Open Access. Powered by Scholars. Published by Universities.®
- Discipline
-
- Education (131)
- Social and Behavioral Sciences (125)
- Sociology (83)
- Quantitative, Qualitative, Comparative, and Historical Methodologies (75)
- Social Statistics (56)
-
- Business (41)
- Higher Education (40)
- Physical Sciences and Mathematics (31)
- Computer Sciences (30)
- Medicine and Health Sciences (29)
- Teacher Education and Professional Development (17)
- Curriculum and Instruction (14)
- Educational Leadership (14)
- Organizational Behavior and Theory (13)
- Business Administration, Management, and Operations (11)
- Psychology (10)
- Law (9)
- Public Affairs, Public Policy and Public Administration (9)
- Communication (8)
- Educational Administration and Supervision (8)
- Leadership Studies (8)
- Peace and Conflict Studies (8)
- Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (8)
- Arts and Humanities (7)
- Educational Assessment, Evaluation, and Research (7)
- Online and Distance Education (6)
- Organizational Communication (6)
- Educational Methods (5)
- Educational Technology (5)
- Higher Education Administration (5)
- Keyword
-
- Higher education (19)
- Professional development (19)
- Leadership (18)
- Organizational change (17)
- Qualitative research (13)
-
- Implementation (12)
- Change management (11)
- Qualitative Research (9)
- Educational leadership (8)
- Teachers (8)
- Administrators (7)
- Collaboration (7)
- Education (7)
- Interviews (7)
- Leadership development (7)
- Staff development (7)
- Student achievement (7)
- Students (7)
- Adult education (6)
- Applied dissertation (6)
- Autoethnography (6)
- Curriculum (6)
- Effectiveness (6)
- Information technology (6)
- Instructional technology (6)
- Nova Southeastern University (6)
- Program evaluation (6)
- Teacher training (6)
- Burnout (5)
- Change (5)
- Publication Year
- Publication
-
- The Qualitative Report (88)
- Abraham S. Fischler College of Education ETD Archive (48)
- Theses and Dissertations (34)
- CCAC Theses and Dissertations (29)
- Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations (16)
-
- Abraham S. Fischler College of Education and School of Criminal Justice College Archive (10)
- Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice (10)
- Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs (5)
- Peace and Conflict Studies (5)
- Department of Family Therapy Dissertations and Applied Clinical Projects (4)
- HCBE Theses and Dissertations (4)
- College of Engineering and Computing Course Catalogs (3)
- FDLA Journal (3)
- ILSA Journal of International & Comparative Law (3)
- Student Theses, Dissertations and Capstones (3)
- Alumni Network Newsletter (2)
- HCBE Faculty Articles (2)
- HCBE Faculty Presentations (2)
- Innovate: Journal of Online Education (2)
- JADARA (2)
- Nova Law Review (2)
- School of Criminal Justice Theses and Dissertations (2)
- CAHSS Faculty Articles (1)
- CCAC Faculty Proceedings, Presentations, Speeches and Lectures (1)
- CPS Undergraduate Course Catalogs (1)
- Experiential Learning & Teaching in Higher Education (1)
- Faculty Scholarship (1)
- HPD Articles (1)
- Health Professions Divisions Course Catalogs and Course Descriptions (1)
- Health Sciences Program Student Theses, Dissertations and Capstones (1)
- Publication Type
- File Type
Articles 91 - 120 of 300
Full-Text Articles in Entire DC Network
Assessing The Effects Of Communication Media Affordances And The Awareness Of Media Security On Knowledge Sharing Behavior, Linda C. Greene
Assessing The Effects Of Communication Media Affordances And The Awareness Of Media Security On Knowledge Sharing Behavior, Linda C. Greene
CCAC Theses and Dissertations
Global Software Development (GSD) team members engage in intellectual activities that involve sharing business domain knowledge and technical knowledge across geographical areas, which is crucial to the successful development of software. In global software development, media choice may influence how virtual teams create and share knowledge. As digital technology advances and organizations become more digitally transformed, current communication theories for media selection lack the explanation to the complicated phenomena with the use of advanced media technologies. There have been many studies focused on the effectiveness of media, but they did not include user’s understanding of system security and its influence …
The Effect Of A Multigenerational Workforce On Workplace Bullying, Supaporn Walton-Robertson
The Effect Of A Multigenerational Workforce On Workplace Bullying, Supaporn Walton-Robertson
Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations
Workplace bullying has become increasingly prevalent in the workplace, and as such has led to instances of job dissatisfaction, and in extreme cases, workplace violence. It is important to understand workplace bullying as an organization, a manager, and particularly in the role of human resources in order to best address such situations. Current studies have evaluated the effects of workplace bullying, along with possible suggested causes – however with the vast differences in the four generations now working together in the workplace – this is an area that also needs to be addressed as the problem of workplace bullying continues …
The Tailoring Of National Guidelines For Upper Extremity Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Concept In Use., Salem F. Alatawi
The Tailoring Of National Guidelines For Upper Extremity Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Concept In Use., Salem F. Alatawi
Internet Journal of Allied Health Sciences and Practice
Background: In Saudi Arabia, national evidence-based clinical guidelines (NCG) were created based for healthcare interventions. However, clinicians appear to be slow to incorporate the evidence into practice. As a result, there exists a time-gap between the gathering and presentation of evidence for best practice and the use of that evidence by clinicians. It becomes, therefore, imperative to investigate the gap between the research evidence and clinical practice. The knowledge to action (KTA) framework is available to facilitate the implementation of research evidence. This framework incorporates the theory of tailoring, a concept that is intended to create a fit between …
Measuring Employee Job Satisfaction During Workplace Downsizing, Trina Sanders
Measuring Employee Job Satisfaction During Workplace Downsizing, Trina Sanders
Theses and Dissertations
This applied dissertation was designed to examine the effects of workplace downsizing on employee job satisfaction among men and women and employees of different age groups. Results from an employee survey conducted annually by the organizational site indicated that employees had high stress levels, low employee satisfaction and morale, negative attitudes, and a lack of trust of leadership following employee downsizing at the company. The purpose of this quantitative study was to examine the effects of workplace downsizing on employee job satisfaction to determine any differences by gender or age group.
The study utilized a quantitative, descriptive, comparative methodology using …
Exploring Factors Related To Customer Service Representatives’ (Csrs) Performance In Call Centers., Ruth R. Jayson-Polk
Exploring Factors Related To Customer Service Representatives’ (Csrs) Performance In Call Centers., Ruth R. Jayson-Polk
Theses and Dissertations
This study provides critical research on individual change and its impact on individual performance using the ADKAR change management model. This applied dissertation was designed to research improvement in call monitoring performance scores between two groups of customer service representatives’ (CSRs): the experimental group receiving the ADKAR change management intervention, and the control group, who did not receive the ADKAR change management intervention. The ADKAR change management model (Hiatt, 2006) provided the theoretical framework for the study.
The literature review revealed that change management is a critical component of organizational change but is driven by individual change. The literature informs …
Researching The Mechanisms Of Gossip In Organizations: From Fly On The Wall To Fly In The Soup, Dominique J. Darmon
Researching The Mechanisms Of Gossip In Organizations: From Fly On The Wall To Fly In The Soup, Dominique J. Darmon
The Qualitative Report
In this paper, I explored how to research a sensitive topic such as gossip in organizations and used a narrative approach to illustrate the methodological and ethical issues that come up when considering a variety of research methods. I first attempted to conduct an ethnographic research on a project group from a Dutch university undergoing a major change. At the very beginning of the project, as a participant observer, I struggled to remain an outsider, or a “fly on the wall.” But as issues of power came into play and access became increasingly problematic, I moved towards the role of …
Leadership From The Middle Pays It Forward: An Academic Administrator Of Color’S Career Development Narrative In Postsecondary Education, Cecil Dean Campbell
Leadership From The Middle Pays It Forward: An Academic Administrator Of Color’S Career Development Narrative In Postsecondary Education, Cecil Dean Campbell
The Qualitative Report
The ongoing underrepresentation of administrators of color in higher education suggests that traditional career pathways make racial equities in administrative leadership elusive. This personal narrative explores middle-manager educational and career experiences—some often-overlooked aspects of higher education administration. Using leadership and career development theories, I draw on qualitative approaches to examine my own career journey as one academic affairs administrator of color who has experienced a history of career change, lay-off, and non-traditional moves within and across diverse institutions. Through an inductive approach for analyzing data in my career narrative, emergent themes incorporate data references “calling,” citizenship, and cultural change in …
Experiences Of Grade Inflation At An Online University In The United States: An Autoethnography, David Blum
Experiences Of Grade Inflation At An Online University In The United States: An Autoethnography, David Blum
The Qualitative Report
Grade inflation is a problem at universities in the United States. To understand the cultural effect of grade inflation at a regionally accredited online university in the United States, I conducted autoethnographic research as a participant and observer. In this autoethnographic study, the purpose of my research was to explore my experiences being immersed in a grade inflation culture. I addressed a gap of autoethnographic research related to a culture of grade inflation existing at an online university in the United States. I provided seven themes serving as my discoveries related to my observations and participation as a faculty member. …
Using Experiential Learning In Course Curriculum: The Case Of A Core Engineering Graphics Course, Martha Marie Snyder, Manuel Salinas, Molly J. Scanlon
Using Experiential Learning In Course Curriculum: The Case Of A Core Engineering Graphics Course, Martha Marie Snyder, Manuel Salinas, Molly J. Scanlon
CCAC Faculty Proceedings, Presentations, Speeches and Lectures
This work-in-progress paper overviews how an experiential education program was established at a private, non-profit university in the southeast, describes the process for certifying experiential courses using a formal course review process and qualification rubric, and details the case of a freshman engineering graphics course.
Grounded in the early works of Dewey, Lewin, and Piaget, experiential learning theory has become increasingly popular in higher education. Experiential learning serves as a foundation for lifelong learning and the development of the whole self as a citizen, family member and human being (Kolb, 2015). Austin and Rust (2015) define experiential learning as “‘hands-on’ …
Developing And Implementing A Participatory Action Research Assistantship Program At The Community College, Mia Ocean, Kelli Tigertail, James Keller, Kathleen Woods
Developing And Implementing A Participatory Action Research Assistantship Program At The Community College, Mia Ocean, Kelli Tigertail, James Keller, Kathleen Woods
The Qualitative Report
Despite serving almost half of the U.S. undergraduate students, community colleges and their constituents are consistently marginalized in the research favoring external university experts to conduct research about them and on them. To counteract these top down, disempowering research practices, we piloted a Participatory Action Research Assistantship Program (PARAP). A PARAP is a modified version of a research assistantship program that is grounded in an anti-oppressive, participatory action research practice, creating change on many levels. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of practical and methodological steps to implement a PARAP at a community college including forming …
What Do Organizations Learn From Conflict? A Grounded Meta-Analysis Approach To Developing An Integrated Conflict System Roadmap, Raquel Perez
Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations
Organizational systems from a variety of fields and industries have begun to investigate and evaluate the skills, strategies, and lessons learned from conflict. Yet, many of the findings are isolated to their specific organizations or industries, decreasing the impact of the newly emerging knowledge. Due to the lack of interconnectedness in the fields and industries, this study poses the following research question: How do organizations develop skills and strategies to respond to internal and external conflict within systems? The purpose of this grounded meta-analysis was to discover what skills and strategies organizations learn through the process of managing conflict and …
Leading Change Together: Reducing Organizational Structural Conflict Through A Dialogic Od Approach Using Liberating Structures, Barbara Allen
Leading Change Together: Reducing Organizational Structural Conflict Through A Dialogic Od Approach Using Liberating Structures, Barbara Allen
Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations
As leaders must increasingly find ways to include and engage others in a power-with approach to competently meet today’s complex challenges, the problem occurs when they find themselves stuck within pre-existing systems structured for exclusion and power-over others. These conventional structures are a source of systemic conflict. This participatory action research/cooperative inquiry case study focuses on the topic of leading organizational change collaboratively in the space between formal hierarchical structures and informal human dynamics using a qualitative methodology. The purpose of this study is to understand how a newly developed Liberating Structures Problem Solving (LSPS) model of facilitation helps participants …
Understanding How Generation X And Millennial Entrepreneurs Manage Organizational Conflict, Sidjae T. Price
Understanding How Generation X And Millennial Entrepreneurs Manage Organizational Conflict, Sidjae T. Price
Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations
As the United States prepares for a generational shift in leaders, there is a lack of literature adequately examining how Generation X and Millennial entrepreneurs manage organizational conflict about leadership and change management. The scope of this problem should concern individuals who are stakeholders in any organization. In preparation for the coming shift in generational leaders, the subject study explored the management of organizational conflict regarding leadership and change management for Generation X and Millennial entrepreneurs. Supported by a theoretical foundation built on theory of generations and realistic group conflict theory, this qualitative study analyzed the interviews and narratives of …
An Exploratory Study Of Selected Policy Diffusions In Judicial Settings, Renee Ann Pistone
An Exploratory Study Of Selected Policy Diffusions In Judicial Settings, Renee Ann Pistone
School of Criminal Justice Theses and Dissertations
Canon and Baum’s (1981) pioneering study examined diffusion of 23 plaintiff-oriented tort doctrines among the state court systems in 1876-1975 provided an early model to study judicial innovation. Meanwhile, Berry and Berry’s (1990) later model featured event history analysis (EHA) that was relevant for this dissertation which sought to explain political behavior. This dissertation used archival data only and was a quantitative research design that was descriptive and exploratory of the judicial policy adoption process. The researcher used quantitative archival data and described what sociological, political, and criminological factors had impacted policy adoptions over time and explored the possible associations …
Blacks In Policing And Organizational Change: A Comparison Of Departments’ Participation In Community Oriented Policing Activities, David Pernell Taylor
Blacks In Policing And Organizational Change: A Comparison Of Departments’ Participation In Community Oriented Policing Activities, David Pernell Taylor
School of Criminal Justice Theses and Dissertations
Civil unrest in the1960s pitted Black citizens and police officers against each other (Kerner Commission, 1968). The Kerner Commission examined race relations and recommended the hiring of more Black officers to patrol Black neighborhoods. Recent shooting deaths of unarmed Black males primarily by White officers has led to renewed calls for police reform (Scholsser, Cha-Jua, Valgoi & Neville, 2015). This quantitative secondary analysis study utilizes data from the 2013 LEMAS survey to compare local police departments from three states (N=184) to examine whether police departments with a Black chief and/or a higher rate of Black officers reported more participation in …
Assessing The Role Of Critical Value Factors (Cvfs) On Users’ Resistance Of Urban Search And Rescue Robotics, Marion A. Brown
Assessing The Role Of Critical Value Factors (Cvfs) On Users’ Resistance Of Urban Search And Rescue Robotics, Marion A. Brown
CCAC Theses and Dissertations
Natural and manmade disasters have brought urban search and rescue (USAR) robots to the technology forefront as a means of providing additional support for search and rescue workers. The loss of life among victims and rescue workers necessitates the need for a wider acceptance of this assistive technology. Disasters, such as hurricane Harvey in 2017, hurricane Sandy in 2012, the 2012 United States tornadoes that devastated 17 states, the 2011 Australian floods, the 2011 Japan and 2010 Haiti earthquakes, the 2010 West Virginia coal mine explosions, the 2009 Typhoon caused mudslides in Taiwan, the 2001 Collapse of the World Trade …
Stem Shift Action Plan, Nancy L. Ledbetter
Stem Shift Action Plan, Nancy L. Ledbetter
Transformations
That there is an ever-growing need for students to enter STEM fields is no longer news. The need for people to fill STEM related jobs continues to expand (Bybee, 2013). Today’s students are global citizens who will need to collaborate and communicate with people around the world when they enter the workforce. Therefore, it is imperative that they are prepared with problem-solving, critical thinking, and communication skills before they enter secondary school (Myers & Berkowicz, 2015). Knowing that this must be done is the easy part, figuring out how to do it is the challenge. STEM must be incorporated into …
Leadership And Management Programs 2018, Nova Southeastern University
Leadership And Management Programs 2018, Nova Southeastern University
Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs
No abstract provided.
M.P.A. Concentration In Non-Profit/Non-Government Organizations 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University
M.P.A. Concentration In Non-Profit/Non-Government Organizations 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University
Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs
No abstract provided.
M.P.A. With A Concentration In State And Local Administration 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University
M.P.A. With A Concentration In State And Local Administration 2018-2019, Nova Southeastern University
Huizenga Postgraduate Course Catalogs
No abstract provided.
A Few Good Men: Narratives Of Racial Discrimination Impacting Male African American/Black Officers In The United States Marine Corps, Peter D. Freeburn
A Few Good Men: Narratives Of Racial Discrimination Impacting Male African American/Black Officers In The United States Marine Corps, Peter D. Freeburn
Department of Conflict Resolution Studies Theses and Dissertations
In the United States of America (U.S.), institutional marginalization and racial discrimination remains an arguably difficult subject to understand, both conceptually and pragmatically. Regarding governmental sectors, U.S. Armed Forces are institutions where discrimination must be critically explored in an attempt to provide an understanding of the reality faced by those who actually serve. This study involved the examination into racism within a specific elite governmental sector that emphasizes a philosophy of a unified oneness of all its members. Using a phenomenological approach, the study delved into the actual impact of racism within the Marine Corps, on the lives of individual …
Expediting And Sustaining Change: Diffusing Innovation In Dynamic Educational Settings, Jeff Dungan
Expediting And Sustaining Change: Diffusing Innovation In Dynamic Educational Settings, Jeff Dungan
FDLA Journal
Change is critical in most organizations. International schools attempting to redefine 21st century education for their students are constantly innovating pedagogies and school structures. International schools tend to be dynamic, fast paced, nimble learning environments constantly innovating to meet the demands of evolving student populations. Hayden, Rancic, and Thompson (2000) found common characteristics of international schools included open-mindedness, flexibility of thinking, and action with the pragmatic skills of students. International schools in the East Asia region are well resourced and often looking for ways to differentiate themselves in the highly competitive global educational marketplace. The International School Consultancy (2016) reported …
An Examination Of Teacher Perceptions Within Professional Learning Communities, Nicole Tiffany Reese
An Examination Of Teacher Perceptions Within Professional Learning Communities, Nicole Tiffany Reese
Theses and Dissertations
This applied dissertation was designed to determine the strength of the relationship between elementary teachers’ perceptions of the six school practices of the professional learning community (PLC) model and students’ science achievement and if differences exist among teachers at the target school district’s five elementary schools. The six practices of the PLC model are (a) shared and supportive leadership, (b) shared values and vision, (c) collective learning and application, (d) shared personal practice, (e) supportive conditions–relationships, and (f) supportive conditions–structures. The PLCs are presently defined as one of the most discussed school reforms within kindergarten to Grade 12. They assist …
In The Light Of Shared Words: Collaborative Writing In A Research Study On Student Voice In Spanish Schools, Teresa Susinos Rada, Noelia Ceballos López, Ángela Saiz Linares
In The Light Of Shared Words: Collaborative Writing In A Research Study On Student Voice In Spanish Schools, Teresa Susinos Rada, Noelia Ceballos López, Ángela Saiz Linares
The Qualitative Report
This article describes the process of collaborative writing between teachers and researchers which constitutes the final phase (results dissemination) of a qualitative-collaborative research project. This study was developed in Cantabria (Spain) with the purpose of promoting and analysing student voice experiences in various schools. The final process of collaborative writing was organised in two parts: one oral, based on an epistemic interview and a second moment of written production based on a shared writing of the report. This process of collegial writing facilitated a new reading and reappropriation of the described student voice experiences by the participants. It also constitutes …
Overcoming Barriers To Implementing Electronic Health Records In Rural Primary Care Clinics, Patricia Mason, Roger Mayer, Wen-Wen Chien, Judith P. Monestime
Overcoming Barriers To Implementing Electronic Health Records In Rural Primary Care Clinics, Patricia Mason, Roger Mayer, Wen-Wen Chien, Judith P. Monestime
The Qualitative Report
Medicare-eligible physicians at primary care practices (PCP) that did not implement an electronic health record (EHR) system by the end of 2015 face stiff penalties. One year prior to the 2015 deadline, approximately half of all primary clinics have not implemented a basic EHR system. The purpose of this phenomenology study was to explore rural primary care physicians and physician assistants’ experiences regarding overcoming barriers to implementing EHRs. Complex adaptive systems formed the conceptual framework for this study. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with a purposeful sample of 21 physicians and physician assistants across 2 rural PCPs in the …
Nine Potential Solutions To Abate Grade Inflation At Regionally Accredited Online U.S. Universities: An Intrinsic Case Study, David Blum
The Qualitative Report
Grade inflation must be abated. The effect of grade inflation weakens academic standards to the point where accurately assessing levels of competency and student knowledge is difficult to determine. Using intrinsic case study design, I contacted 411 online instructors in the United States exploring potential solutions to abate grade inflation. Of 411 faculty members contacted via personal e-mail, 27 instructors at three regionally accredited online universities in the United States agreed to be interviewed by the use of an interview protocol and recorded via Skype. The research question guiding the study was “What are potential solutions to abate grade inflation?” …
Exhibiting Resistance During An Organisational Transformation: The Telecommunication Industry In Ghana, Cyracus Badinye Bapuuroh
Exhibiting Resistance During An Organisational Transformation: The Telecommunication Industry In Ghana, Cyracus Badinye Bapuuroh
The Qualitative Report
The purpose of this study is to explore how employees reacted by the manifestation of resistant behaviours and attitudes during an organizational transformation in the telecommunication industry of Ghana. The study adopted a qualitative multiple case study using two organizations. Data was obtained primarily through interviews from twenty employees. Seven (7) participants were interviewed from MTN Ghana and thirteen (13) participants from AIRTEL Ghana. Both managers and non-managers were interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were conducted. Thematic analysis was undertaken to identify relevant themes. The main theme determined from the analysis of data is: Manifestation of resistance and the accompanying sub-themes are …
How To Conduct A Mini-Ethnographic Case Study: A Guide For Novice Researchers, Patricia I. Fusch Ph.D., Gene E. Fusch, Lawrence R. Ness
How To Conduct A Mini-Ethnographic Case Study: A Guide For Novice Researchers, Patricia I. Fusch Ph.D., Gene E. Fusch, Lawrence R. Ness
The Qualitative Report
The authors present how to construct a mini-ethnographic case study design with the benefit of an ethnographic approach bounded within a case study protocol that is more feasible for a student researcher with limited time and finances. The novice researcher should choose a design that enables one to best answer the research question. Secondly, one should choose the design that assists the researcher in reaching data saturation. Finally, the novice researcher must choose the design in which one can complete the study within a reasonable time frame with minimal cost. This is particularly important for student researchers. One can blend …
Revitalizing The Hero Within Teachers: An Analysis Of The Effects Of The Psycap Development Training, Mahmut Kalman, M. Semih Summak
Revitalizing The Hero Within Teachers: An Analysis Of The Effects Of The Psycap Development Training, Mahmut Kalman, M. Semih Summak
The Qualitative Report
The purpose of the study was to investigate middle school teachers’ perceptions of the effects of a teacher-targeted intervention, that is, Psychological Capital Development Training Intervention (PCDTI), aiming at enhancing positive psychological capacities of teachers. The PCDTI was prepared and implemented by the researchers at a state university in a large city in Turkey during the academic year of 2014-2015. The implementation of the PCDTI lasted for 2 months, once in a week, and after completing the training intervention, interviews were conducted with twelve teachers who were the participants in the experimental group. Data were gathered through one-on-one interviews and …
Use Of Research By Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Qualitative Descriptive Study, Salima Moez Meherali, Pauline Paul, Joanne Profetto-Mcgrath
Use Of Research By Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Qualitative Descriptive Study, Salima Moez Meherali, Pauline Paul, Joanne Profetto-Mcgrath
The Qualitative Report
Research utilization (RU) is crucial to preparing the next generation of registered nurses, since they are expected to stay abreast of research, read and use existing research to improve their ability to solve problems, and make decisions independently in clinical settings. Also, baccalaureate nursing programs often identify RU as an expected curricular outcome. The purpose of this study was to identify nursing students’ perceptions about RU. In this study, we used a sequential mixed methods approach. In this paper, only qualitative analysis related to RU is reported. A qualitative descriptive design was used to address the study questions. A purposive …