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Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools, Casey T. Tobin
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sexual harassment includes any sort of unwanted 1) physical contact such as hugging, touching clothing, flashing sexual body parts, stroking hair or body parts, and sexual assault; 2) verbal or written communications including suggestive comments, inappropriate jokes, requests for sexual favors, comments about someone’s body, rumor spreading, or threats of sexual contact; and 3) non-verbal actions such as staring, sharing naked photographs, or making suggestive gestures or expressions. Sexual harassment also includes nonsexual aggressions directed at a student because of their gender identity or sexual orientation. For example, if a teacher makes a comment about females being less intelligent than …
Wisdom, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Wisdom, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Historically, wisdom (sagacity) has its roots tied to religious traditions. From India’s Vedas, to Egyptian proverbs, and to Christian and Islamic psalms, various religions have attempted to define wisdom and have professed the importance of fostering it. While these contributions to the understanding of wisdom cannot be ignored, it was not until philosophers intervened that the world began to attempt to systematically define and analyze wisdom as its own construct.
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Toy Gaacareer Plateauing, Victor Tran, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
A career plateau can be defined as a phenomenon in which an individual’s career becomes stagnant. It is imperative to distinguish the two types of career plateaus: (1) content (job content) plateauing and (2) structural (hierarchical) plateauing. Content plateauing refers to a situation in which an individual’s job content (i.e., knowledge, skills, duties, responsibilities, etc.) stops changing. While structural plateauing assumes content plateauing, it also refers to a situation in which an individual can no longer progress, advance, or be promoted within the hierarchical framework of an organization. Career plateauing is not a novel phenomenon; however, it has progressively become …
Emotions – The Basics, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Emotions – The Basics, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Charles Darwin theorized that emotions were universally experienced. This idea acknowledged that emotions can be experienced similarly and communicated via many different cultures and backgrounds. Evidence supports the concept that emotions are also biologically based therefore, they must in some sense be universal (Ortony, 1990). Emotions are recognized universally in the bases of social and biological interactions. Darwin also recognized emotions as a trait that is continuously evolving. The basic emotions become more complex and build upon each other via experiences and exposure. In the 1960’s Paul Ekman was able to combine several studies and identify six basic human emotions. …
Friendship – Adulthood, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Friendship – Adulthood, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Friendship in adulthood is difficult to precisely define. Adulthood brings many life experiences that require different levels of support and needs from friends. Experiences such as marriage, child-bearing, and divorce can attract different types of friendships. Adults who do not marry or are of differing sexual orientations face different experiences making friendships unique. Adulthood can also look very different for both males and females deepening the differences in types of friendships.
Infancy And Childhood Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Infancy And Childhood Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sex differentiation occurs while a baby is still in the womb. Before week six of the pregnancy, all fetuses have the same basic structures resembling those of a female. Between 6 and 8 weeks, gonadal differentiation occurs, starting with the SRY gene, which is located on the Y chromosome of a male, therefore is absent in females. The SRY gene stimulates the fetus to begin transitioning from its current female-like anatomy to that of a male. Because the SRY gene is absent in the XX chromosomes of a female, no signal occurs and the anatomy remains female. By week 20 …
Édouard Claparède, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Édouard Claparède, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Édouard Claparède was born on March 24, 1873, in Geneva, Switzerland. Claparède studied science and medicine while attending universities in Germany, and France. He later returned home and graduated from the University of Geneva with an M.D. in 1897. After completion of his medical degree, Claparède went to work at Salpetriere Hospital in Paris (“Claparède, Édouard,” 2018). There, Claparède spent a year doing research in neurology with Joseph Dejerine.
Developmental Disabilities, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Developmental Disabilities, Christopher N. Tirado, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), “developmental disabilities are a group of conditions due to an impairment in physical, learning, language, or behavior areas.” The CDC estimates that approximately one in six children aged 3 through 17 in the United States have one or more developmental disabilities, as well as, other developmental delays (Boyle, et al., 2011). The term developmental disability is associated with the conditions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, intellectual disability, learning disabilities, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, vision impairment, and other associated developmental delays.
Psychological Development In Adulthood: Cognitions, Emotions, And Personality, Grace Sumabat Estrada, Margarita Azmitia
Psychological Development In Adulthood: Cognitions, Emotions, And Personality, Grace Sumabat Estrada, Margarita Azmitia
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Since the beginning of time, people have searched for the secrets of living long, meaningful, and prosperous lives. Sometimes, this search involves looking younger; in the 16th century, Juan Ponce de León, for example, went to Florida to search for the fountain of youth. Other times, the quest is for healthy longevity—living to very old age without significant disease. Aubrey de Grey, a biomedical scientist who specializes in aging and divides his time between Cambridge University in the United Kingdom and a non-profit organization for fighting aging in Mountain View, California, has proposed that research shows that aging is a …
Senior Adult Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Senior Adult Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
As the body ages, some physical changes may hinder a person’s ability to engage in sexual activity. Menopause can occur between the ages of 40 and 65 and a woman’s estrogen levels will decline because she is no longer experiencing menstruation. Her internal sexual organs may decrease in size or even be removed via hysterectomy. The woman’s vagina generally becomes shorter and narrower, and the vaginal walls thin and stiffen. Often less vaginal lubrication is produced making vaginal sex more difficult and possibly painful. There are no noticeable changes that occur to the clitoris, but decreased blood circulation due to …
Systematic Observation, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Systematic Observation, Brizel Trinidad, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Systematic observation is the process of explicitly defining desired target behaviors and observing them using a systematic set of guidelines. Systematic observation assists in reducing or eliminating bias in experimental designs. The reduction allows for increased reliability and validity therefore, an integral part in experimental designs. This process is widely used in school, home, and clinical settings. The process allows preset rules and guidelines to be to be followed prior to beginning the experiment. The rules and guidelines maintain the design within reasonable boundaries. All the preset rules are inferred prior to starting the experiment.
Kenneth B. Clark, Kalen Kennedy, Simon Howard
Kenneth B. Clark, Kalen Kennedy, Simon Howard
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Kenneth B. Clark (born July 14, 1914, unincorporated territory of the Panama Canal Zone – May 1, 2005, Hastings-on-Hudson, New York) was an American experimental psychologist best known for his work on understanding the development of African American children’s sense of self, specifically through a series of studies known as the “doll tests”.
Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Widowhood, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Widowhood is defined as the state or period of being a widow or widower. A widow is a female whose spouse has died, while a widower is a male whose spouse has died. Although both men and women are likely to experience widowhood, research indicates that women are more likely to be widowed than men. Research suggests there are two main reasons why women are more likely to be widowed. First, women in average live longer than men. The second reason consists of the idea that women tend to marry older men. (Now that the USA and many other countries …
Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Mental Models: How Children Learn The Earth Isn’T Flat, Leila Hosseini, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Researchers in the area of child psychology have taken an interest in how children revise their understanding of the world. Stella Vosniadou and William Brewer (1991) postulated a theory called mental models, which provides insight into how genuine understanding is attained. The postulated mental models are created and then tested to build up one’s understanding of how the world works. Additionally, this theory implies there may be points in time where there is some understanding of a concept, yet it is still incomplete. Vosniadou and Brewer wanted to explore these intermediate mental models and develop evidence of understanding in progress.
Abraham Low, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Abraham Low, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dr. Abraham Low (1891–1954) was a Jewish-American psychiatrist and a pioneer in the treatment of mental disorders through self-help programs. He is known for founding Recovery, Inc., a self-help organization that is designed, in part, to fight against the stigma of mental illness. Dr. Low criticized the work of Freud, rejecting the psychoanalytic doctrine both as a therapeutic technique and ideology. He affirmed his belief that human conduct is not a result of unconscious drives but rather directed by personal will.
Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Groups And Development, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Children spend an increasing amount of time in social groups as they age. Preschoolers begin to interact with their peers around playsets, though at this stage, these early social groups are loosely organized. It is not until they reach school age that children begin to feel as true members of a peer group. A peer group interacts on a regular basis, provides a sense of belonging, has implicit or explicit norms, and has a hierarchical order. Within these groups, social status becomes important, with some members being more popular and having a greater social impact than others.
Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Rejection, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
People conform to gain social acceptance and avoid rejection. It is believed that people carry a strong, instinctive need to form social bonds and avoid the consequences of rejection. Even individuals who prefer to be alone still tend to have a few close friends. Rejection is one of the main obstacles faced by many individuals in their attempts to fulfill this need. Being rejected by social groups can be distressing to the individual, as the consequences of rejection can be catastrophic. However, those who feel rejected can also behave in a manner that can either strengthen their remaining social bonds …
The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
The Doll Studies", Kenneth B. Clark And Mamie P. Clark, 1947", Simon Howard, Kalen Kennedy
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The experiments colloquially known as the “doll studies” were a series of studies performed by Mamie P. Clark and her husband Kenneth B. Clark in the 1940’s. The purpose of the experiments was to explore how African-American children developed a sense of self. Additionally, the Clarks were interested in Black children’s racial preferences and self-esteem. In these studies, the Clarks used four diaper-clad dolls that were identical in every respect, with one exception: Two of the dolls were Black and the other two were White. These dolls were displayed before Black children between the ages of 3 and 7 while …
Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Forms Of Parenting, Jason Jimenez, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Parenting styles represent the different strategies that parents use when raising their children. Clinical and developmental psychologist Diana Baumrind believed there were two basic dimensions to parenting: warmth and control. Baumrind identified three parenting styles: Authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive styles based on these two dimensions. Her work was later expanded by Maccoby and Martin to include neglectful parenting.
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
The Missing Child Experiment, Philip J. Hudson, Michelle P. D'Amico, Betty S. Lai
Essays in Developmental Psychology
“The missing child experiment” refers to a popular, non-academic, social experiment that was first conducted in 2008 by a Local 6, a news station in Orlando, Florida. The “experiment” has since been replicated and adapted in popular culture and by psychological researchers. In the “experiment,” the news crew arranged for a child actor to sit on a bench inside the entrance of a local shopping mall. Mock missing child posters featuring the child actor’s face were posted at the mall’s entrance. The child was observed by the news crew and security personnel, with her father seated in a nearby café …
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Alcohol Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
To this day, Alcohol poses a danger that literature defines as “the world's third largest contributor to disease” (Marshall, 2014). According to the World Health Organization, nearly 2.5 million deaths are caused by alcohol, with rising prevalence among adolescents (WHO, 2014). Alcohol consumption and misuse in adolescents continues to be a national health issue in the United States (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2013). In-depth reports for one month indicated underaged drinking to stand at almost 30% (SAMHSA, 2013). A recent study about ongoing drug use among high school students found an alcohol consumption level of almost …
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Adolescent Drug Use, Maike Klein
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The adolescence stage of life is a critical period for increased risk behaviors such as use of tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs (Chen & Jacobson, 2012), unprotected sex and sexually transmitted infections (Center for Disease Control, 2014) as well as violent and nonviolent crimes (Pastore & Maguire, 2006; Collado, MacPherson, Kurdziel, Rosenberg, & Lejuez, 2014). Drug misuse during adolescence continues to be a problem in the United States. Mitchell et. al. (2014) illuminate the epidemical forces of drug use by reviewing data of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), showing that 1 in 10 adolescents from ages …
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Singlehood, Molly B. Keith, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Singlehood is defined as a state of being unmarried, either with or without a partner. For some singlehood is a choice to remain unmarried as an adult, or it can be a stage that is passed through temporarily when a spouse dies, or even when an adult is between partners. Singlehood is experienced differently depending on which of those groups a person finds themselves in or chooses to be part of. The experience is also varied by a person’s cultural and ethnic heritage. People in both the married group and the unmarried group are able to identify benefits and drawbacks …
The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
The Looking Chamber Experiment, Robert Fantz, 1961, Diana Hincapie, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The Looking Chamber Experiment refers to a series of studies performed by Robert Fantz in 1961. Before the work of Fantz, little research was conducted on infant perception. There was presupposition that infants held the ability to perceive light, color and movement, yet, lacked the ability to respond to complex stimulus (i.e. shape, pattern, size, or solidity). Fantz and his colleagues were specifically interested in finding the degree in which babies can perceive form to categorize their current environment. They created their research techniques on past observational studies with chicks and chimpanzees. To look at the visual abilities of infants, …
Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Midlife Physical Changes, Kirsten Horne, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Aging occurs at different rates in individuals. These rates are influenced by factors including genetics, lifestyle, and health. Midlife is considered to be the central period of one’s life, consisting of individuals who are approximately 45 to 65 years of age, although some researchers suggest midlife consists of individuals who are 40 to 65 years of age. There are a variety of changes that occur throughout life. However, a majority of the changes that occur during midlife are considered to be normative physical changes. The physical changes in midlife include but are not limited to changes in appearance, senses, muscles, …
Sexuality: Issues In Adulthood, Taylor D. Michl, Amanda Kracen
Sexuality: Issues In Adulthood, Taylor D. Michl, Amanda Kracen
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Human sexuality in Western cultures is generally comprised of emotional intimacy, sexual identity, and sexual behavior. Sex is understood and experienced differently by people as aspects of identity (e.g., culture, race, class, gender, ability, size, religion, sexual identity) affect sexuality. Although engaging in sex is not necessary for a fulfilling life, the majority of adults in the U.S. participate in sexual activity, and regular sexual activity correlates with improved mental health (Brody, 2010).
Dementia, Anna C. Mccarrey
Dementia, Anna C. Mccarrey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dementia is a progressive condition that causes the sufferer to have problems with memory, thinking and behaviors beyond what is expected from the normal aging process. It is the most common neurological disorder in old age, although some types of dementia can occur earlier in the lifespan. Dementia is characterized by severe memory impairment, as well as problems with other psychological functions such as attention, reasoning and problem-solving. Late stage dementia can lead to total erosion of the person and self with the sufferer having trouble speaking, eating, walking and being able to dress themselves. The word dementia comes from …
Mirror Test Of Infant Self-Awareness, Jenna Bekkala, Naomi J. Aldrich
Mirror Test Of Infant Self-Awareness, Jenna Bekkala, Naomi J. Aldrich
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Our understanding of self, or belief in one’s being as distinct from others, has been a subject of inquiry throughout human history. Discussions of self-concept would not appear in the empirical literature, however, until the mid-19th century. After likening an orangutan’s response to teasing as that of a “naughty child”, Charles Darwin began to question orangutans’ selfconcept by observing reactions to their own mirror images. Darwin’s use of the mirror to gauge self-awareness, a method eventually applied to his own infant son (Darwin, 1877), would remain the most frequently used assessment of self-concept for the next century.
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Attachment Theory: John Dollard And Neal Miller, Carla Cabrera, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
No abstract provided.
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Bio-Physiological Development During Adulthood, Maria Boix Braga, Charles J. Golden, Lisa K. Lashley
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Defining adulthood, and what the criteria truly is to be able to consider oneself an adult, varies from culture to culture. Biologically, adulthood can also be defined as the period in which full physical and intellectual maturity has been attained. It is a period that is defined slightly differently depending on the source, but it is agreed that it tends to be considered the life period between ages 18 and 60. However, the definition of adulthood can have varying legal and sociocultural factors as well. For example, the legal definition of an adult is a person who has reached the …