimental Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The concept of an experiment has undergone many changes in psychology's relatively short existence, and its essential features are still debated. Psychologists agree that it involves (a) systematically observing and recording phenomena; (b) explicitly describing the conditions under which the observations occurred, and (c) analyzing the resulting data to look for meaningful relations. The major area of disagreement is whether manipulation of phenomena is required.
Correlational Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Hannah Greeley
Correlational Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Hannah Greeley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Correlational studies are a type of research design that involves examining the relation among two or more phenomena. The design's distinguishing features are (a) data are collected more or less simultaneously, or at least treated as if they were collected at a single point in time; and (b) there is no manipulation of phenomena (e.g., assigning participants into groups).
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Longitudinal Studies, Alexander Beaujean
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Longitudinal studies provide information about phenomena constancy and change. Their core feature is that the phenomena under investigation are observed repeatedly in the same participants (e.g., persons, animals, organizations), which requires collecting data at multiple time points (called waves). The participants, phenomena observed, duration of study, and number of waves can greatly differ between studies. For example, longitudinal studies with animals often gather data across many waves, but the entire study may only last a few days or weeks. By contrast, longitudinal studies with humans typically gather data at just a few waves but may last years or decades.
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Infant Memory, Jenna Beffel, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Until the second half of the 20th century, the ability to recall information was thought to emerge between 2- and 10-years-of-age. Resulting from repression of our earliest sexual urges, immature neural mechanisms, or an impoverished sense of self and linguistic skills, infantile amnesia represents the predominant view of infancy at the time; a period in which the child possessed remarkably limited mental abilities, thus experiencing the world as nothing more than “one great blooming, buzzing confusion” (James, 1890). The research contributions of Dr. Carolyn Rovee-Collier over the next seventy years succeeded in altering this perspective.
Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Divorce, Effect On Child Development, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Childhood experiences of divorce affect multiple domains of development. Cognitive, emotional and physical areas of a child’s development may be impacted by the separation. Models of development which take into account both biological and environmental influences suggest that problems of divorce impact the parental practices towards the children which lead to difficulties in emotional regulation and insecurity. These arenas impact health in both explicit health risk behaviors as well as biological responses within the body. The combination of these seen and unseen processes contribute to an overall impact on health.
Infant Imitation And Social Interaction, Caroline Bartes, Naomi J. Aldrich
Infant Imitation And Social Interaction, Caroline Bartes, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today imitation (i.e., copying another’s behaviors) is recognized as the fundamental mechanism by which cultural knowledge is socially transmitted across generations (Gergely & Csibra, 2006). Indeed, inquiries into children’s imitation have been at the forefront of developmental science nearly since its inception. Piaget suggested that at its core, imitation acted as the child’s representation of self-in-action before the representation of self-in-thought (Piaget & Inhelder, 1966/1969). While Piaget discussed the presence of reflexive imitation within the first months of life (e.g., a baby crying upon hearing another baby’s cry), he reasoned that children could not imitate others’ gestures until the end …
Sequential Studies, A. Alexander Beaujean
Sequential Studies, A. Alexander Beaujean
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sequential studies combine aspects of longitudinal and cross-sectional studies in order to overcome some of inherent problems in both designs. Longitudinal studies can provide rich information about phenomena change, but have two major disadvantages: (a) they can require substantial resources, and (b) they can confound effects of age, cohort (i.e., influences due to shared historical experiences), and time-of-data-collection effects (i.e., events that co-occur with the data collection occasions). Cross-sectional studies require fewer resources, but only provide limited information about developmental change.
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Cross-Sectional Studies, Alexander Beaujean, Allison D. Gutierrez
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Cross-sectional studies are a type of research design used to understand time-related constancy and change in phenomena using data collected more or less simultaneously from different groups (called cohorts) of participants (e.g., people, animals, organizations). The cohorts vary on the basis of age or some other temporal phenomena (e.g., developmental stage, grade in school), so the combined sample is thought to represent the focal phenomena in the population at different times (i.e., a cross section). Differences among the cohorts are used to approximate developmental changes.
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Prosocial Reasoning, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prosocial behavior is best described as a general range of actions that are intended to benefit individuals other than one’s self. Some of these prosocial actions include helping, comforting, and sharing with others (Batson & Powell, 2003). More specifically, prosocial behavior is better understood as one’s voluntary action that is solely meant to benefit others. Prosocial reasoning is the motivating influences for an individual to engage in a prosocial behavior. Some research suggests that reasoning behind prosocial behavior is a motivation toward altruism, a principle in which one individual is selfless and engages in behaviors that help others, despite personal …
Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Newborn Senses, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
When babies are born, they possess all five senses-taste, hearing, sight, touch and smell; however, some senses are more developed than others. Newborns had previously been an enigma to scientists and little was known about their intelligence, motives, and capabilities. Neuroscientists are now able to map out a timeline of when senses are developed during and after gestation; this has given the scientific community and parents everywhere a better understanding of newborns and their ability to process their environment.
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Newborn Reflexes, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Reflexes are characterized as involuntary movements or actions and are a key indicator of a healthy brain and nervous system in newborn babies. There are five primitive reflexes that are common for infants who do not experience central nervous system (CNS) deficits. Furthermore, newborn reflexes are also considered to add adaptive value by increasing their chances of survival.
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Divorce, Effects On Relationships, Nicholas Boston, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Divorce has been seen to have significant impacts on relationships both within and outside of families. In terms of friendships, the divorced couple is often seen to withdraw from other couples prior to the divorce in order to avoid sharing uncomfortable details. With more attention instead focused on friendships with individuals, divorced couples lose some, if not all, of their couple friends, whom may take sides either individually or as a couple. As well, fellow couples may not wish to be pulled into conflict. However, individual friendships tend to strengthen as the divorcees turn their freed-up time for attention towards …
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Reasons For Divorce, Ryan Bennett, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Today, divorce is a common result for many couples regarding marital conflict and discord. The impacts of divorce have been linked to increased psychological distress, increased risk of substance abuse, depression, and poorer overall health when compared to non-divorced individuals (Amato, 2000; Hughes and Waite, 2009). Per Shelby Scott and colleagues, there are ten likely reasons for a couple to get divorced (Scott et al., 2013). By understanding these ten reasons, one may better conceptualize the overall factors that contribute to divorce.
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Metabolic Theories Of Aging, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metabolic theories of aging postulate that aging is due to energy expenditure, which ultimately results in the breakdown and eventual death of cells. Historically, within the realm of metabolic theories of aging, there have been three models: The Rate-of-Living theory, The Oxidative Damage/Free Radical theory, and the Metabolic Stability theory. All three theories maintain that aging is directly related to metabolic rate, but the theories differ in how they arrive at that conclusion.
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Maria Montessori, Vanessa Braun, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (born August 31, 1870, Chiaravalle, near Ancona, Italy – died May 6, 1952, Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands) was an Italian educator. She is commonly remembered for the many schools around the globe that bear her name and implement her educational methods, the Montessori system. Maria Montessori was a scientist, educator, activist, and advocate for children.
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Writing Skills: The Essentials, Gina Braun
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Writing Skills are an essential component of communicating and develop over time. It does not matter the intention of writing, it is a skill used daily, and we must prepare our students to have the adequate skills they will need to function as writers. Writing skills taught in school are focused on academic writing, which should transfer and generalize across settings. Writing skills take on different forms with a variety of levels of importance. The necessary writing skills needed include; the writing process, which is supported by, mechanics, writing for a variety of purposes, and finally, building technological skills.
Friendship Among Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Friendship Among Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Friendships in childhood are essential to overall development, beyond having someone to socialize with. Research suggests that friendships in children can help mitigate psychopathology, can be considered protective factors against being bullied and acting as a bully, and help with developing strong cultural competence. Aspects of friendships such as quality and intimacy of the relationship, as well as quantity of friends have been investigated for their importance in moderating many of these factors. Lack of friendships can lead to both short-term and long-term challenges for children, such as loneliness and feeling isolated from peers, anxiety and other internalizing disorders, and …
Emotional Expression In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Emotional Expression In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The development of emotional expression begins from the time an infant bonds with his or her caregiver. Establishing this bond occurs through both the caregiver expressing her feelings to the child and understanding the emotions expressed by the infant. This communication is almost exclusively non-verbal for a long period of time, which requires understanding of and ability to express emotions via facial expressions and vocal inflections. Infants use non-verbal communication to express needs and wants, and the caregiver’s ability to respond to these expressions appropriately is essential to establishing emotional bonds and a confidence in the ability to have one’s …
James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt
James Mark Baldwin, Scott Harcourt
Essays in Developmental Psychology
James Baldwin was born on January 12, 1861 in Columbia, South Carolina. He attended secondary school in New Jersey. He initially planned on a life in the ministry, but in his first year at Princeton (then the College of New Jersey), he fell under the tutelage of the Scottish Realist James McCosh, and studied empirical psychology instead, graduating as valedictorian in 1894. He spent a fellowship year in Germany and France, studying with Wundt in Leipzig, before returning to Princeton for his Ph.D. He then taught at Lake Forest University for two years, during which time he married.
Ecological Systems Approach In Sociology, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Ecological Systems Approach In Sociology, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sociology as a philosophy is highly concerned with the collaboration of the environment and how the environment’s transactions with the individual affect one another. The Ecological Systems theory, as it is known today, speaks on the interaction between different sociological environments and how it affects the developing individual. Thanks to the work of Charles Booth and Seebohm Rowntree, in the United Kingdom, alongside Paul Kellogg in the United States, there is a better understanding about how an individual affects their environment and vice versa. Their work, specifically their research in assessing the needs of low socioeconomic status (SES) individuals in …
Word Learning Rules In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Word Learning Rules In Children, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The ability to learn new words requires the use of numerous cognitive functions. It is expected that from the time a child begins speaking around 12 months of age to about six years old, children learn approximately 14,000 words (Templin, 1957 as cited in Brady & Goodman, 2014). From an early age, children are exposed to the language used around them and slowly develop their own use of language through recognition of objects, combination of phonemes, and memorization of visual and auditory stimuli. In order to successfully master language and learn new words, a child must integrate these processes to …
Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Perspective Taking Stages, Caitlin F. Herman, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Perspective taking is the ability to gain an understanding of how another person is thinking or feeling about an event based on the information which is available. Learning to understand the perspective of another person is an ability that develops over childhood through many stages. Typically, this concept is first grasped by school age, or around 6 to 7 years of age. There are multiple types of perspectives that can be taken as well, including physical or visual perspective, affective perspective, cognitive perspective, or perspective of communication. Each of these types is important for social behaviors and the ability to …
Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
Mamie P. Clark, Jayla Hill, Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Mamie Phipps Clark (born July 14, 1914 Hot Springs, Arkansas – August 11, 1983, New York City, New York) was an American developmental psychologist best known for her work on the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of experiments conducted with her husband Kenneth Clark known as the “Doll Studies.” These studies would be instrumental in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education court decision in which school segregation was declared unconstitutional.
James Marcia - Identity Status, L. Nicole Hammons
James Marcia - Identity Status, L. Nicole Hammons
Essays in Developmental Psychology
James E. Marcia is known for his research on identity development in late adolescence, specifically his identification of four identity statuses. He was born on February 10, 1937 in Cleveland Ohio. He was an only child and describes his family as to a stable, lower middle- to middle-class family. Spending his childhood in Columbus, Ohio, Marcia enjoyed tennis, drama, speech, and music (he played both piano and trombone). After exploring history, English, and philosophy, Marcia earned his undergraduate degree in psychology from Wittenberg University in Springfield, Ohio. He also received master’s and doctoral degrees from Ohio State University, both in …
Grandparenthood, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Grandparenthood, Ronald Okolichany, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The transition from parenthood into grandparenthood is a normative experience for a majority of individuals and typically occurs in middle age. However, this transition is not uncommon for individuals over 65 or under 55. An individual’s first experience with grandparenthood generally occurs in childhood, when they interact with their grandparents as grandchildren. Initially, the bond between grandparents and grandchildren is mediated by the parents. However, over time the relationship between the two becomes more direct.
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Preoperational Period, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The preoperational period is part of Jean Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget was a cognitive psychology, who in 1936 created a model to explain how children understand the world and develop cognitively. While other contemporary theorists believed that intelligence was a fixed trait, Piaget believed that cognitive development was a process that occurred in distinct stages, and that maturation brings about changes and growth in development, rather than training (Lally & Valentine-French, 2019). Piaget posited that each stage occurred at a specific time and in a specific sequential order, such every child goes through …
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Stem cell research is a controversial issue that has received considerable attention over the last three decades. Stem cell research began in the early 1980’s, when stem cells were obtained from mice embryos and utilized to understand the functioning of stem cells (Grivennikov, 2008). In 1998, researchers discovered techniques for obtaining embryonic stem cells from human and growing them in laboratories. Since them, substantial research has been conducted on stem cells and their potential uses, which includes increasing our understanding of diseases and how they occur, treating various diseases, and testing new medications for safety and efficacy (Taylor, 2005).
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Rachel Barr, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dr. Rachel Barr is a developmental and clinical psychologist, and a leading expert on early learning and memory. She has published and presented on over 200 articles, encyclopedia entries, book chapters, and poster presentations on subjects related to child development and psychology and continues to do research in these fields (Rachel Barr, 2019).
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Robert Stoller, Huda Abu-Suwa, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Robert Stoller was an American psychiatrist who studied gender identity and sexuality. Stoller was born in 1924 and died in 1991 (Green, 1992). He died in a car accident near his home, at the age of 66 (Cook, 1992). Stoller received his bachelor’s degree from the University of California, Berkeley, and received his medical degree in 1948 from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) (Goleman, 1991). Stoller also completed psychoanalytic training at the Psychoanalytic Society and Institute, where he worked under psychoanalyst Hanna Fenichel.
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy
Psychological Development: Cognition, Emotions, Personality, Anita Knight Kuhnley, Kelly Carapezza, Gary Sibcy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adolescence is considered the age that bridges childhood and adulthood, Erik Erikson, who has contributed much to our understanding of the developmental stages described adolescence as, “the age mediating between childhood and adulthood (Erikson, 1997, p.xi).” Adolescence includes the sometimes tumultuous years between the ages of 11 and 21, and the Eriksons addressed this as one stage (Newman and Newman, 2013). Some authors attribute the fact that adolescence is such a trying time to the fact that adolescents lose synapses in the brain specifically in the primary visual cortex at a rate of 5,000 per second (Bears, Connor, and Paradiso, …