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Articles 541 - 570 of 10769
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Smith And Thelen - Dynamic Systems Theory, Alexandra M. Daro, Brigette O. Ryalls
Smith And Thelen - Dynamic Systems Theory, Alexandra M. Daro, Brigette O. Ryalls
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Dynamic Systems Theory (DST) is a broad, versatile framework used to investigate a variety of questions concerning the world and the systems that make it up. As applied to developmental psychology, DST views the human person as a system made up of and acting within other systems. Systems are any set of functions or behaviors that work together to influence, or be influenced by, other functions and behaviors. A system can be defined at various levels – cognitive processes, the human person, societies – but all systems change and shift over time. This shifting and changing often occurs within similar …
Wimmer And Perner 1983, Alexandra Daro, Jonathan B. Santo
Wimmer And Perner 1983, Alexandra Daro, Jonathan B. Santo
Essays in Developmental Psychology
False beliefs occur when individuals are unaware of a change in a situation that makes their beliefs different from reality. Children developing a theory of mind learn to distinguish their own beliefs about a situation from other individuals’ beliefs about the same situation. Through this process, children move away from assuming their thoughts are shared by everyone in their day to day experiences (an egocentric perspective normal to this developmental stage), and toward an understanding of others as individuals with minds, thoughts, and beliefs separate from their own.
Physical Growth, Adolescent, Alison Datoc, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Physical Growth, Adolescent, Alison Datoc, Vijay Bajnath, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Adolescents experience a period of substantial growth between puberty and adulthood. This growth spurt typically occurs between ages 12 and 18, and is associated with various physical changes due to fluctuations in hormones. These changes are manifested in an individual’s height, weight, and sexual characteristics, and there is considerable variation between each individual for when these changes occur.
Longevity, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Longevity, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Longevity, defined as the length of an individual life, is a topic that has been explored by the scientific community as well as across cultures for decades. Health professionals repeatedly encourage individuals to eat more vegetables, exercise more, lose weight, and engage in other health-related behaviors to live a long and healthy life; however, recent literature suggests predictors of extending life are more complex than these recommendations. While there is no specific formula to guarantee a long life, it is well-established that a multitude of factors contribute to an individual’s longevity. These factors ultimately break down into three categories- genetics, …
Multiple Regression, Christian Delucia, Kaleb Pratt, Ashley R. Strong
Multiple Regression, Christian Delucia, Kaleb Pratt, Ashley R. Strong
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Researchers use statistical models to test hypotheses about developmental phenomena. The multiple regression model is a powerful and flexible statistical model that can be used to answer a multitude of research questions. For example, a researcher might be interested in testing whether parent substance use, peer substance use, and lower school performance are risk factors for adolescent substance use. By collecting data on a sample of adolescents, a researcher could use a multiple regression model to provide insights into this research question. Below, we provide a brief, non-technical introduction to the multiple regression model.
Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Subjective Well-Being, Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Subjective well-being (SWB) is defined as an individual’s cognitive and affective evaluations of his or her life. The cognitive element encompasses how one feels about his or her life, and the affective element refers to emotions, moods, and feelings. In simpler terms, SWB represents an individual’s happiness and life satisfaction. The concept of SWB has been discussed for centuries; however, interest in this field has grown exponentially since the 1950s as Psychologists expanded their focus on negative emotional states such as depression to also explore positive emotional states such as happiness and feelings of well-being.
Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Stress (Personality Types), Alison Datoc, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Both stress and personality types are multifaceted topics that have been defined in multiple ways. Examining the relationship between stress and personality types is complex; however, literature on this relationship is well-established. While early research on the relationship between personality and stress focused on unidimensional personality traits, such as the relationship between stress and Type A personality, optimism, and hostility, research in this field today takes a comprehensive approach conceptualizing personality in five dimensions. The most widely accepted method of defining personality today is the Big Five model, consisting of five independent factors of personality: Extraversion, Neuroticism, Agreeableness, Openness to …
Work-Family Conflict, Alexandra M. Daro, Samantha K. Ammons
Work-Family Conflict, Alexandra M. Daro, Samantha K. Ammons
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Individuals will take on many different roles throughout their lives. Three of the largest roles an individual can take on – employee, spouse, parent – often come into conflict with each other. Work-family conflict occurs when demands at work and demands in the family are incompatible. The term “family” can mean different things to different people. Although we often think of family members as individuals tied to us through blood or marriage, families can also be comprised of other loved ones, close friends, and even pets.
Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Programmed Cell Death, Skyler Coetzee, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Programmed cell death (PCD) is cellular death that is deliberately induced via an intracellular program. There are two main mechanisms of PCD, apoptosis and autophagic cell death. The most common form of PCD in multicellular organisms, including humans, is apoptosis.
Gardner’S View Of Intelligence, Seth C. Courrege, Nathan C. Weed
Gardner’S View Of Intelligence, Seth C. Courrege, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Howard E. Gardner’s framework for understanding intelligence is one of the most well-known alternatives to the more widely-accepted Cattell-Horn-Carrol model of intelligence (CHC). In 1983, Gardner published Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences, in which he rejected the idea of a single intelligence (g) in favor of multiple, relatively independent intelligences. In his introduction for the third edition of Frames of Mind, Gardner describes a myriad of inspirations for his theory, including a notable lack of research on artistic talents within cognitive psychology. Gardner argues that the traditional definition of “intelligence” is too narrow, and that some of …
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Urie Bronfenbrenner, Wallace Fullerton, Donna Devaughn Kreskey
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Urie Bronfenbrenner (born April 29, 1917, Moscow, Russia – died September 25, 2005, Ithaca, New York, U.S.) was a Russian-born American developmental psychologist. He is best known for ecological systems theory. This theory explains human development as the result of nested relationships between the individual and family, friends, schools, neighborhoods, society, and the time period in which the individual lived. Bronfenbrenner described these contexts as, matryoshka, or Russian nesting dolls. The individual was layered within multiple contexts, or systems and each system was represented by one of the nested dolls. The ecological system of each individual was built from five …
Metacognition, Erika Fulton, Tina Miyake
Metacognition, Erika Fulton, Tina Miyake
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Metacognition is thinking about cognition or thinking about thinking. It includes what you know about how your own cognition and cognition in general work. Metacognition also involves the judgments we make about our cognition and how accurate those judgments are. Metamemory and metacomprehension are the most studied areas of metacognition and refer to the judgments we make about our memory and about our reading comprehension, respectively.
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Person Perception In Childhood And Adolescence, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Prior to the early 1970s little was known about how children viewed others. Previous research had focused on the types of thoughts children had about others, rather than how they arrived at and how to categorize these impressions. Additionally, it was assumed that understanding the development of impression formation in childhood would prove useful for understanding impression formation in adulthood.
Nursing Homes, Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Nursing Homes, Julian Garcia, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Nursing homes are a type of residential care that typically provide continual nursing care for elderly people. Residential care refers to long-term care given to either adults or children who stay in a residential setting rather than their own home. Individuals who benefit most from nursing homes are those who do not need to be in a hospital but cannot live independently or be cared for at home. While nursing homes are most typically associated with the elderly, younger adults with different physical or mental disabilities may also benefit from them. The services at nursing homes often vary depending on …
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Childbirth Approaches, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
There are various approaches to childbirth, apart from the typical approach of vaginal delivery (e.g., typically done in a hospital). Another approach is a cesarean, which can classified as either an emergency or planned procedure. In the case where an emergency cesarean is needed a vaginal birth would have been detrimental to health of the mother and/or the fetus. A planned cesarean is requested ahead of time due to medical indication or requested by the mother. When requested by the mother the delivery is considered an elective surgical procedure, since it was requested without any medical or obstetrical indication. Cesareans …
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Success And Intelligence, Halie B. Hamilton, Nathan C. Weed
Essays in Developmental Psychology
One of the most famous studies tracking the relationship between intelligence and success was conducted by Louis Terman. Terman’s Gifted Child Study began in the 1920s and followed nearly 1500 gifted children throughout their lives. To qualify, the children had to have an IQ of at least 140. The children were followed into adulthood to see how their intelligence was related to social and personal adjustment. Terman found that his sample showed not only positive academic outcomes, but also tended to be healthier, taller, and stronger than children with lower IQs. These positive effects persisted into adulthood. Two-thirds earned bachelor’s …
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Empty Nest Syndrome, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Empty nest is a stage in development when children leave the parental home, thus leaving it “empty.” This stage occurs when children are at the age or point in life where they are ready to become independent and create a life of their own. Parents have various reactions to this change. Many parents look forward to this transition and view it as a highly positive event, while others have a more difficult time and deal with what is commonly called the “empty nest syndrome.” Empty syndrome is typically considered a maladaptive reaction to this transition, however this significant phase of …
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Dependent Care, Michael Galobardi, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
The term dependent care is an umbrella for several types of care regarding family members. One can be the caretaker for disabled children, disabled adult children, or elderly parents. It is expected of parents to perform a supportive role to make sure that children get the services they need from the appropriate health care professionals. Caring for children is only made more difficult when the child, or one of the children has a disability. It is becoming common practice for children with disabilities to be cared for at home in developing countries. Where the complex medical and physical needs of …
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Love, Kelsey Grodner, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Many have sought to understand the mystifying concept of love including psychologists, philosophers, and theologians. Most research on love focuses on the early bonding between a mother and her infant, and uses this as the exemplar for how any love relationship is formed and maintained throughout the life span. Early in development, the first understanding of love is gathered through the warm connections, nurture and affection experienced through the interaction between the child and parents or caregivers. Many theorists have suggested that the type and success of this early interaction informs how future emotional bonds and relationships are molded throughout …
Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Social Exchange Theory, William Goulart, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Exchange theory originated in the field of sociology in the 1920s. However, since the late 1950s and early 1960s, social exchange theory has been a major school of thought in the field of both social psychology and sociology. This is largely due to the work of George Homans, John Thibaut, Harold Kelley, and Peter Blau. Social exchange theory describes all human interactions as a series of trades or exchanges of rewards between actors.
Lifespan Construct, Meghan Gilmore, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Lifespan Construct, Meghan Gilmore, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Susan K. Whitbourne’s (1985) lifespan construct derives from her identity theory. Lifespan construct is a combined sense of past, present, and future events that are connected by their common occurrence to the individual. Cognitive-affective schemata are part of building this construct and shape the way adults approach identity-discrepant experiences. Cognition is the organizer of the experiences, and all events are measured against these experiences. The affective aspect is the individual’s evaluation of events that lead to positive or negative feeling-states.
Carl R. Rogers: Person Centered Therapy, Learner Centered Facilitation, Humanistic Education, Jeffrey H.D. Cornelius-White
Carl R. Rogers: Person Centered Therapy, Learner Centered Facilitation, Humanistic Education, Jeffrey H.D. Cornelius-White
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Carl Rogers (January 8, 1902- February 4, 1987) was born and grew up in Oak Park, Illinois, near Chicago. He is one of the few American psychologists to be considered giants in the field, and his American spirit can be traced to ancestors in the USA since the 1600s. He was the fourth of six children in a devout conservative Christian family who prayed together in a circle each morning. He learned to read before Kindergarten and read extensively. As a child, he was shy and kept sheltered by his family, and did not have close friends. He became very …
Daniel Levinson, Gulnara Mccullough, Trey Fitch
Daniel Levinson, Gulnara Mccullough, Trey Fitch
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Daniel Levinson was a psychologist and researcher at Harvard and Yale Universities where he became a prominent figure in the area of developmental psychology. He was born in New York City in 1920 and died in 1994. His work expanded the ideas from Erik Erikson and the stage model concept for human development. Levinson was particularly focused on adult development along with the related stages and points of transition. His book Seasons of a Man’s Life (1978), based on extensive interviews with adults, was extremely influential in the area of developmental psychology. The concepts of midlife transitions and midlife conflict …
Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson
Student Motivation - Traditional Vs. Nontraditional College Students, Marcus Lee Johnson
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Traditional-aged college undergraduate students are typically between the ages of 18 and 23 years and pursue their college education immediately after graduating from high school. Nontraditional undergraduate students tend to be older than 24 years in age or have taken time off from pursuing higher education. Many nontraditional students have reported having parental responsibilities, mortgages, or career responsibilities. Despite these perceived challenges, the nontraditional student population has tripled in size since the 1970’s and is projected to continue growing steadily in the coming years.
Heredity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Heredity, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Heredity is the sum of biological processes that result in the transmission of genetic traits from parents to their offspring, making each individual unique. Through the transmission of genetic traits, heredity is responsible for each individual’s genotype, as well as his or her phenotype. The genes that are passed down from generation to generation have a considerable influence on psychological characteristics including intelligence, personality, mental health, and patterns of behavior. However, when considering psychological characteristics passed down through heredity, it is vital that environmental aspects are also considered.
Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Life Review, Chris Burley, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
In traditional societies, storytelling was an art used to help understand the meaning of life. Storytellers typically included older adults who had experienced challenges in their lives and were aiming to help the young learn from them. This tradition of storytelling not only facilitated the transmission of valuable information between generations, but it also improved the elderly’s social status. One of the many changes associated with modernized society has been placing a larger focus on youth, allowing the elderly to be marginalized within society. As a byproduct of the focus on youth in modern society, older adults have collectively experienced …
Fine Motor Skills, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Fine Motor Skills, Ashley R. Strong, Lisa K. Lashley, Charles J. Golden
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Fine motor skills are defined as the ability to control and coordinate muscles of the hand for precise movements. These skills play an enormous role in daily activities of independent living, including dressing, feeding yourself, and self-care. Examples of fine motor skills include cutting with scissors, tying shoelaces, and writing. Gross motor skills, on the other hand, are defined as larger movements of the arms and legs. Additionally, fine motor skills typically depend on coordination between the hands and the eyes. The development of fine motor skills is dependent on the development of gross motor skills, cognitive skills, and visual …
Binge Drinking, Kayla Theberge, Eric A. Goedereis
Binge Drinking, Kayla Theberge, Eric A. Goedereis
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Binge drinking occurs when a person consumes a large amount of alcohol in a short amount of time. Because men and women metabolize alcohol at different rates, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism defines binge drinking specifically as having five or more drinks in two hours or less for men and four or more drinks in two hours or less for women. Per these guidelines, one standard drink of alcohol is defined as containing 0.6 ounces of “pure” alcohol. By this definition, each of the following is considered one standard drink: 1.5 ounces of 80-proof hard liquor, 5 …
Adolescent Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Adolescent Sexuality, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
During adolescence, significant physical changes of a person’s life occur as they transition from childhood bodies into fertile, adult bodies via the process of puberty, the beginning of adolescence. Puberty leads to both reproductive and sexual maturation occurring over the course of several years. The ages of the stages of puberty vary between the sexes and from person to person depending on genetics, body mass index, environmental influences and hormone levels.
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools, Casey T. Tobin
Sexual Harassment In Middle And High Schools, Casey T. Tobin
Essays in Developmental Psychology
Sexual harassment includes any sort of unwanted 1) physical contact such as hugging, touching clothing, flashing sexual body parts, stroking hair or body parts, and sexual assault; 2) verbal or written communications including suggestive comments, inappropriate jokes, requests for sexual favors, comments about someone’s body, rumor spreading, or threats of sexual contact; and 3) non-verbal actions such as staring, sharing naked photographs, or making suggestive gestures or expressions. Sexual harassment also includes nonsexual aggressions directed at a student because of their gender identity or sexual orientation. For example, if a teacher makes a comment about females being less intelligent than …