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An Alternative Method Of Measuring Spt Energy, Alex Sy, R. G. Campanella Mar 1991

An Alternative Method Of Measuring Spt Energy, Alex Sy, R. G. Campanella

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Despite problems associated with its repeatability and reliability, the standard Penetration Test (SPT) continues to be the most widely used in-situ test for liquefaction potential assessment. There are many factors known to influence the SPT results but the most significant factor affecting the N value is the amount of hammer energy delivered into the drill rods. The existing method of SPT energy measurement consists of attaching a load cell near the top of the drill rods and measuring the force time history during hammer impact. An alternative method of SPT energy determ1nat1on based on measurement of both force and acceleration …


Behavior Of Fine Sand Under Cyclic Rotation Of Principal Stresses Using The Hollow Cylinder Apparatus, Panos Dakoulas, Yuanhui Sun Mar 1991

Behavior Of Fine Sand Under Cyclic Rotation Of Principal Stresses Using The Hollow Cylinder Apparatus, Panos Dakoulas, Yuanhui Sun

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Results of an experimental investigation on a saturated fine Ottawa Silica Sand subjected to three different types of cyclic tests are presented in this paper. The effects of principal stress rotation at a constant deviator stress on the pore water pressure buildup and the deformation characteristics of sand are evaluated in comparison with results from cyclic triaxial and cyclic torsional simple shear using the hollow cylinder apparatus. The results presented and discussed in this article, representing a small part of the experimental program, suggest that the effects of rotational shear are more important than the effects of cyclic triaxial loading …


General Report Session 3: Deformation And Liquefaction Of Sands, Silt, Gravels And Clays, R. G. Campanella, Alex Sy Mar 1991

General Report Session 3: Deformation And Liquefaction Of Sands, Silt, Gravels And Clays, R. G. Campanella, Alex Sy

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

It has been almost 27 years since the damaging earthquakes of 1964 which occurred in Niigata, Japan and in Alaska, USA, focused the geotechnical engineers' attention to liquefaction as a major problem in earthquake engineering. Considerable research and studies have been conducted on the subject of earthquake induced liquefaction since that time and these have included field observations, laboratory experiments and model tests, and theoretical studies. Progress in understanding the liquefaction phenomenon, in the assessment of liquefaction potential, and in the solutions to mitigate the liquefaction hazard has been made, yet the problem remains controversial in many respects, as reflected …


Dynamic Strength And Permanent Deformation Of Saturated Sand, Masayuki Hyodo, Noriyuki Yasufuku, Hidekazu Murata, Takeharu Konami Mar 1991

Dynamic Strength And Permanent Deformation Of Saturated Sand, Masayuki Hyodo, Noriyuki Yasufuku, Hidekazu Murata, Takeharu Konami

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The undrained cyclic triaxial behavior of saturated sand has been studied using anisotropically consolidated specimens. The strength and deformation under various combinations of initial static and cyclic shear stresses were attempted to clarify. The cyclic strength was first discussed, and then, the residual shear strain was investigated related with effective stress ratio at the end of each stress cycle. Finally, an empirical model was proposed for evaluating the development of pore pressure and residual shear strain of saturated sand subjected to various initial static and subsequent cyclic shear stresses.


Dynamic Strength Of Gravelly Soils And Its Relation To The Penetration Resistance, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, K. Kokusho, Y. Yoshida Mar 1991

Dynamic Strength Of Gravelly Soils And Its Relation To The Penetration Resistance, Y. Tanaka, K. Kudo, K. Kokusho, Y. Yoshida

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Undrained cyclic triaxial tests have been conducted on specimens of dense diluvial gravelly soils taken from four sites by an in-situ freeze sampling method. The test results and previous test results obtained by other researchers suggest that the dynamic strength of gravelly soils can be evaluated based on both the modified blow count of the penetration tests and on the effective confining pressure. A method for the evaluation by utilizing the large penetration test (LPT) blow counts is proposed in this paper by considering the effect of the effective confining pressure on the dynamic strength.


Efficient Installation Of Gravel Drains, Yoshiro Ono, Yutaka Nakajima, Katsuhiko Ito, Hiroshi Oishi Mar 1991

Efficient Installation Of Gravel Drains, Yoshiro Ono, Yutaka Nakajima, Katsuhiko Ito, Hiroshi Oishi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The gravel drain system aims to avert liquefaction in a sandy soil by quickly dissipating excess pore water pressure. We have developed a compaction-rod type machine which allows efficient construction of gravel drains. Main attributes of this machine are: (1) extremely fast installation of gravel drains, (2) low noise, (3) low level of vibration, (4) virtually no ground deformation during construction, and (5) densification of the surrounding soil. Large-scale model tests demonstrated that a cone-type compaction rod is most effective in densifying the surrounding soil when installing gravel drains with our machine.


Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong Mar 1991

Fuzzy Multifactorial Evaluation On Liquefaction Of Saturated Sandy Soil, Chang Hong

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, according to the principle of fuzzy mathematics, five principal factors are considered, earthquake intensity I, the thickness of overburden 1Ryer of non-liquefacted cohesive soil Ho, SPT blow count (China) N, the depth of point of SPT ds, and groundwater level dw, at the same time, the subordinate functions of them are estab1ished. The rank of liquefaction is classified into four sorts: non-liquefaction, probable-non-liquefaction, probable-liquefaction and liquefaction. The fuzzy multifactorial evaluation is presented for predicting site earthquake liquefaction of sandy soil, and the operation of M (.,+)is applied to calculation of fuzzy matrix. At last, a comparison between …


Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi Mar 1991

Geotechnical Damage Due To Bihar Earthquake Of August 1988, Sudhir K. Jain, Anil K. Agrawal, Raghunath P. Tripathi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Bihar-Nepal earthquake of August 21, 1988 (magnitude 6.6) caused significant loss of life and property. Besides the epicentral area, two distant places (Munger in India and Bhaktapur in Nepal) suffered significantly. This was also the case in the 1934 earthquake (magnitude 8.4) and is due to peculiar geology of the area. Geotechnical damage in the affected area includes liquefaction, cracking and subsidence of embankments, and cracks in bridge abutments and wing walls. Besides, in the hilly regions of Sikkim, landslides and rockfalls disrupted road network significantly. Extensive damage took place in the eastern Nepal also. This paper describes the …


Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki Mar 1991

Index Of Shear Wave Velocity In Diluvial Gravel Samples, Shin'ya Nishio, Katsuyuki Tamaoki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Measurements of shear wave velocities, Vs, during triaxial compression tests were conducted on undisturbed samples obtained from a diluvial gravel deposit. The reconstituted gravel samples were also tested to compare the characteristics of shear wave velocity. The results of these measurements indicated that Vs increases at the initial stage of the triaxial compression tests, and decreases gradually until the failure of specimen and that the reduction in Vs was more noticeable for the undisturbed samples than for the reconstituted samples. The results also revealed a unique relationship between Vs when evaluating the effect of stress ratio …


Influence Of Liquefaction To Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Tadahiko Shiomi, Michlo Sugumoto, Yoshimasa Shigeno, Yoshio Suzuki Mar 1991

Influence Of Liquefaction To Pile-Soil-Structure Interaction, Tadahiko Shiomi, Michlo Sugumoto, Yoshimasa Shigeno, Yoshio Suzuki

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Influence of liquefaction on a pile-soil-structure interaction is studied by a dynamic effective analysis code (MuDIAN). The soil properties are modeled by a Mohr-Coulomb assumption with a dilatancy model. Liquefaction takes place in shallow depth and cause the change of dynamic behavior. The approaches evaluation method of soil constants and results are reported in details.


Liquefaction Analysis Of Sands: Some Interpretation Of Seed's KΑ (Sloping Ground) And KΣ (Depth) Correction Factors Using Steady State Concept, V. S. Pillai Mar 1991

Liquefaction Analysis Of Sands: Some Interpretation Of Seed's KΑ (Sloping Ground) And KΣ (Depth) Correction Factors Using Steady State Concept, V. S. Pillai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Seed's Liquefaction Assessment Chart (SLAC) correlates the corrected SPT blow count (N1)60 to the cyclic stress ratio required to cause liquefaction for free field level ground conditions. However, the cyclic stress ratio or the liquefaction resistance of a soil under sloping ground (initial static shear) and at depth (high confining pressure) would be significantly different from that derived from the SLAC. To correct the liquefaction resistance for the initial static shear and confining pressure, factors Kα and Kσ are used respectively. The factors have significant influence on the evaluation of liquefaction resistance against earthquake loading …


Preliminary Research In Predicting Liquefaction Potential Of Saturated Soil Using Vs, Qc, Chang Hong Mar 1991

Preliminary Research In Predicting Liquefaction Potential Of Saturated Soil Using Vs, Qc, Chang Hong

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In the paper, first describes the condition of the testing ground, then the circumstances of test (pressed wave velocity test & static cone penetration test, or vs & SCPT) is presented, i.e., the improvement of SCPT equipment make the test (Vs & SCPT) be in progress simultaneously, meanwhile, the SPT is conducted so that relations are found among the testing data. The results of tests are shown in this paper, the relative curves of sandy soil and sandy loam (Vs & N, qc & N) are gained respectively by way of analysing the test data, and experiential formulas of the …


Vibrations Of An Inhomogeneous Layer, Hasan Engin, M. Ertac Erguven Mar 1991

Vibrations Of An Inhomogeneous Layer, Hasan Engin, M. Ertac Erguven

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this study, we have investigated vibrations of an inhomogeneous layer which is forced along its bottom. The shear modulus of the layer varies with depth. Considering the layer thickness is constant and the forcing displacement at the bottom is horizontal, shear vibrations will be studied. The solution of the governing equation has been carried out by using Bessel functions including unknown parameter q. Frequencies which make the amplitude of vibrations infinite are called natural frequencies of the layer. Variational of the natural frequencies and the shape of the shearing waves along the thickness of the layer have been investigated …


Displacement Based Design Of Retaining Walls, Raj Siddharthan, Prakash K. Gowda, Gary M. Norris Mar 1991

Displacement Based Design Of Retaining Walls, Raj Siddharthan, Prakash K. Gowda, Gary M. Norris

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A relatively simple rigid plastic model to study deformation behavior of rigid retaining wall is outlined. Both sliding and tilting modes of deformation are included. The study clearly reveals that wall movement caused by tilting can be substantial. But for high values of foundation soil friction angle, the tilting component of deformation can be omitted. Since the wall movement is affected by the characteristics (strength and frequency) of the excitation history, a number of excitation histories should be considered in retaining wall designs.


Seismic Earth Pressures Against Structures With Restrained Displacements, P. Ortigosa, H. Musante Mar 1991

Seismic Earth Pressures Against Structures With Restrained Displacements, P. Ortigosa, H. Musante

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A simplified kinematic method to compute seismic earth pressures against structures with restrained horizontal displacements is described. The retaining structure has a linear elastic behavior and the retained soil is considered linear as well as a nonlinear material. Seismic pressures for different maximum free field accelerations were obtained by applying free field horizontal displacements at the base of the interaction springs connecting the soil and the retaining structure. For perfectly rigid structures without horizontal displacements and linear retained materials, seismic pressures obtained with the simplified kinematic method are compared with those obtained using elastic models; for nonlinear retained soils comparisons …


Study And Design Of Earth Reinforced Structures Under Dynamic Efforts, Ammar Dhouib, Grant Knochenmus Mar 1991

Study And Design Of Earth Reinforced Structures Under Dynamic Efforts, Ammar Dhouib, Grant Knochenmus

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper aims at giving a synthesis of recent design methods of earth reinforced structures submitted to dynamic actions. In the first instance, we intend to tackle a comparative study on scaled - down models and on real works in reinforced earth. This study is led by the finite elements method. Secondly, we propose a simple method to design reinforced earth structures.


A Hybrid Model For Soil-Foundation Compliance, Chin-Hsu Lin, Teresa M. Adams Mar 1991

A Hybrid Model For Soil-Foundation Compliance, Chin-Hsu Lin, Teresa M. Adams

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper describes a hybrid method that may be used to model the dynamic responses of multiple rectangular foundations resting on a homogeneous, viscoelastic stratum and excited by harmonic waves. The hybrid analysis described in this paper combines the dynamic stiffness and finite element methods. The method uses equivalent area disk loads for Green's functions at the soil surface. The dynamic stiffness method is used to obtain the stiffness matrix of the soil medium and the finite element method is used to obtain the stiffness matrix of surface foundations. The stiffness of the entire soil-structure system can be obtained using …


A Hybrid Modeling Of Soil Structure Interaction Problems, Celso Romanel, Tribikram Kundu Mar 1991

A Hybrid Modeling Of Soil Structure Interaction Problems, Celso Romanel, Tribikram Kundu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A hybrid method is proposed in this research for dynamic soil-structure interaction analysis of embedded structures within a multilayered elastic half-space. A near field region, containing the structure and a portion of soil surrounding it, is modeled by finite elements while the far field formulation is obtained through the classical wave propagation theory based on the assumption that the actual scattered wave fields can be represented by a set of line sources located at a depth corresponding to the center of mass of the structure under investigation. Traction reciprocity between the two regions is satisfied exactly while displacement continuity across …


Analysis Of Pile-Soil Dynamic Interaction By Combination Of Bem And Fem, Shiming Wu, Yuanqiang Cai, Yunmin Chen, Longzhu Chen Mar 1991

Analysis Of Pile-Soil Dynamic Interaction By Combination Of Bem And Fem, Shiming Wu, Yuanqiang Cai, Yunmin Chen, Longzhu Chen

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A hybrid method, in which soil media is modeled by 3-D boundary elements and the pile by 1-D finite elements, for an analysis of dynamic pile-soil interaction is investigated. A new series of equations and an efficient method to deal with singularity of integrals are presented. Several effects including pile length, stiffness of the pile and surrounding soil on dynamic response are studied. Finally, the characteristics of impaired and intact piles are investigated and compared; and some case studies are presented.


Behaviour Of Cyclically Loaded Model Piles In Soft Clay, R. D. Purkayastha, S. Dey Mar 1991

Behaviour Of Cyclically Loaded Model Piles In Soft Clay, R. D. Purkayastha, S. Dey

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Instability studies on offshore piles has been carried out to a very limited extent. Cyclic loading resulting from wave action is a very common phenomenon for such piles. Continuous cycling {both vertical and lateral) presumably leads to substantial degradation in pile-soil response, the ultimate result of which could be disastrous. Over the last decade and a half, some work has been done to study the pile-soil interaction behaviour under repeated cyclic loading. This paper aims to highlight and discuss the salient features and the important observations of extensive model tests on piles subjected to vertical cyclic load. The degradation of …


Dynamic Response Of Foundations On Two-Parameter Media, A. Alvapplllai, M. O. Faruque, M. Zaman Mar 1991

Dynamic Response Of Foundations On Two-Parameter Media, A. Alvapplllai, M. O. Faruque, M. Zaman

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A finite element algorithm is presented to analyze the dynamic response of rectangular foundations resting on an elastic medium. The foundation is modeled by rectangular thin plate elements and the supporting elastic medium is represented by the two parameter model proposed by Vlasov. The natural frequencies of the foundation-elastic medium are investigated. A parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the edge and corner forces, that are accounted for in the two parameter model, on the dynamic response of a plate subjected to a moving vertical force.


Experimental Studies On The Dynamic Behavior Of Soft Clay Ground-Structures Supported By Friction Pile Foundations, N. Mori, T. Kondo Mar 1991

Experimental Studies On The Dynamic Behavior Of Soft Clay Ground-Structures Supported By Friction Pile Foundations, N. Mori, T. Kondo

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Recently, structures are often sited on a soft ground. So, a friction pile and a floating foundation are considered a possible and promising one. The object of this paper is to study the dynamic behavior of soft clay ground-structure supported by friction pile foundation on the basis of the shaking table test. Major results are as follows; 1) the residual settlement of structure resulting from decreasing the bearing capacity of the ground, wh1ch 1s caused by the accumulation of the excess pore water pressure, is larger than that of ground without structures. 2) The initial shear stress is a main …


Nonlinear Analysis Of Circular Plates On Nonlinear Foundation, Adel A. Mahmoud, Mohamed A. Nassar, Hazem M. Gheith Mar 1991

Nonlinear Analysis Of Circular Plates On Nonlinear Foundation, Adel A. Mahmoud, Mohamed A. Nassar, Hazem M. Gheith

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Galerkin's procedure and the modified energy expression of Banerjee are used to obtain the central deflection of circular plates with linearly varying thicknesses, resting on a linear as well as a nonlinear elastic foundation. A new series formula for the deflection has been considered. The accuracy of the method has been tested for clamped plates with movable and immovable ends under uniform static patch loading. Graphical results are drawn for the central deflection for different end conditions, different plate thicknesses and different foundation properties. Comparison of the results are made with other known results and shows a good agreement in …


Numerical Simulation Of Shaking Table Test By Nonlinear Response Analysis Method, Mamoru Kanatani, Koichi Nishi, Jun-Ichi Touma, Masayuki Ohnami, Hiroyuki Namita Mar 1991

Numerical Simulation Of Shaking Table Test By Nonlinear Response Analysis Method, Mamoru Kanatani, Koichi Nishi, Jun-Ichi Touma, Masayuki Ohnami, Hiroyuki Namita

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper we described the results or numerical simulation or shaking table test on two dimensional soil-structure interation system to verify an application or newly developed nonlinear response analysis method. This code was a so-called U-W analysis method based on the deformation theory or saturated porous material proposed by Biot and constitutive relations to simulate the nonlinear characteristics or soils were induced by the elasto-plastic theory. Input material constants or soil were decided by referring the data or popular soil element test. Because the properties or soil were heavily dependent on confining pressure, then static and dynamic soil tests …


Parametric Study Of Horizontal Permanent Displacement On Sand, H. V. Phuong Truong Mar 1991

Parametric Study Of Horizontal Permanent Displacement On Sand, H. V. Phuong Truong

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Dynamic loading such as cyclic loading should be taken into account in designing shallow foundations for any dynamically related structures. Horizontal permanent displacement, which can occur at any time due to wind and/or wave and dynamic loads of moving vehicles, can significantly reduce the bearing capacity of the footing. Effects of dynamic soil properties, e.g. frequency, Poisson's ratio, Young's modulus, on the permanent displacement are considered and the assumption of the linear variation between deformation and cycles can be used to predict the long-term horizontal permanent displacement. Sensitivity analyses for both pure sliding and coupled rocking and sliding vibrations of …


Seismic Behaviour Of Bridges Considering Soil-Structure Interaction, S. K. Thakkar, D. K. Mazumdar, P. R. Bose Mar 1991

Seismic Behaviour Of Bridges Considering Soil-Structure Interaction, S. K. Thakkar, D. K. Mazumdar, P. R. Bose

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The soil-structure interaction has significant effect on seismic response of bridges in many situations. The choice of soil springs for response determination is an important consideration. This paper presents a comparative assessment of the seismic response of bridge substructure by four different types of frequency independent soil springs namely, Beredugo-Novak, Wolf, Bycroft-Parmelee and Terzaghi. The variation of equivalent weighted damping and equivalent seismic coefficient is also studied. The Terzaghi's soil springs obtained by modulus of subgrade reaction approach are most flexible as compared to others. The responses are seen to be comparable with springs other than Terzaghi. The equivalent damping …


Seismic Response Analysis Of Pile-Supported Structure: Assessment Of Commonly Used Approximations, Toyoaki Nogami, Reed L. Mosher, H. Wayne Jones Mar 1991

Seismic Response Analysis Of Pile-Supported Structure: Assessment Of Commonly Used Approximations, Toyoaki Nogami, Reed L. Mosher, H. Wayne Jones

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The seismic response of a pile-supported structure is formulated by the approach developed by the first author. Using this formulation, some of the crude approximations frequently used in the seismic response analysis of a soil-pile-structure system are examined. Those involved in the analysis procedure are assessed under the linear elastic condition. A commonly used nonlinear soil model for the dynamic pile response analysis is also assessed. It is found that those approximations routinely used in the analysis procedure and numerical modelling can cause significant errors in the computed response of a pile-supported structure.


Soil-Structure Interaction At The Waterfront, J. M. Ferritto Mar 1991

Soil-Structure Interaction At The Waterfront, J. M. Ferritto

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Navy, forced by its mission to locate at the waterfront, often on loose, saturated cohesionless soils, faces a severe liquefaction threat. Research has been in progress to evaluate the Princeton University Effective Stress Soil Model. This paper discusses that model and presents a validation example study comparing model predictions with a centrifuge experiment.


Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Based On Recorded Strong Motions During Earthquakes, Kosta Talaganov, Misko Cubrinovski Mar 1991

Soil-Structure Interaction Effects Based On Recorded Strong Motions During Earthquakes, Kosta Talaganov, Misko Cubrinovski

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Presented in this paper are the results of the analyses of dynamic soil-structure interaction effects based on recorded strong motions during Montenegro (Yugoslavia) earthquake of April 15, 1979. Acceleration time histories have been recorded by strong motion instruments installed at foundation level of structures located in the epicentral area, founded in different soil conditions including stiff, medium and soft soils. Applying substructure technique from known motions at foundation level of structures, corresponding free field motions were computed. By comparison of computed free field motions and recorded motions at foundation level, dynamic soil-structure interaction effects, in different soil conditions and levels …


Liquefaction Criterion For Sand Deposits During Earthquake, Wu Yuejin Mar 1991

Liquefaction Criterion For Sand Deposits During Earthquake, Wu Yuejin

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, the cyclic stress conditions for the liquefaction of sand samples and deposits are presented. The liquefaction criterion for sand deposits during earthquake is given. Finally the criterion is discussed from two aspects.