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Soil-Diaphragm Wall Interaction In Floating Dam, H. Watanabe, K. Kanazawa Apr 1995

Soil-Diaphragm Wall Interaction In Floating Dam, H. Watanabe, K. Kanazawa

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Stability of embankment dam with diaphragm cutoff wall constructed on riverbed sediment depends on structural behavior of local part around top of the wall. A numerical method to evaluate static and dynamic behavior of the part including earth pressure concentration is proposed and the validity is confirmed by comparison of numerical results of full construction process with observed ones in a prototype dam. Besides, in-situ vibration tests are performed on testing diaphragm wall constructed in dam site for banking test to reveal dynamic behavior of the wall. Furthermore, earthquake response analysis of whole structure is carried out to clarify behavior …

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Shaking Table Tests And Numerical Simulation Of Seismic Response Of The Seawall, Y. Nishimura, S. Fukui, M. Sato, H. Kurose, M. Fujitani Apr 1995

Shaking Table Tests And Numerical Simulation Of Seismic Response Of The Seawall, Y. Nishimura, S. Fukui, M. Sato, H. Kurose, M. Fujitani

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Shaking table tests of a caisson seawall model were conducted to investigate sliding phenomena of the seawall. The response characteristics of the caisson placed on the mound which was fixed to the shaking table were investigated in the six series of experiments with varying the situation of the model; with or without backfill, wave breaking works and water. These test results were utilized to validate a two-dimensional FEM analysis method with joint elements. The numerical model with the finer mesh division and joint elements showed fairly close results with the series of test results, resulting the better representation of the …

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Dynamic Response Of Soil Pressure On Retaining Wall, Kerning Sun, Gao Lin Apr 1995

Dynamic Response Of Soil Pressure On Retaining Wall, Kerning Sun, Gao Lin

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

An effective numerical method for the dynamic analysis of soil pressures on retaining walls has been proposed. In this approach, the retaining wall is considered as a vertical flexible beam and the soil is assumed to be a linear-elastic material with hysteretic damping. The analysis procedure of proposed method, compared with some alternative numerical methods, (such as finite element method), will greatly reduce the computational effort. The properties and the significance of some model parameters, such as hysteretic materials damping and stiffness ratio of flexible beam and soil, are also investigated. As a special case when the retaining wall is …

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Evaluation Of Seismic Response Of Pile-Supported Structures With 3-D Nonlinear Approach, Y. X. Cai, P. L. Gould, C. S. Desai Apr 1995

Evaluation Of Seismic Response Of Pile-Supported Structures With 3-D Nonlinear Approach, Y. X. Cai, P. L. Gould, C. S. Desai

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The seismic response of pile-supported structures is evaluated using a three-dimensional finite element subsystem methodology with an advanced plasticity based constitutive model for soils. The motion of the pile foundation is amplified due to the soil-pile-structure interaction. The dynamic internal forces of the structures obtained by the 3-D nonlinear approach deviate significantly from those obtained by the rigid ground motion model. The structures are generally subjected to three-dimensional forces and couples, despite the type of bedrock seismic excitation and the configuration of structures. Some components of the dynamic internal forces may be overlooked if the simplified symmetric models are used …

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Evaluation Of Earthquake-Induced Slope Displacements, S. Salah-Mars, R. K. Green, H. Kanakari, L. H. Mejia, K. D. Weaver, P. J. Boddie Apr 1995

Evaluation Of Earthquake-Induced Slope Displacements, S. Salah-Mars, R. K. Green, H. Kanakari, L. H. Mejia, K. D. Weaver, P. J. Boddie

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A large landslide in San Jose, California, has experienced displacements during past earthquakes. Future earthquakes on the Hayward fault, which is located about a mile east of the slide, are expected to cause larger displacements. Potential deformations induced by a major earthquake (M 7) on the Hayward fault were evaluated using a non-linear dynamic finite element analysis.

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Effect Of Canyon Shape On Longitudi-Vibration Of Earth Dam, Zhi-Ying Xu Apr 1995

Effect Of Canyon Shape On Longitudi-Vibration Of Earth Dam, Zhi-Ying Xu

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In this paper, the effects of narrow and sloping canyons on the longitudinal dynamic response of earth dams is investigated by a simplified method for 3-D dynamic analysis. Analytical results for earth dams with several width to height ratios are compared with the results of plane strain solutions for comparable sections. For an embankment in a triangular valley with a width to height ratio of 1~2 and subjected to earthquake motions, the computed max. accelerations at the midsection were about 30 to 50% higher in a simplified 3-D response analysis than in a plane strain analysis. On the other hand …

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Seismic Microzonation Considering Long Period Components, M. B. Karkee, Y. Sugimura Apr 1995

Seismic Microzonation Considering Long Period Components, M. B. Karkee, Y. Sugimura

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A methodology for characterizing the different levels of incident motion for micro zonation is discussed. Relatively long period components, which dominate the nonlinear response of soft sites at higher level of excitation, are suitably accounted for. Incident motions with the defined characteristics are generated by two step iteration scheme, and a seismic micro zonation example based on the nonlinear response analysis of a soil profile database system is presented. Effectiveness of a new micro zonation parameter, defined as Spectrum Intensity Amplification (SIA), to represent the extent of ground shaking hazard is examined and is found to represent well the damage …

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Scaling Earthquake Motions In Geotechnical Design, M. D. Trifunac Apr 1995

Scaling Earthquake Motions In Geotechnical Design, M. D. Trifunac

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The traditional approach to scaling earthquake ground motion for geotechnical design applications is based on peak ground acceleration. This approach is useful when the physics of the problem depends linearly only on the nature of the high frequency (short wavelength) inertial part of strong motion. For nonlinear response analyses, the representative strain (~ velocity) and the number of stress reversals (~ duration of shaking) must also be considered. For long (large) structures (bridges and dams), the relative displacement of multiple foundations and the quasi-static deformation of the complete structure may contribute to the largest design levels. Thus, the modern design …

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Uniform Probability Response Spectra For Selecting Site Specific Design Motions, M. I. Todorovska Apr 1995

Uniform Probability Response Spectra For Selecting Site Specific Design Motions, M. I. Todorovska

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In the majority of the current building codes, the shape of a design spectrum is defined by considering only the local soil conditions. This paper examines the validity of this simplification. In particular, it is shown how effects of "deep soil" or "rock soil" conditions on uniform probability site specific spectra can be simulated by varying the geological site conditions (depth of sediments) and the distance from the fault. On the basis of the results presented in the paper and similar results from earlier papers considering the effects of the choice of the geometry of the model fault and the …

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Influence Of Ground Motion Variability On Design Spectra In Areas Of Low To Moderate Seismicity, Z. A. Lubkowski, J. W. Pappin Apr 1995

Influence Of Ground Motion Variability On Design Spectra In Areas Of Low To Moderate Seismicity, Z. A. Lubkowski, J. W. Pappin

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper examines the sensitivity of uniform hazard response spectra to the variability of the ground motion attenuation in areas of low to moderate seismicity. The variabilities of a number of published attenuation relationships are examined. Many of these relationships show that the standard deviation tends to increase as the natural period increases and some show a tendency for the standard deviation to reduce as the earthquake magnitude increases. These published works tend to be derived from earthquake data for areas of high seismicity and therefore the paper includes a critical review of what values of standard deviation are appropriate …

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A New Seismic-Geotechnical Strong Motion Approach, Francois E. Heuze, Tzou-Shin Ueng, Lawrence J. Hutchings, Stephen P. Jarpe, Paul W. Kasameyer Apr 1995

A New Seismic-Geotechnical Strong Motion Approach, Francois E. Heuze, Tzou-Shin Ueng, Lawrence J. Hutchings, Stephen P. Jarpe, Paul W. Kasameyer

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

We have developed a new approach to estimate site-specific strong motion due to earthquakes on specific faults or source zones. It combines seismologic and geotechnical studies. It entails obtaining records of small earthquakes at the site, both at the surface and downhole in bedrock, as well as performing geotechnical dynamic site characterization. This new approach has the dual result of providing an optimized definition of the dynamic geotechnical site properties and providing calculated free-field, strong motion estimates. The procedure is demonstrated at the Painter Street Bridge site in Rio Dell, CA, for which we provide a range of surface motions …

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On Association Of Seismic Lineaments And Stress Patterns Of The Southeastern United States: Criteria Of Failure, A. A. Nowroozi Apr 1995

On Association Of Seismic Lineaments And Stress Patterns Of The Southeastern United States: Criteria Of Failure, A. A. Nowroozi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

It is generally agreed that shallow focus, low magnitude, crustal earthquakes are caused by a sudden frictional movement on preexisting faults, and that the orientation of the faults may be delineated by locations of past earthquakes. The spatial distribution of a large number of epicenters in the Southeastern region of the United States may be interpreted in terms of many linear patterns. These patterns indicate weak fracture zones which are conveniently called seismic lineaments. Orientations of the seismic lineaments are mostly NE-SW, NW-SE and N-S within the Piedmont and Coastal Plain Provinces, but they are nearly N-S, and NE-SW within …

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Simple Model For Active Isolation Of Machine Foundations By Open Trenches, S. Ahmad, T. M. Ai-Hussaini Apr 1995

Simple Model For Active Isolation Of Machine Foundations By Open Trenches, S. Ahmad, T. M. Ai-Hussaini

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Ground disturbance due to waves generated by a machine foundation can be detrimental to adjacent structures or operation of sensitive equipment nearby. For machine foundations vibrating at moderate to high frequencies, the amplitude of ground motion can be reduced significantly by installing a wave barrier around the source. A three-dimensional boundary element algorithm incorporating quadratic elements has been used to perform an extensive parametric study on the effectiveness of open trenches as wave barriers. Based on the results of the study, a simple model in the form of an algebraic expression is developed for estimating the vibration screening effectiveness of …

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Experimental And Numerical Investigation On Vibration Screening By In-Filled Trenches, S. Ahmad, J. Baker, J. Li Apr 1995

Experimental And Numerical Investigation On Vibration Screening By In-Filled Trenches, S. Ahmad, J. Baker, J. Li

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

In-filled concrete and soil-bentonite trenches have been used in practice for many years as wave barriers to reduce transmission of moderate to high frequency ground vibrations generated by machine foundations or traffic. An experimental investigation on the influence of various geometrical and material parameters on vibration screening effectiveness of in-filled barriers has been conducted. The experimental data are compared with numerical (BEM) Solutions as well as with design formulas of Ahmad and Al-Hussaini (1991).

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Screening Of Rayleigh Waves By Open Trenches, E. Conte, G. Dente Apr 1995

Screening Of Rayleigh Waves By Open Trenches, E. Conte, G. Dente

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents results of a numerical study on the effectiveness of open trenches in reducing the ground vibration caused by propagating Rayleigh waves. The analysis is performed in the frequency domain and under conditions of plane strain using the Boundary Element Method. The soil is modelled as a homogeneous isotropic linear elastic half space. In order to represent the screening effect due to the installation of the barrier, the index ER is introduced. ER is defined as the ratio of the rate of energy transmission over the area to be protected in the presence of the trench and that …

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Dynamic Tests Of Foundations With Explosives, V. K. Lekarkin, A. G. Wilfand, D. D. Akhmedov, F. F. Zekhniev, B. B. Zukhurdinov Apr 1995

Dynamic Tests Of Foundations With Explosives, V. K. Lekarkin, A. G. Wilfand, D. D. Akhmedov, F. F. Zekhniev, B. B. Zukhurdinov

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The dynamic tests results of bearing capacity of bases disposed of foundation on the tampered out trenches in subsiding soils fulfilled by means of explosions are represented. The main principles are stated which concern the dynamical lasting methods of the "soil-structure" system in subsiding soils by the modelled seismic load fulfilled by means of explosions; the principles concern the analysis of results of dimensions. The functional scheme and the description of work of the device for automatic controlling the seismic explosive load are represented.

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The Reliability Aspects In Dynamic Engineering, G. Singh, B. M. Das Apr 1995

The Reliability Aspects In Dynamic Engineering, G. Singh, B. M. Das

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Strides in dynamic engineering need to be accompanied by developments in risk appraisal of designs so as to respond to rapidly increasing sensitivity to and awareness of hazards. A practical, reliable and engineer-friendly methodology for design is presented in light of the critical review of the various current practices. An example is presented to illustrate the advantages of the preferred approach to improving, unifying and rationalizing design.

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Northridge (California) Earthquake: Unique Ground Motions, Mehmet Celebi Apr 1995

Northridge (California) Earthquake: Unique Ground Motions, Mehmet Celebi

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Northridge (California) earthquake of 17 January 1994 generated numerous strong-motion records that are unique because they have: (a) very high peak accelerations and (b) long-duration pulses. Using digitized data available to date, the significant aspects of the strong-motions are preliminarily reviewed and their impact on earthquake engineering are discussed.

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Canlex (Canadian Liquefaction Experiment): A One Year Update, P. K. Robertson, B. R. List, B. A. Hofmann Apr 1995

Canlex (Canadian Liquefaction Experiment): A One Year Update, P. K. Robertson, B. R. List, B. A. Hofmann

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The Canadian Geotechnical engineering community has embarked on a major study regarding the liquefaction of sand entitled The Canadian Liquefaction Experiment (CANLEX) through a collaborative effort of industry, engineering consultants and university participants, with the support of the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC). The study is examining the characterization of sand for dynamic and static liquefaction. The project was started in 1993 and is expected to last at least 3 years with equal funding by both industry and NSERC for a total of about C$1.8M. This paper provides a brief progress report on the Project. Three …

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Significance Of The Velacs Project To The Solution Of Boundary Value Problems In Geotechnical Engineering, K. Arulanandan, M. Manzari, X. Zeng, M. Fagan, R. F. Scott, T. S. Tan Apr 1995

Significance Of The Velacs Project To The Solution Of Boundary Value Problems In Geotechnical Engineering, K. Arulanandan, M. Manzari, X. Zeng, M. Fagan, R. F. Scott, T. S. Tan

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The VELACS project was conducted in order to improve existing methods for the analysis of the consequences of soil liquefaction. The project showed that centrifuge studies are repeatable only under carefully controlled conditions. Most procedures were able to predict the onset of liquefaction in contractive soils, but only effective stress based fully coupled nonlinear procedures were able to predict deformations due to liquefaction· None of the currently available procedures could simulate the behavior of dilative soils adequately. Problems were attributed to improper constitutive model implementation and inadequate calibration. An example to evaluate the behavior of a flow slide observed in …

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Deformation Characteristics Of Soils And Soft Rocks Under Monotonic And Cyclic Loads And Their Relationships, Fumio Tatsuoka, Diego Lo Presti, Yukihiro Kohata Apr 1995

Deformation Characteristics Of Soils And Soft Rocks Under Monotonic And Cyclic Loads And Their Relationships, Fumio Tatsuoka, Diego Lo Presti, Yukihiro Kohata

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

For a wide variety of geomaterials, cohesionless and cohesive soils and sedimentary soft rocks and cement-mixed soils, the importance and advantages of measuring the deformation characteristics accurately and continuously for a strain range from less than 0.001 % to several % by a single static test using a single specimen are demonstrated. It is also shown that the deformation characteristics at strains of less than about 0.001 % is essentially elastic and the elastic stiffness values evaluated under static (monotonic and cyclic) and dynamic (fast cyclic) loading conditions are the same from the engineering point of view. It is discussed …

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The Evolution Of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Practice In North America: 1954-1994, W. D. Liam Finn, R. H. Ledbetter, W. F. Marcuson Iii Apr 1995

The Evolution Of Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Practice In North America: 1954-1994, W. D. Liam Finn, R. H. Ledbetter, W. F. Marcuson Iii

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper traces the evolution of geotechnical earthquake engineering practice in North America from 1954 to 1994. The development of the state-of-the-art has been shaped strongly by four areas of practice: assessment of seismic hazard, estimation of liquefaction potential, seismic response analysis of earth structures and seismic safety evaluation and remediation of existing dams with potentially liquefiable zones. Evolution of practice in each of these areas will be traced and the current state-of-the-art evaluated. Present capabilities in practice will be illustrated by examples from the areas of seismic response of dams, liquefaction potential and seismic safety evaluation and remediation of …

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Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Ground Displacement, T. Leslie Youd Apr 1995

Liquefaction-Induced Lateral Ground Displacement, T. Leslie Youd

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Ground displacements generated by liquefaction-induced lateral spread are a severe threat to engineered construction. During past earthquakes, lateral spread displacements have pulled apart or sheared shallow and deep foundations of buildings, severed pipelines and other structures and utilities that transect the ground displacement zone, buckled bridges or other structures constructed across the toe, and toppled retaining walls, bulkheads, etc. that lie in the path of the spreading ground. This paper presents a method for estimating probable free-field lateral displacements at sites susceptible to liquefaction. Free-field ground displacements are those that are not impeded by structural resistance, ground modification, or a …

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Recent Advances In Centrifuge Modeling Of Seismic Shaking, Bruce L. Kutter Apr 1995

Recent Advances In Centrifuge Modeling Of Seismic Shaking, Bruce L. Kutter

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This "State-of-the-Art" paper focuses primarily on aspects of dynamic centrifuge modeling related to simulation of earthquake effects. New shaker mechanisms and model containers are described and soil- container-shaker interaction is discussed. Progress in dealing with scale effects such as particle size, rate dependent material properties and conflicts in dissipation and generation time scale factors is also described. Issues related to repeatability and value of model testing are also discussed.

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Simple Physical Models For Foundation Dynamics, John P. Wolf Apr 1995

Simple Physical Models For Foundation Dynamics, John P. Wolf

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

As an alternative to rigorous boundary-element solutions, simple physical models can be used to determine e.g. the interaction force-displacement relationship (dynamic stiffness) of foundations and the seismic effective foundation input motion. Translational and rotational cones and their corresponding lumped-parameter models together with simple one-dimensional wave patterns in the horizontal plane allow surface, embedded and pile foundations even for a layered site to be analyzed and thus form a major step towards developing a strength-of-materials approach to foundation - vibration analysis. The analysis can mostly be performed directly in the time domain. The physical models provide physical insight which is often …

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Wave Propagation In The Ground And Isolation Measures, W. A. Haupt Apr 1995

Wave Propagation In The Ground And Isolation Measures, W. A. Haupt

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

The first part of this report deals with wave propagation in the ground. Special attention is given to the radiation of waves from a source and on the effect of layering or continuous variation of the shear modulus in the soil on travelling waves. In the second part, vibration isolation measures are described, such as open or infilled trenches and rows of bore holes or piles. The results of different theoretical and experimental investigations are compared. Finally, recently developed isolation measures are presented.

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Lessons Learned From Liquefaction And Lifeline Performance During San Francisco Earthquakes, T. D. O'Rourke, J. W. Pease Apr 1995

Lessons Learned From Liquefaction And Lifeline Performance During San Francisco Earthquakes, T. D. O'Rourke, J. W. Pease

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper presents information about subsurface conditions, liquefaction-induced ground movements, and lifeline performance during the 1906 and 1989 earthquakes in San Francisco. Three sites of soil liquefaction and pipeline damage during both earthquakes are evaluated, including the Marina, South of Market, and Mission Creek areas. Important lessons are summarized about the effects of transient lateral shear strains on pipeline performance, post liquefaction consolidation, use of submerged fill thickness as a microzonation technique for predicting liquefaction severity and potential pipeline damage, the relationship between surface manifestations of liquefaction and subsurface geometry of deposits, and factors affecting the magnitude of lateral spread.

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Clay Behavior, Ground Response And Soil-Structure Interaction Studies In Mexico City, Miguel P. Romo Apr 1995

Clay Behavior, Ground Response And Soil-Structure Interaction Studies In Mexico City, Miguel P. Romo

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

This paper focuses on the most relevant results of recent investigations carried out on the behavior of Mexico City clays under dynamic loading, on the effects of soil site conditions and on the evaluation of the dynamic soil-structure interaction phenomenon. The paper shows the impact of these studies upon foundation engineering practice in earthquake-prone regions where clayey deposits exist, and advances simple, yet accurate, procedures to develop site-dependent, building-specific input motions for the design of structures in the Valley of Mexico. It discusses recent seismic observations that clarify the origin of the long coda observed in several records obtained in …

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Liquefaction And Deformation Of Soils And Foundations Under Seismic Conditions, Ricardo Dobry Apr 1995

Liquefaction And Deformation Of Soils And Foundations Under Seismic Conditions, Ricardo Dobry

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

A summary of significant developments in seismic liquefaction research and applications is presented for the period 1985-1995. It is concluded that rapid progress is being made, especially in evaluating ground deformation and straining and their effects on constructed facilities. Four topics illustrating these developments are selected and discussed in more detail.

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Seismic Design Of Pile Foundations: Structural And Geotechnical Issues, Geoffrey R. Martin, Ignatius Po Lam Apr 1995

Seismic Design Of Pile Foundations: Structural And Geotechnical Issues, Geoffrey R. Martin, Ignatius Po Lam

International Conferences on Recent Advances in Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics

Research on soil-pile-structure interaction under dynamic loading over the past 20 years has led to a variety of analysis approaches of varying complexity to address a range of dynamic problems. Many of these analysis approaches have been adapted for use for the seismic design of pile foundations. In this paper, the various analysis methods are only briefly reviewed. The focus of discussion is on design concepts and issues more routinely used or encountered by structural engineers during seismic design of new or retrofitted pile foundation systems representative of those used for bridges and buildings.

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