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Peripheral Hormone Interactions With The Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (Gh-Igf) System In Rainbow Trout, Lindsey Ann Dickey
Peripheral Hormone Interactions With The Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor (Gh-Igf) System In Rainbow Trout, Lindsey Ann Dickey
Biological Sciences
The growth of vertebrates is primarily regulated by the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor (GH-IGF) system, but not in isolation. The central question of this dissertation was how do other hormones peripheral to the GH-IGF system interact with the system, including feedbacks by GH and IGF themselves on various tissues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)? The representative hormones selected were thyroxine, cortisol, and the sex steroids testosterone and estrogen, along with GH and IGF. These hormones were chosen because they are known to affect overall growth and development during specific life events, but exactly what target genes and what mechanisms are …
Monitoring The Effects Of Surface Coal-Mine-Reclamation On Soil Biological Properties, Pamela Rose Block
Monitoring The Effects Of Surface Coal-Mine-Reclamation On Soil Biological Properties, Pamela Rose Block
Range Science
Surface coal mining is a large-scale disturbance that disrupts soil properties that requires reclamation. Reclamation monitoring and success typically focuses on vegetation communities, but soil monitoring may improve our understanding of barriers to reclamation success. In this study, we assessed biological presence in stockpiled soils using seed viability screening and phospholipid fatty acid analysis. We found microbial communities had distinct shifts in structure, declines in overall abundance of organisms with increased stockpile depth, and that total seedling emergence was lower in stockpiled soils than the reference site. In addition, we measured carbon pools, vegetative cover, and other edaphic properties in …
Development And Implementation Of An Evidence-Based Buprenorphine-Naloxone Medication Assisted Treatment Program In A Primary Care Setting, Jordan Coplin
Nursing
Opioid abuse is one of the most significant drug-related public health threats in the United States (U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency, 2016). Approximately 115 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose in the United States (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2017). Coupled with counseling, medication assisted treatment (MAT) can successfully treat opioid use disorder and sustain recovery by providing a more individualized approach to therapy (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2016). The purpose of this project was to assist a primary care clinic (PCC) in Fargo, ND with the development, implementation, and evaluation of a buprenorphine-naloxone MAT …
Development, Validation And Reliability Of The Chrononutrition Profile, Allison Christine Engwall
Development, Validation And Reliability Of The Chrononutrition Profile, Allison Christine Engwall
Psychology
Chrononutrition, or the circadian timing of food intake, has garnered attention as a topic of study due to its associations with health (e.g., weight gain); however, a valid assessment of chrononutrition in daily life has not yet been developed. The present study therefore aimed to develop and validate both a diary and questionnaire version of the Chrononutrition Profile which assess 6 components of chrononutrition that have been associated with poor health (breakfast skipping, night eating, eating window, evening latency, largest meal, and evening eating). The measure demonstrated preliminary evidence of test-retest reliability and convergent validity, though concurrent validity was not …
Population Structure Of Uromyces Appendiculatus In North Dakota, Cecilia Monclova-Santana
Population Structure Of Uromyces Appendiculatus In North Dakota, Cecilia Monclova-Santana
Plant Pathology
North Dakota is the lead producing state of common bean in the USA, accounting for 43% of national production. Bean rust is caused by the autoecious, macrocyclic fungus Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.:Pers.). All pathogen spores stages have been observed in North Dakota, but it is unclear how frequently sexual reproduction occurs. Traditionally, genetic resistance is the preferred management method. Sixty-seven percent of the 119 U. appendiculatus single pustule isolates collected in 2015 and 2016 were classified phenotypically as race 20-3. Virulence phenotypes of race 20-3 isolates ranged from hypersensitive to small pustules (0.2-0.3mm) on Early Gallatin, PC-50, Mexico 235, and Mexico …
Investigation Of Nutrients As Treatments Of Bacterial Biofilms, Meredith Lynn Schroeder
Investigation Of Nutrients As Treatments Of Bacterial Biofilms, Meredith Lynn Schroeder
Microbiological Sciences
Using nutrients bacteria utilize to grow as treatments of bacterial biofilms have been investigated. This dissertation examines the problem of the prevention and treatment of biofilms by: (i) testing the effect of the nutrient β-phenylethylamine (PEA) on growth, ATP content of biofilm, and biofilm biomass, (ii) testing the effect of ethyl acetoacetate (EAA) and other small molecules on growth, ATP content of biofilm, and biofilm biomass, and (iii) investigating three applications of PEA and EAA. PEA could be used as both, prevention and treatment for bacterial biofilms. We observed a reduction of growth, ATP content of biofilm, and biofilm biomass …
Heterogeneity In Phenotypic Response Of Foodborne Pathogens To Control Measures, Sahar Malekmohammadi
Heterogeneity In Phenotypic Response Of Foodborne Pathogens To Control Measures, Sahar Malekmohammadi
Microbiological Sciences
Foodborne pathogens are estimated to cause 48 million foodborne illnesses through consumption of contaminated food annually. Designing efficient control measures is vital to reducing foodborne illnesses. The modern trend toward preserving foods is using combinations of stresses (hurdle model). However, bacterial adaptation to one stress has the potential to increase resistance to subsequent stress, which is known as cross-protection. Due to recent outbreaks, contamination of ready-to-eat (RTE) foods by L. monocytogenes is a major food safety concern. L. monocytogenes nisin resistance increases when first exposed to NaCl and other stresses, such as low pH. In addition to environmental stressors, specific …
Intramuscular Heating Rates Of A Chattanooga Intelect® Legend Xt Therapeutic Ultrasound With A 3 Mhz Frequency, And 1.0 W/Cm2 Intensity At Three Depths Up To 2.5 Cm, Meghan Carol Smith
Intramuscular Heating Rates Of A Chattanooga Intelect® Legend Xt Therapeutic Ultrasound With A 3 Mhz Frequency, And 1.0 W/Cm2 Intensity At Three Depths Up To 2.5 Cm, Meghan Carol Smith
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Context: Textbook parameters for thermal ultrasound are based on research using the Omnisound unit. Unique heating rates have been observed among various manufacturers. No studies have been performed regarding heating rates of the Chattanooga Intelect® unit. Objective: Determine the rate of temperature increase of the medial gastrocnemius using the Chattanooga Intelect® Legend XT. Design: 3 x 4 repeated measures factorial design. Independent variables were depth and time. Setting: Research Laboratory. Participants: 25 volunteers (F=14, M=11; age 22.04 ± 2.67). Intervention: Thermocouples were inserted into the medial gastrocnemius at 1.0, 1.75 and 2.5 cm depths. 3 MHz, 1.0 W/cm2 treatment was …
Comparing Different Brands Of Kinesiology Tape For Subjects With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome, Benjamin Leonard Marcus
Comparing Different Brands Of Kinesiology Tape For Subjects With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome, Benjamin Leonard Marcus
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Kinesiology tape is a common therapeutic intervention although inconsistent results are reported in the literature. The purposes of this research were to determine if the Kinesio® Taping Space Correction web cut increases patellofemoral joint space when applied to subjects with PFPS; to determine if this taping method affects patient outcomes; and to compare this taping method using two different brands: Kinesio® Tape and KT Tape®. In this randomized, controlled, double-blinded study, 32 participants with PFPS were placed into one of four groups; (1) Kinesio® Tape with tension, (2) Kinesio® Tape without tension, (3) KT Tape® with tension, and (4) KT …
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Kinesio® Tape As An Intervention For Recreational Runners Who Pronate, Nathan Alan Koens
Evaluating The Effectiveness Of Kinesio® Tape As An Intervention For Recreational Runners Who Pronate, Nathan Alan Koens
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Kinesio® Tape could potentially be an intervention to improve excessive pronation of the foot. This research project investigated the effect Kinesio® Tape has on the navicular drop test and joint kinematics through 3D motion analysis in recreational runners. Twenty volunteers with an NDT greater than 10 mm ran two separate half-miles, one receiving a mechanical Kinesio® Tape technique and the other with a sham Kinesio® Tape technique. NDT measurements were taken immediately on arrival, immediately after Kinesio® Tape application, and immediately after the half-mile with Kinesio® Tape still applied. 3D motion analysis measured gait kinematics during the half-miles. NDT scores …
Energy And Mineral Supplementation Strategies For Beef Cattle Grazing The Northern Great Plains, Kacie Lynn Mccarthy
Energy And Mineral Supplementation Strategies For Beef Cattle Grazing The Northern Great Plains, Kacie Lynn Mccarthy
Animal Sciences
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate different technologies and supplementation strategies that may impact beef cattle production in the Northern Great Plains. Our overarching hypothesis was that we can enhance beef cattle performance and production through strategic supplementation of energy and minerals. In experiment 1, steers were fitted with transmission beacons on collars to determine effects of preweaning creep feeder attendance influences on post-weaning performance, feeding behavior, and carcass characteristics. Calves that visited creep feeders more frequently spent more time eating and ate more meals during the first 28 d of the finishing period. In experiment 2, we utilized electronic …
Causes Of Dull Brown Color In Durum And Traditional Semolina Pasta, Patricia Alejandra Cabas Lühmann
Causes Of Dull Brown Color In Durum And Traditional Semolina Pasta, Patricia Alejandra Cabas Lühmann
Plant Sciences
Bleaching of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum [Desf.] Husn.) was evaluated by determining the effect of grain moisture content, temperature, and wet/dry cycles with bulk water and with high relative humidity on the hydration of durum wheat grain and their effect on some physical grain quality parameters. Low initial grain moisture, high temperature, and wet/dry cycles increased water gain. Scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy showed that the germ and ventral surface of grain were important for water absorption. A single exposure to moisture (bulk water or high relative humidity) seems to be enough to cause a decline …
Using Organic Amendments To Stabilize Sand-Based Athletic Fields During Turfgrass Establishment Period, Thomas Drietz
Using Organic Amendments To Stabilize Sand-Based Athletic Fields During Turfgrass Establishment Period, Thomas Drietz
Plant Sciences
Athletic field rootzones are often sand-based for improved drainage. Sand-based rootzones may have stability issues if turfgrass is not fully established. Our objective was to use organic amendments to improve the stability of sand-based fields during the turfgrass establishment period and avoid overuse of inorganic materials, which have negative effects. We tested coconut coir, peat and wheat straw at 1% organic material, peat at 2% organic material, and an inorganic stabilizing fiber, StaLok, in the top 10 cm of the rootzone. Surface hardness, volumetric water content, traction, penetration resistance and visual quality were measured 2 to 4 months after construction …
Winter Feeding Beef Cattle: A Review On Bale Grazing In The Northern Great Plains, Jessalyn Juel Bachler
Winter Feeding Beef Cattle: A Review On Bale Grazing In The Northern Great Plains, Jessalyn Juel Bachler
Range Science
Bale grazing is a relatively unexplored winter feeding option for most beef cattle operations in the Northern Great Plains. Recently, several producers have been looking into using a bale grazing system for winter feeding due to the lower labor requirements and possible reduced cost. When bale grazing, it is not only important to ensure that cattle have adequate nutrition and protection from the winter climate, but also to analyze the positive impacts it has on the ranching ecosystem. Many positive environmental and economic changes have been seen from bale grazing including more efficient nutrient cycling, positive soil health impacts, increased …
Improvement Of The Physicochemical Attributes And Antioxidants Profiles From Pulse Seeds Through Germination, Minwei Xu
Plant Sciences
Edible pulse seeds are good sources of food ingredients. Germination has been regarded as an effective process to further improve nutrient digestibility and accessibility of pulse seeds. Our aim was to observe the effect of germination on proximate composition, physicochemical attributes, and phenolic profiles of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), lentil (Lens culinaris Merr.), and yellow pea (Pisum sativum L.). In addition, mechanisms of how germination affects the antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds were proposed. Chemical composition, thermal, pasting, and moisture adsorption properties of pulse flours were investigated over 6 days of germination. Protein contents increased by 3 percent points for …
A Geospatial Analysis Of The Northeastern Plains Village Complex: An Exploration Of A Gis-Based Multidisciplinary Method For The Incorporation Of Western And Traditional Ecological Knowledge Into The Discovery Of Diagnostic Prehistoric Settlement Patterns, Daniel Clayton Lindsey
Sociology and Anthropology
This thesis research analyzes how Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK) can be used to understand extant Northeastern Plains Village (NEPV) settlement strategies in aggregate for the purposes of subjoining a subsequent verification metric to the current archaeological classification system used to describe NEPV associated sites. To accomplish this task, I extracted Traditional Ecological Knowledge from ethnographic sources for comparison to geospatial, geostatistical, and statistical analyses. My results show that the hierarchical clustering exhibited among NEPV sites is congruent with first person narratives of habitation and resource collection activities occurring in the pre-Reservation period (before AD 1880) within the research area. This …
Mobile Diabetes Application, Anusha Myneedi
Mobile Diabetes Application, Anusha Myneedi
Computer Science
In recent years, Diabetes is becoming a serious health challenge. The prevalence of diabetes has increased with accompanying increases in body weight and diminished physical activity and with increased automation. Effective blood glucose control is essential to maintain good health. However, to monitor blood glucose levels regularly one should go to healthcare center and it’s not possible because of all manner of real time interfaces. To ease this process in this paper, we propose an interactive self-management mobile application where you can monitor Blood Glucose and Blood Pressure values and check all your health-related activities regularly. MobiDiaBTs keeps track of …
̶D̶̶I̶̶S̶ Abled: A Salutogenic Approach To Design For The Enhancement Of The Ada Design Standards In The Built Environment For The Positive Impact On Mental Health Of Its Inhabitants, Amy Mueller
Architecture Theses
Physical and mental health encompass the overall well-being of a person. However, people seem to immediately observe the physical health of others in society while the concept of “mental health” is left unspoken. The very foundation of the ADA Design Standards used by architects utilize guidelines for those with physical disabilities yet are missing the application of assisting those with mental illness. Consider a bottom-up approach of design that incorporates elements friendly to the psychological side of design. The overarching premise of this project emphasizes that architecture can positively impact the mental health of people and how improved design standards …
Restoring Degraded Grasslands, Llewellyn Manske
Restoring Degraded Grasslands, Llewellyn Manske
All Faculty Scholarship
Grasslands are complex ecosystems comprising numerous biotic and abiotic components. The biotic components are the herbaceous grass and forb plants, soil organisms and grazing graminivores which have biological and physiological requirements. The abiotic components include radiant energy from sunlight; the essential major elements of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen, and the minor essential elements of macro- and microminerals required by living organisms. The major elements and some of the minor elements have biogeochemical cycles which transform the elements between organic and inorganic forms. Grassland ecosystems are therefore functioning units of co-acting biotic organisms interacting with the abiotic components and environmental …
Assessing The Reliability Of Two Orthopedic Special Tests To Determine Hip Flexor Contracture With The Assessment Of Pelvic Tilt Angle During A Back Squat, Derrick Grieshaber
Assessing The Reliability Of Two Orthopedic Special Tests To Determine Hip Flexor Contracture With The Assessment Of Pelvic Tilt Angle During A Back Squat, Derrick Grieshaber
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Orthopedic specialists use Special Tests to determine a pathology’s presence. Hip flexor contracture is linked to injury predisposition and postural anomalies. This research examined reliability for the Modified Thomas and Ely’s Special Tests when evaluating hip flexor contracture, and its effect on dynamic exercise. Twenty adults were randomized in a study and analyzed for hip flexor contracture. Dartfish Motion Analysis measured hip and knee flexion angles. Participants performed isometric squats to determine their maximal voluntary isometric contraction, which was later used to calculate exercise prescription for the eight-repetition dynamic back squat. Inter-rater reliability was slight to fair for iliopsoas contracture …
Comparison Of Face-To-Face And Synchronous Web-Based Training In Motivational Interviewing For Health And Human Service Professionals: Does Training Method Matter?, Amanda Elizabeth Fairweather
Comparison Of Face-To-Face And Synchronous Web-Based Training In Motivational Interviewing For Health And Human Service Professionals: Does Training Method Matter?, Amanda Elizabeth Fairweather
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Motivational Interviewing (MI) is a client-centered technique that builds intrinsic motivation for behavior change that healthcare professionals can acquire to provide better care for their clients. Currently, MI training is done face-to-face; however, to make training more accessible, online training needs to be evaluated. Eighteen human and health service professionals were randomized and participated in fourteen hours of either a face-to-face or online synchronous MI training. To distinguish skill level and proficiency between the groups participants completed an audio recording with another participant and was coded using Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity (MITI) 4.2.1. There was statistical significance (p=0.045) in the …
Measuring Tibial Artery Blood Flow Following A Moderate Fire And Air Vacuum Cupping Treatment, Michael Wayne Hilliard
Measuring Tibial Artery Blood Flow Following A Moderate Fire And Air Vacuum Cupping Treatment, Michael Wayne Hilliard
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Cupping therapy has become a popular method of alternative medicine. However, no quantitative measures on the effects of cupping therapy on blood flow and skin temperature have been examined. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects cupping therapy on skin temperature and blood flow of the tibial artery. A pre and posttest experimental design was used. Twenty healthy males (20.70 ± 2.83 years) participated. Blood flow and skin temperatures were measured prior to and following a cupping protocol. Blood flow from fire cupping decreased an average of -3%. The skin temperatures during fire cupping increased 0.14°C ± …
The Relationship Of Hip Muscle Activation And The Incidence Of Shoulder Injury In Collegiate Women's Volleyball Athletes: A Pilot Study, Jessica Marie Kinder
The Relationship Of Hip Muscle Activation And The Incidence Of Shoulder Injury In Collegiate Women's Volleyball Athletes: A Pilot Study, Jessica Marie Kinder
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Previous studies have indicated weak hip muscle activation in baseball pitchers leads to an increased incidence of shoulder injuries. This relationship, however, has not been explored in other overhead athletes, such as volleyball players. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to evaluate each participant’s muscle activation during five dynamic activities. Dynamic activity was normalized according to MMTs for the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, gluteus maximus, and gluteus medius. The GMed during the eccentric box jump was statistically significant for position where setters showed the greatest activation and defensive players the least. The GMax during the single-leg deadlift was statistically significant for …
The Effects Of The Graston Technique® On Cases Of Chronic Tendinopathy Measured By Diagnostic Ultrasound, Kelsey Katherine Labodi
The Effects Of The Graston Technique® On Cases Of Chronic Tendinopathy Measured By Diagnostic Ultrasound, Kelsey Katherine Labodi
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The Graston Technique® is a beneficial treatment on tendinopathies1 however, little research exists on the effects of the Graston Technique® on chronic cases of tendinopathy measured with diagnostic ultrasound. To determine the amount of changes in tendinosis, scar tissue and/or adhesions, or calcifications after the Graston Technique® treatments, fifteen athletes at NCAA division I, III, or NAIA institutions were recruited. Four days of the Graston Technique® as an overall protocol was used, including a warm-up, stretches, and strengthening exercises. Changes within the tendon were measured by diagnostic ultrasound. Lower Extremity Functional Scales (LEFS) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) were …
Current Supplementation Recommendations For Vitamin D Intake In Pregnancy; What Research Says After 2011, Kayla Renee Posch
Current Supplementation Recommendations For Vitamin D Intake In Pregnancy; What Research Says After 2011, Kayla Renee Posch
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Vitamin D (vit. D) deficiency is common during pregnancy (Holick, et al., 2011). Supplementation of vit. D has shown to protect against complications and adverse outcomes during pregnancy (De-Regil LM, 2016). A comprehensive literature search and review was conducted to locate articles related to pregnancy outcomes. The literature review found thirteen studies related to vit. D and impact on pregnancy, twenty-five studies examined adverse pregnancy outcomes related to vit. D deficiency and eight studies examined current vit. D intake among pregnant women. Evidence shows a positive association between vit. D deficiency and pregnancy, suggesting that vit. D sources require closer …
Patient Reported Outcomes In A Physically Active Population, Christopher Ryan Peroutka
Patient Reported Outcomes In A Physically Active Population, Christopher Ryan Peroutka
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
OBJECTIVE: To examine the efficacy of patient-reported outcome measures in the physically active and to determine whether a relationship exists between general health-related quality of life and specific outcome measures. Instruments used were the DPA, the SF-36, the QuickDASH, and the ASES. METHODS: 42 NCAA Division I athletes completed outcome measures three separate times. Repeated-measures ANOVA was performed and bivariate Pearson correlations were calculated. Additionally, test-retest reliability and minimal detectable change were assessed. Significance was set at α ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Significant relationships were found between the DPA and several subscales of the SF-36. Participation in physical activity did not …
The Relationship Of Injury And Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation In Firefighters, Shelby Nicole Conard
The Relationship Of Injury And Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Effective Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation In Firefighters, Shelby Nicole Conard
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is an essential component in cardiac arrest survival. Research indicates that a first responder’s performance is generally inadequate due to many factors including fatigue or distractions. One factor that has not been studied is prior musculoskeletal injuries. This study aims to determine if a correlation exists between firefighter’s CPR performance, fatigue, and prior musculoskeletal injuries. Twenty-nine urban firefighters participated. Researchers were supplied with basic demographics and a self-reported musculoskeletal injury history through secondary injury questionnaires. Participants performed five rounds of single-rescuer CPR followed by a graded exercise test (GXT), then another set of five rounds of …
An Analysis Of Certified Athletic Trainers’ Ability To Provide High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr) Over Hockey Shoulder Pads, Adam Gregory Estabrooks
An Analysis Of Certified Athletic Trainers’ Ability To Provide High-Quality Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (Cpr) Over Hockey Shoulder Pads, Adam Gregory Estabrooks
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Certified Athletic Trainers (ATCs) are expected to perform CPR for athletes regardless of whether the athlete is wearing protective equipment. The goal of this research was to determine /if ATCs were able to/ deliver high-quality CPR over hockey shoulder pads. Fifty ATCs completed CPR according to 2015 AHA guidelines on a medium-fidelity manikin, which had been fitted with hockey shoulder pads. CPR quality was measured with the Resusci Anne Wireless SkillReporter. CPR data included the following dimensions of compressions: overall score, mean rate, chest compression fraction, mean depth, % chest recoil, and % compressions with appropriate depth. Data were analyzed …
The Effects Of Kinesio® Tape On Acromiohumeral Distance In Patients With Subacromial Impingement, Nicholas Avery Sample
The Effects Of Kinesio® Tape On Acromiohumeral Distance In Patients With Subacromial Impingement, Nicholas Avery Sample
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
Kinesio® Tape has the potential to optimize the treatment of subacromial impingement syndrome. This research project investigated the effect Kinesio® Tape has on patient-reported outcome measures and acromiohumeral distance in patients with subacromial impingement syndrome. Twenty volunteers exhibiting subacromial impingement syndrome symptoms were divided into two groups, one receiving Kinesio® Tape inhibition technique of the supraspinatus and deltoid muscles and the other receiving a sham Kinesio® Tape. Patient-reported SPADI scores and acromiohumeral distance measured by diagnostic ultrasound were recorded at 24- and 48-hour intervals. SPADI scores of both groups were statistically significantly lower at the 48-hour interval. No statistically significant …
Communication In The Workplace: Does Communicating Breastfeeding Needs Affect Breastfeeding Duration For Working Mothers?, Madison Sara Millner
Communication In The Workplace: Does Communicating Breastfeeding Needs Affect Breastfeeding Duration For Working Mothers?, Madison Sara Millner
Health Nutrition and Exercise Science
The purpose of this study was to identify if employer interpersonal communication and support are factors that reduce breastfeeding duration. An online, 85-item questionnaire was completed by employed breastfeeding mothers in the state of North Dakota. Of the 502 respondents, responses of a subset of 214 mothers who had concluded breastfeeding were analyzed. Shorter breastfeeding duration was seen in mothers who reported not being confident in combining breastfeeding and working. This was further seen in shorter breastfeeding duration among mothers who did not feel comfortable asking for accommodations or taking breastfeeding breaks. Mothers who were unsure about manager’s support of …