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Gauging The Perceptions Of High School Students In Different Demographics On Environmental Education Topics, Kory Bonnell
Gauging The Perceptions Of High School Students In Different Demographics On Environmental Education Topics, Kory Bonnell
Natural Resources Management
Environmental education is a topic that has been promoted by advocates and researchers for more than three decades; however, a majority of public schools still fail to cover the fundamental basics of environmental education in their curriculum. This project seeks to understand how high school aged students (10th grade) understand three environmental concepts including: 1) recycling; 2) food production; and 3) concept of the natural environment, amongst the demographics of: 1) rural; 2) urban cluster; and 3) large metropolitan/inner city. Questionnaires were designed using the Likert Scale questions in order to quantify differing perceptions between rural, urban cluster, and large …
Initiation And Maintenance Of Breastfeeding—Issues Among High-Risk Populations Of Mothers Of African American Descent And Underage Mothers: A Critical Literature Review, Trina Marie Fear
Nursing
This paper is a critical literature review on issues and concerns of initiation and maintenance of breastfeeding amongst high-risk populations including mothers of African American descent and underage mothers. To guide the critical literature review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework was used. A PRISMA flow diagram outlining the process of the critical literature review is included. The review identified 28 articles which matched the inclusion criteria. Eight common themes emerged, specifically: healthcare or hospital services, knowledge/education, support, social norms and cultural beliefs, return to work or school, policy and legislation, programs and initiatives, and …
Cloud Based Recommendation Services For Healthcare, Assad Abbas
Cloud Based Recommendation Services For Healthcare, Assad Abbas
Electrical and Computer Engineering
With the inception of portable computing devices, enormous growth in the healthcare data over the Internet has been observed. Consequently, the Web based systems come across several challenges, such as storage, availability, reliability, and scalability. By employing the cloud computing to offer healthcare services helps in overcoming the aforementioned challenges. Besides the healthcare organizations, cloud computing services are also equally beneficial for general public in devising patient-centric or user-centric methodologies that involve users in managing health related activities. This dissertation proposes methodologies to: (a) make risk assessment about diseases and to identify health experts through social media using cloud based …
Resurgence: Adapting Ecological Succession To Promote Human And Wildlife Interaction, Tyler Anderson
Resurgence: Adapting Ecological Succession To Promote Human And Wildlife Interaction, Tyler Anderson
Landscape Architecture Theses
This work studies the effects of turf grass surrounding rural housing. It examines degree of turf management, the human relationship with nature and turf grass, aesthetics of nature and turf grass, principles of ecological design, cultural connections and values of the land, and finally the psychological responses to turf grass and natural landscapes. This research suggests that turf grass disconnects the user to their land both physically and aesthetically. Along with disconnection, it suggests that turf grass disrupts habitat.
The Evolution And Development Of A Novel Trait In Sepsidae, Dacotah Melicher
The Evolution And Development Of A Novel Trait In Sepsidae, Dacotah Melicher
Biological Sciences
Evolutionary novelty, the appearance of new traits with no existing homology, is central to the adaptive radiation of new species. Novel traits inform our understanding of development and how developmental mechanisms can generate novelties. Sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) have a sexually dimorphic, jointed appendage used for courtship and mating. The appendage develops from the fourth abdominal histoblast nest rather than an imaginal disc. Histoblast nests in other species produce the adult epidermis and lack three-dimensional organization. The sepsid system is an opportunity to investigate the evolutionary history of a novel trait and the developmental mechanisms that pattern epidermal tissue into …
Evidence Of Climate Niche Creation In The Northern Great Plains: The History Of Invasion, Population Genetics, Competitive Effect, And Long-Term Trends Of Invasive Poa Pratensis L., Lauren Alexsandra Dennhardt
Evidence Of Climate Niche Creation In The Northern Great Plains: The History Of Invasion, Population Genetics, Competitive Effect, And Long-Term Trends Of Invasive Poa Pratensis L., Lauren Alexsandra Dennhardt
Biological Sciences
Understanding the mechanisms of invasion is critical in order to control an invasive species. Poa pratensis L. (Kentucky bluegrass) is an invasive species that has been present in the northern Great Plains (NGP) for over 100 years, but has become a dominant species in the mixed grass region recently. My dissertation seeks to answer one critical question—why has P. pratensis become such a successful invasive species in the NGP? I first asked if the invasion was caused by adaptation and/or propagule pressure. I screened the genetic fingerprint of invasive P. pratensis in the NGP along with measuring the genomic content …
The Effects Of Graston Technique Treatment Times On Sprint Performance In Collegiate Wrestlers, Kristin Jaskolski
The Effects Of Graston Technique Treatment Times On Sprint Performance In Collegiate Wrestlers, Kristin Jaskolski
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The aim of this study was to provide insight on how treatment times of 5-minutes and 8-minutes of GT® affect a 30-yard sprint performance. Interventions: 15 healthy college-aged male wrestlers received two treatments (5-minute and 8-minute) of Graston Technique® separated by approximately 48 hours. After a 5-minute bike warm-up, participants received GT® treatment on both quadriceps muscles. Participants completed a 10-minute active rest followed by a 30-second standing quadriceps stretch, 30 straight leg raises and quadriceps stretch again. Participants then sprinted 3 30-yard sprint tests. Results: Significance was found between the baseline (4.63 ± 0.18 seconds) and 5-minute GT® treatment …
The Effect Of Parental Warmth On Girls' Drive For Thinness: Do Both Parents Matter?, Maegan Elizabeth Jones
The Effect Of Parental Warmth On Girls' Drive For Thinness: Do Both Parents Matter?, Maegan Elizabeth Jones
Human Development and Family Science
Recent research has suggested that both maternal and paternal warmth may play a role in the development of drive for thinness in girls. This study used 115 adolescent girls’ self-reports to examine the impact of the combined effect of parental warmth and pressure to be thin on adolescent girls’ drive for thinness, dependent on whether or not parents had similar or differing levels of warmth. Using path analysis, results suggested that when parents had differing levels of warmth, the relationship between warmth and drive for thinness was fully mediated by pressure to be thin. However, when parents had similar levels …
Investigation Of Skin Temperature Increases With Rebound Diathermy, Eric Thomas Lundberg
Investigation Of Skin Temperature Increases With Rebound Diathermy, Eric Thomas Lundberg
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
ReBound® Diathermy is a continuous shortwave diathermy device (CSWD) used as a portable heating modality. No studies have shown surface tissue temperatures of ReBound® treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the ReBound® Diathermy unit produced skin temperatures in an ankle garment sleeve. The study called for 20 healthy, collegeaged (18-30 years) males to participate in a single treatment session. Surface thermocouples were placed following the anterior aspect of the ankle. The session included a 30-minute treatment in which skin temperatures were recorded at each site every 5 minutes. The ReBound® Diathermy unit did not produce an …
Foliar Application Of Iron Chelated Fertilizer And Surfactants For Management Of Iron Deficiency Chlorosis In Soybeans, Heidi Rasmussen
Foliar Application Of Iron Chelated Fertilizer And Surfactants For Management Of Iron Deficiency Chlorosis In Soybeans, Heidi Rasmussen
Soil Science
Iron deficiency chlorosis (IDC) is a production challenge for farmers growing soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], especially in the Red River Valley. It is critical to correct this deficiency as soon as symptoms arise before growth, and ultimately yield, is negatively impacted. Field experiments of foliar applied iron fertilizers (o-o-EDDHA, o-o-EDDHSA, HEDTA, and an amino acid) and suitable adjuvants (HSOC [high surfactant oil concentrate], non-ionic surfactant, acidifier, and organosilicone surfactant), to control IDC were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons, respectively. There was high variability among the results for both the SPAD meter readings and soil iron concentration. …
The Effect Of Substitution Of Cytoplasmic Organelles On The Responses Of Wheat To Foliar Pathogens, Abdullah Fahad Alhashel
The Effect Of Substitution Of Cytoplasmic Organelles On The Responses Of Wheat To Foliar Pathogens, Abdullah Fahad Alhashel
Plant Pathology
Parastagonospora nodorum and Pyrenophora tritici-repentis are foliar pathogens of wheat, capable of causing up to 50% yield losses, and reduced grain quantity and quality, by infecting wheat leaves and kernels. The most economical means of disease control has been through the introduction of nuclear resistance genes. Changes in wheat’s nuclear-cytoplasmic (NC) interactions by the introduction of alien cytoplasms, can affect disease resistance. In this study, we investigated 32 alloplasmic lines derived from wheat cultivars Selkirk, Chris, and 56-1 (durum), in response to isolates of P. nodorum, P. tritici-repentis, and four host-specific toxins produced by them. All alloplasmic lines showed no …
The Effects Of Acetoacetic Acis On Bacterial Growth And Biofilm Formation Of Cronobacter Sakazakii, Serratia Marcescens, And Yersinia Enterocolitica, Jennifer Marie Murphy
The Effects Of Acetoacetic Acis On Bacterial Growth And Biofilm Formation Of Cronobacter Sakazakii, Serratia Marcescens, And Yersinia Enterocolitica, Jennifer Marie Murphy
Microbiological Sciences
Prevention of bacterial biofilms is an area of research currently being investigated by many research teams. The ability of a chemical to be incorporated into a material that could be used in a medical or food production setting could be of a major value. In this study, we explored the ability of acetoacetic acid (AAA) to reduce biofilm amounts and bacterial growth. We also looked at the transcription of early and late expressed virulence genes in the presence of AAA. We conclude that AAA is a plausible candidate for preventing biofilm formation as we saw a reduction in of biofilm …
Emerging Infectious Diseases With Vaccination As A Major Control Approach: The Case Of The African 2 (Af2) Clonal Complex Of Mycobacterium Bovis In Uganda And Pneumococcal Vaccine For Streptococcus Pneumoniae In The United States, Timothy Robert Miller
Microbiological Sciences
Respiratory infectious diseases are among the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. This paper presents two respiratory diseases, Mycobacterium bovis and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which cause significant global health issues despite the advancement of vaccines. In Uganda, M. bovis isolates (n=27) were PCR-tested for a specific chromosomal deletion (RDAf2) and spoligotyped for specific characterization of the Af2 clonal complex. Seventeen (63%) isolates contained the Af2 clonal complex. The high prevalence indicates Af2 clonal complex is of epidemiological interest and a likely cause of bovine tuberculosis in Kampala, Uganda. Ten vervet serum (varying age groups) levels were measured (Luminex) …
Use Of Compression Garments For Recovery From Plyometric Exercise, Jennifer Louise Talaski
Use Of Compression Garments For Recovery From Plyometric Exercise, Jennifer Louise Talaski
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of compression tights and knee-high stockings on recovery from plyometric exercise. Thirty recreationally active men completed 10x10 plyometric box drop jumps to induce muscle damage. Participants were randomized into three groups: full compression tights, knee-high stockings, or passive recovery. Both compression groups wore the garments for 12 hours following exercise. Participants were assessed for muscle swelling, isokinetic strength of the ankle and knee, vertical jump height, and perceived muscle soreness before exercise, and 24, 48, and 72 hours post-exercise. All measures were compared to pretest values, and a repeated measures …
The Potential Impact Of Nutrition Education Courses Accepted By The Parent Aware Program On Nutritional And Physical Activity-Related Knowledge, Attitude, And Behavior Among Childcare Providers And Preschoolers' Parents Whom These Childcare Providers Serve, Rose Janet Prissel
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Recently Minnesota (MN) adopted Parent Aware, a childcare quality four star rating system. At the top-star rating, nutrition and childhood obesity prevention education is recommended. However, little is known of its impact on childhood obesity. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of Parent Aware towards nutrition knowledge, behavior, and attitudes of childcare providers and the parents they serve. A quantitative analysis was conducted using a survey in 2015. Seven hundred and seven childcare providers responded to the questionnaire. The parent survey had 123 responders. There were no significant nutrition knowledge, attitude, or behavioral differences between childcare …
The Effects Of Two Types Of Different Dynamic Warm-Ups And Static Stretching On Total Body Power And Speed, Ryan David Napoli
The Effects Of Two Types Of Different Dynamic Warm-Ups And Static Stretching On Total Body Power And Speed, Ryan David Napoli
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Static stretching has often been found to decrease performance in power and speed activities, but dynamic warm-ups usually increase performance. We examined the effects of a mini-band warm-up, a medicine ball warm-up, and static stretching on 10m and 20m sprint times, as well as overhead medicine ball throw performance. A convenience sample of 24 Division I women’s soccer players participated, however 5 subjects dropped out due to sustaining injuries from a weekend soccer tournament. The subjects completed the three warm-ups and a control 5 minute jog condition on separate days and were tested on the 10m and 20m sprint times …
Phenolic Antioxidant-Linked Bioactive Enrichment In Black Beans (Phaseolus Vulgaris L.) To Screen For Health Benefits And Enhancement Of Salinity Resilience, Jordan Orwat
Cereal Science
Dietary consumption of black bean has diverse human health benefits which can be targeted as part of dietary strategies for chronic disease management. A gap in knowledge currently exists regarding how to advance the efficient production of black bean under abiotic stress conditions with the potential to simultaneously enrich human health-relevant bioactives in harvested beans. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the effects of seed and foliar elicitation treatments on metabolic regulation and health-relevant bioactive markers in dark-germinated sprouts and field-grown black beans using in vitro assays. Further, a study was designed to evaluate the combined effects of salinity stress, …
The Impact Of Digestive Enzymes In The Ruminant Animal, Faithe Elizabeth Keomanivong
The Impact Of Digestive Enzymes In The Ruminant Animal, Faithe Elizabeth Keomanivong
Animal Sciences
Understanding the enzymatic activity in ruminant digestive systems is essential for securing adequate growth, reproduction and overall metabolism. In order to evaluate the impact of various nutritional sources and dietary strategies on enzymatic activity, five experiments were designed. Experiment 1 examined the influence of nutrient restriction and melatonin supplementation on maternal and fetal pancreatic development. Experiment 2 explored various phases of the reproductive cycle and the impact of intravenous arginine infusion amid differing levels of feed intake. Experiment 3 determined the effectiveness of realimentation during advancing stages of gestation. Experiments 4 and 5 examined the impact of variable rations on …
Effects Of Grain Type And Oil Concentration Of Corn Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Of Digestion, Finishing Performance, And Carcass Quality, Mary Alyson Rodenhuis
Effects Of Grain Type And Oil Concentration Of Corn Dried Distillers Grains Plus Solubles Of Digestion, Finishing Performance, And Carcass Quality, Mary Alyson Rodenhuis
Animal Sciences
Changes in ethanol processing have resulted in a reduction of oil in the final coproduct, DDGS, available as a feedstuff. Lowering the oil concentration can decrease the total energy in the diet and, therefore, could affect the animal’s performance. Therefore, we designed two studies where the objectives were to evaluate the influence of grain type and oil concentration of DDGS on finishing cattle performance, feeding behavior, carcass quality, and site of digestion. Our results indicated that steers fed the barley based diet were more efficient as they had a higher gain to feed ratio. Additionally, there were no effects of …
Effectors And Effector Delivery In Magnaporthe Oryzae, Thakshayni Thevathasan
Effectors And Effector Delivery In Magnaporthe Oryzae, Thakshayni Thevathasan
Plant Pathology
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most destructive rice diseases. All plant parts can be affected including leaves, leaf collars, necks, panicles, pedicels, and seeds. The disease symptoms are caused in part by the effectors produced by Magnaporthe oryzae. Magnaporthe oryzae apoplastic effectors are secreted from invasive hyphae into the extracellular compartment through the conventional secretory pathway, Golgi complex to the plasma membrane, and are released into the apoplastic space. The biotrophic interfacial complex (BIC) appears to be the site of transfer of some of the cytoplasmic effectors into the host. Experimental results suggest …
Oil-Based Food Extracts From Distillers Dried Grains, Joseph Michael Kallenbach
Oil-Based Food Extracts From Distillers Dried Grains, Joseph Michael Kallenbach
Plant Sciences
The goal of this project was to examine benefits of developing a DDGS-based extract for human food consumption. The antioxidant activity of extracts derived from corn and distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) was determined. Adding 1% DDGS extract to chips significantly decreased peroxide value and hexanal content compared to the control and potentially lengthened the oxidation induction period. Supercritical carbon dioxide was successful in producing extracts with similar phytochemical content, but adding 0.05% extract to crackers did not significantly reduce oxidation, although the DDGS extract may have lengthened the induction period. Tocopherols and lutein significantly decreased during oxidation and …
Solvent Retention Capacity And Quality Parameters Of Whole Wheat Flour From Hard Red Spring Wheat, Amber Lee Lindgren
Solvent Retention Capacity And Quality Parameters Of Whole Wheat Flour From Hard Red Spring Wheat, Amber Lee Lindgren
Plant Sciences
A relatively new method, solvent retention capacity (SRC), is used to determine flour end-product quality. SRC was designed for soft wheat, which is used for baking cookies. The use of SRC to evaluate Hard Red Spring (HRS) wheat quality has not been conducted extensively. Eight HRS wheat cultivars from four different locations and two crop years were milled into refined and whole wheat flours. The samples were analyzed for phenotype, genotype, and environmental effects on flour composition, dough and bread quality. The SRC method was used to determine correlations between refined and whole wheat flours, and flour quality parameters. Flour …
Nature Versus Technology: Which Is More Appealing To Youth Ages 11-14?, Micky Lyn Zurcher
Nature Versus Technology: Which Is More Appealing To Youth Ages 11-14?, Micky Lyn Zurcher
Sociology and Anthropology
Recent studies show playtime for youth has shifted from playing outdoors to being connected to a screen-based device. This study examines the amount of time youth ages 11-14 are spending in nature versus the amount of time they are spending connected to a screen-based device. The Drift Prairie group (N=16) spent a day in the great outdoors interacting with their peers and nature. The Comparison group (N=19) was randomly selected from a local 4-H organization. Both the Drift Prairie group and the Comparison group were surveyed using a questionnaire. The Drift Prairie group response was 62.6% active in nature whereas …
Relationships Among Diet Quality, Bmi And Cooking Skills In A Group Of College Students, Jenna Bess Kourajian
Relationships Among Diet Quality, Bmi And Cooking Skills In A Group Of College Students, Jenna Bess Kourajian
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Students at a Midwest university (n=968) completed a survey regarding perceived confidence in cooking skills, food preparation frequencies, and average daily consumption of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and low-fat dairy. A higher skills score was moderately correlated to higher vegetable intake (r=0.29, p<0.001). A higher cooking score was also associated with meeting the recommendations for vegetables (p<0.001), but was not associated with meeting recommendations for fruits (p= 0.22), whole grains (p=0.062), or low-fat dairy (p=0.24). More confidence in skills score was correlated with a higher BMI (r = 0.12, p= 0.001), though correlation was low. Cooking skills score was also positively associated with food preparation frequency score (p<0.001). Although higher skills score was not strongly associated with fruit, whole grains, and low-fat dairy intake, students who have higher cooking skills may be more likely to prepare more vegetables. Encouraging cooking classes for college students may aid in meeting dietary recommendations. Keywords: deskilling, diet quality, BMI, cooking skills, college students, food preparation frequency, self-efficacy
Measuring Brachial Artery Blood Flow Following A 3mhz, 1.0 W/Cm² Thermal Therapeutic Ultrasound Treatment, Katherine Jeanette Strand
Measuring Brachial Artery Blood Flow Following A 3mhz, 1.0 W/Cm² Thermal Therapeutic Ultrasound Treatment, Katherine Jeanette Strand
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Ultrasound has been suggested to be one of the most commonly used therapeutic modalities in clinical practice. One of the purported benefits of thermal ultrasound, is the ability to increase blood flow to local tissue. This benefit however, has not been sufficiently supported by current literature and research. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a significant increase in blood flow to the brachial artery following a 3MHz thermal ultrasound at 1.0 W/cm2 treatment over the brachial artery. Blood flow was measured in time-averaged mean velocity using a diagnostic ultrasound machine prior to, and following an …
High-Intensity Interval Training Vs. Superset Training: A Comparison Of Energy Expenditure, Jacob Eisenreich Erickson
High-Intensity Interval Training Vs. Superset Training: A Comparison Of Energy Expenditure, Jacob Eisenreich Erickson
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The purpose of this study was to compare energy expenditure between high intensity interval training (HIIT) and agonist-antagonist (SUPER) resistance training (RT) exercise protocols. Twelve males (23.91 ± 3.58 years) with at least six months of RT experience were recruited for the study. Each participant completed both exercise protocols while VO2, lactate, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured. Significant differences were seen in RPE, RER, aerobic, anaerobic, and total overall energy expenditure when comparing protocols. There were no significant differences in VO2 or HR. Rest interval length and volume load can …
Intake Of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Among Undergraduate College Students Attending North Dakota State University, Samantha Erin Fuhrmann
Intake Of Fat-Soluble Vitamins Among Undergraduate College Students Attending North Dakota State University, Samantha Erin Fuhrmann
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Fat-soluble vitamins are essential micronutrients that are critical in normal physiological processes. Deficiencies can pose increased risk of chronic diseases. This may be particularly important among college students, since the majority of this population is in peak phases of development. The purpose of this study was to determine intake of fat-soluble vitamins in 352 (212 males, 140 females) students. Students completed dietary analyses of their 72-hour food record, which were analyzed to determine if student intake met Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) recommendations. Additional analyses determined relationships between intake and gender, age, and frequency of attending a dining center. Few students …
Wetted Ice Bags: Does The Temperature Of The Water Added To The Ice Bag Really Matter?, Kelly Ann Shaner
Wetted Ice Bags: Does The Temperature Of The Water Added To The Ice Bag Really Matter?, Kelly Ann Shaner
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Currently, no consensus exists on how many degrees to decrease tissue temperature for a beneficial cryotherapy treatment, 1, 2 so it is accepted that colder tissue temperatures achieve more beneficial treatments. 3 There is evidence supporting the superiority of wetted ice bags over non-wetted ice bags for decreasing tissue temperature. Wetted ice bags can be further altered through changing the water temperature inside the bag. Thus, the water inside the bag would cause a phase change inside the modality; in turn, more heat transferred from the body to the modality, resulting in cooler skin temperatures. The purpose of this study …
The Effect Of Exercise Intensity On Perceived Post-Exercise Appetite, Megan Marie Groen
The Effect Of Exercise Intensity On Perceived Post-Exercise Appetite, Megan Marie Groen
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there is a greater reduction in appetite following a high intensity interval training (HIIT) exercise session compared to a steady-state exercise (SSE) exercise session. Six subjects completed all three trials in a random, counterbalanced order, measuring subjects’ perceived appetites throughout the trial. HIIT was 10 two-minute bouts of high-intensity exercise separated by one minute rest, SSE was 30 minutes moderate intensity exercise, and control was 40 minutes rest. Eleven visual analog scale (VAS) surveys were completed to measure perceived appetite and taste preferences. HIIT significantly lowered appetite scores compared to the …
Comparison Of Ulnohumeral Joint Space, Ulnar Collateral Ligament Width, And Abnormality In Collegiate Baseball Players Using Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, Matthew Stephen Bummer
Comparison Of Ulnohumeral Joint Space, Ulnar Collateral Ligament Width, And Abnormality In Collegiate Baseball Players Using Musculoskeletal Ultrasound, Matthew Stephen Bummer
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The purpose of this thesis is to examine the difference in ulnar collateral ligaments (UCL) between pitchers and position players in collegiate baseball players. Differences were found using musculoskeletal ultrasound and each had both the dominant and non-dominant arms examined. The following research questions guided this study: Is there a difference in ulnohumeral joint space between pitchers and position players, is there a difference in UCL width between pitchers and position players, and is there a difference in the amount of damage to the UCL between pitchers and position players? Both pitchers and position players were found to have changes …